Amino Acids Professor Dave Explains English English (auto-generated)

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Spanish (Latin America) Héctor Olivas

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Professor Dave here, let's talk about amino acids.

professor Dave here let's talk about amino acids he does love the science stuff professor Dave explains your body

Your body is full of large molecules called biomolecules, and the

is full of large molecules called biomolecules and the first thing we have

first thing we have to do to understand biochemistry is to learn about the

to do to understand biochemistry is to

different kinds of biomolecules. There are a few different classes like

learn about the different kinds of biomolecules there are a few different

proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids, and most of them are

classes like proteins carbohydrates lipids and nucleic acids and most of

polymers that are comprised of repeating units called monomers. Mono means one,

them are polymers that are comprised of repeating units called monomers mono

poly means many, so a polymer is formed when many monomers link together. Each

means one poly means many so a polymer is formed when many monomers linked together each polymer has its own type

polymer has its own type of monomer so we need to know about these different

of monomer so we need to know about

kinds of monomeric units, and the ways they combine to form the large molecules

these different kinds of monomeric units and the ways they combine to form the

that do all the complex things in your body.

large molecules that do all the complex things in your body the first type of

The first type of monomer we will learn about is the amino acid. Amino acids look

monomer we will learn about is the amino acid amino acids look like this they all

like this. They all have an amino group on one end and a carboxyl group on the other end.

have an amino group on one end and a

The carbon in between those functional groups, which we call the alpha carbon,

carboxyl group on the other end the carbon in between those functional groups which we call the alpha carbon

will bear a side chain, sometimes referred to as an R-group. This is a group that

will bear a sidechain sometimes referred to as an R group this is a group that

varies depending on which amino acid we are looking at. If the R group is just a

varies depending on which amino acid we are looking at if the R group is just a

hydrogen atom, we call this amino acid glycine. If it's a methyl group, we call

hydrogen atom we call this amino acid glycine if it's a methyl group we call

this alanine. There are about 20 of them and they have a wide variety of R

this alanine there are about 20 of them and they have a wide variety of our

groups that can be put into different categories.

groups that can be put into different

Some of them will be hydrophobic, like leucine. These are the ones with

categories some of them will be hydrophobic like liasing these are the

R groups that are alkyl substituents. Some of them have R groups that are

ones with R groups that are alkyl substituents some of them have our

aromatic, like phenylalanine. Some have R groups that are basic, like lysine,

groups that are aromatic like phenylalanine some have our groups that are basic like lysine because of the

because of the lone pair of electrons on the nitrogen atom. Some have R groups

lone pair of electrons on the nitrogen atom some have our groups that are acidic

that are acidic, like aspartic acid, because of the carboxyl group. Some have

like aspartic acid because of the carboxyl group some have our groups that

R groups that can act as nucleophiles, like serine, because of the hydroxyl group.

can act as nucleophiles like sarin because of the hydroxyl group every

Every amino acid has its own unique structure and reactivity, and it's the

amino acid has its own unique structure and reactivity and it's the variation in

variation in these

R groups that determines the characteristics of the molecule that

our groups that determines the characteristics of the molecule that

forms when a bunch of these amino acids join together. Some of these amino

forms when a bunch of these amino acids join together some of these amino acids

acids humans can't make on their own, so we have to eat them in our diet. They are

humans can't make on their own so we have to eat them in our diet they are

called essential amino acids. Others we are able to make inside our bodies so

called essential amino acids others we are able to make inside our bodies so

those are called non-essential amino acids, meaning it's not essential that we

those are called non-essential amino acids meaning it's

eat them. So amino acids are monomers and monomers are the units that join

not essential that we eat them so amino acids are monomers and monomers are the

together to form a polymer. How exactly then do amino acids polymerize? Before we

units that join together to form a polymer how exactly then do amino acids polymerize before we learn about that

learn about that let's first understand that inside the body, instead of the one structure we've

let's first understand that inside the body instead of the one structure we've

been looking at, there are actually equilibria between different forms of

been looking at there are actually equilibria between different forms of

the amino acid. The amino group can be protonated, since it is slightly basic,

the amino acid the amino group can be protonated since it is slightly basic

and the carboxyl group can be deprotonated, since it is slightly acidic,

and the carboxyl group can be deprotonated since it is slightly acidic

and there are equilibria between the cationic form, the zwitterionic form, and

and there are equilibrium between the cationic form the zwitterion ik form and

the anionic form. We know what cations and anions are, they are positively

the anionic form we know what cations and anions are they're positively

charged and negatively charged species. And a zwitterion is a molecule that has

charged and negatively charged species and as whitter ion is a molecule that

both a positive and negative charge. The form that an amino acid will take

has both a positive and negative charge the form that an amino acid will take

depends on the pH of its environment. A more acidic solution will favor the

depends on the ph of its environment a more acidic solution will favor the

cationic form since basic groups will pick up protons from the hydronium in

cationic form since basic groups will pick up protons from the hydronium in

solution, and a more basic solution will favor the anionic form, since acidic

solution and a more basic solution will favor the anionic form since acidic

groups will readily deprotonate in the presence of hydroxide inside the body.

groups will readily deprotonate in the presence of hydroxide inside the body

The pH is regulated very precisely and in most areas it's fairly close to

the pH is regulated very precisely and in most areas it's fairly close to

neutral pH, so the zwitterionic form is typically dominant. The side chains can

neutral pH so thus whitter ionic form is typically dominant the side chains can

also have different states of protonation or deprotonation depending

also have different states of protonation or deprotonation depending

on the pH, such as lysine, where the R group can have NH2 or NH3+. For now,

on the pH such as lysine where the R group can have NH 2 or NH 3 plus 4 now

let's just look at something simple like alanine. At physiological pH it will take

let's just look at something simple like alanine at physiological pH it will take

this form what sort of chemistry can

What sort of chemistry can this do? It might not be obvious just looking at it,

this do it might not be obvious just

but with the help of other molecules in the body these can polymerize to form proteins so

looking at it but with the help of other molecules in the body these can polymerize to form proteins so

let's move ahead and learn all about proteins.

let's move ahead and learn all about proteins thanks for watching guys

Thanks for watching, guys. Subscribe to my channel for more tutorials, and as always feel free to email me:

subscribe to my channel for more tutorials and as always feel free to email me professor Dave explains at gmail.com

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