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the scientific theory of evolution

The scientific Theory of Evolution

explains how life-forms develop and diversify over generations something to

explains how life forms develop and diversify over generations.

understand straight away is that it

Something to understand straight away

doesn't claim to explain the development

is that it doesn't claim to explain the development of the universe

of the universe or how life was first

or how life was first begun.

begun it explains how new varieties of life form emerge from earlier life-forms

It explains how new varieties of life form emerge from earlier life forms.

even if life on Earth had been initiated by some kind of divine or alien

Even if life on Earth had been initiated by some kind of divine or alien intervention

intervention that wouldn't affect the evidence for evolution which is accepted

that wouldn't affect the evidence for evolution

by people who believe in one or more gods as well as those who don't it's

which is accepted by people who believe in one or more gods as well as those who don't.

also important to understand what a scientific theory is outside science

It's also important to understand what a scientific theory is.

people often use the word theory to

Outside science, people often use the word 'theory'

refer to a hunch or unsupported personal

to refer to a hunch or unsupported personal opinion.

opinion this is not what the word means

This is not what the word means in science.

in science in science a theory refers specifically to a well substantiated

In science a theory refers specifically to a well-substantiated explanation

explanation which accounts for a body of well substantiated facts so whenever we

which accounts for a body of well-substantiated facts.

encounter a statement like evolution is just a theory not a fact this tells us

So whenever we encounter a statement like "Evolution is just a theory, not a fact"

that whoever's made the statement is not using the terms correctly in science

this tells us that whoever's made the statement is not using the terms correctly.

theories don't get promoted to facts facts are explained by theories because

In science, theories don't get promoted to facts; facts are explained by theories.

of their explanatory power theories are

Because of their explanatory power

the ultimate goal and the ultimate achievement in the sciences of nature

theories are the ultimate goal and the ultimate achievement in the sciences of nature.

to start with some well-known facts we

To start with some well-known facts:

know that physical traits of parent life-forms are inherited by the next

We know that physical traits of parent life forms are inherited by the next generation

generation and that through the artificial process of selective breeding

and that through the artificial process of selective breeding

many traits can be exaggerated in later

many traits can be exaggerated in later generations.

generations this can be achieved fairly

This can be achieved fairly simply

simply by mating together individuals that exhibit those traits most strongly

by mating together individuals that exhibit those traits most strongly

and repeating this process with successive generations breed only from

and repeating this process with successive generations.

horses with good competition records and

Breed only from horses with good competition records

their offspring will tend to perform well also breed only from aggressive

and their offspring will tend to perform well also.

dogs and their offspring will tend to be aggressive many who happily acknowledge

Breed only from aggressive dogs and their offspring will tend to be aggressive.

this kind of artificial selection are

Many who happily acknowledge this kind of artificial selection

the same people who label evolution impossible or a fairy tale and yet

are the same people who label evolution 'impossible' or 'a fairy tale'

natural selection one of the major mechanisms that drives evolution

and yet natural selection, one of the major mechanisms that drives evolution

requires no magical suspension or violation of physical laws it simply

requires no magical suspension or violation of physical laws.

says that traits also emerge and

It simply says that traits also emerge

reproductive opportunities are also

- and reproductive opportunities are also limited -

limited because of factors other than human influence if a greyhound breeder

because of factors other than human influence.

selects only the fastest dogs for

If a greyhound breeder selects only the fastest dogs for breeding stock

breeding stock and in the wild only the fastest gazelles outrun their predators

and in the wild, only the fastest gazelles outrun their predators

and survive to reproduce then both nature and the Greyhound breeder

and survive to reproduce, then both nature and the greyhound breeder

are favoring certain individuals for

are favouring certain individuals for reproducing offspring

reproducing offspring and passing on their genetic information to the next generation before I say more about

and passing on their genetic information to the next generation.

natural selection I want to mention

Before I say more about natural selection

another commonly misunderstood term mutation many think that when biologists

I want to mention another commonly misunderstood term: mutation.

talk about mutation they're referring

Many think that when biologists talk about mutation

only to dramatic malformations like animals with extra limbs or heads or

they are referring only to dramatic malformations like animals with extra limbs or heads

far-fetched scenarios like dogs producing cats or even morphing into

or far-fetched scenarios like dogs producing cats, or even morphing into cats.

cats these are misconceptions mutations

These are misconceptions.

are simply changes in genetic variation

Mutations are simply changes

within a population brought about by

in genetic variation within a population

insertions deletions and recombinations

brought about by insertions, deletions

of the DNA sequence but mutation isn't

and recombinations of the DNA sequence.

the only cause of variation because it's

But mutation isn't the only cause of variation

not only the DNA sequence that's

because it's not only the DNA sequence

important to evolution epigenetic

that's important to evolution.

studies for example show that genes can

Epigenetic studies, for example, show that genes can be switched on or off

be switched on or off and that this genetic activation or inhibition can be

and that this genetic activation or inhibition can be inherited

inherited and expressed in later generations most variations are neutral

and expressed in later generations.

and have no impact on an organism

Most variations are neutral and have no impact on an organism's survival

survival accumulating naturally over successive generations in what's known

accumulating naturally over successive generations in what's known as 'genetic drift'

as genetic drift the effects of which are far more noticeable in smaller

the effects of which are far more noticeable in smaller populations.

populations but a variation in color for example could have a major impact take

But a variation in colour, for example, could have a major impact.

Take this insect.

if genetic variation makes some of its offspring less conspicuous to predators

If genetic variation makes some of its offspring less conspicuous to predators

they'll have a greater chance of surviving and reproducing and in the

they'll have a greater chance of surviving and reproducing

course of time the insects with this

and in the course of time the insects with this variation

variation may become more abundant within the population if the variation

may become more abundant within the population.

makes other offspring more conspicuous

If the variation makes other offspring MORE conspicuous to predators

to predators they may not survive to

they may not survive to reproduce

reproduce and the variation may vanish or become suppressed because of natural

and the variation may vanish or become suppressed

selection many who don't understand

because of natural selection.

evolution try to discredit it by

Many who don't understand evolution

acquainting it with pure accident but

try to discredit it by equating it with 'pure accident'

it's not pure accident that camouflage hooves petals and 10i fins wings eyes

but it'’s not pure accident that camouflage, hooves, petals, antennae

and roots have evolved in the natural

fins, wings, eyes and roots have evolved in the natural world.

world all these physical traits have served specific functions in

All these physical traits have served specific functions

contributing towards different organisms reproductive success and clearly if the

in contributing towards different organisms' reproductive success

organisms that exhibit these traits managed to reproduce they perpetuate

and clearly if the organisms that exhibit these traits manage to reproduce

their genetic information including the

they perpetuate their genetic information

information for the traits in the next

including the information for the traits

generation but it's not true that every

in the next generation.

single trait of a living organism must

But it's not true that every single trait of

be advantageous for example traits that give no particular advantage can still

a living organism must be advantageous. For example, traits that give no particular advantage can still be favoured

be favored if they're associated with other traits that do when it comes to

if they're associated with other traits that do.

beneficial traits there's no one-size-fits-all bulk may be a great

When it comes to beneficial traits, there's no 'one size fits all'.

advantage for a walrus wanting to

Bulk may be a great advantage for a walrus wanting to dominate its rivals

dominate its rivals but it would be a distinct disadvantage to a spider monkey

but it would be a distinct disadvantage to a spider monkey

that's adapted to a life of swinging nimbly through trees again it's no

that's adapted to a life of swinging nimbly through trees.

accident that walruses have evolved to

Again, it's no accident that walruses have evolved to be bulky

be bulky and spider monkeys have evolved slender supple limbs these physical

and spider monkeys have evolved slender supple limbs.

attributes have helped them operate in

These physical attributes have helped them operate in their respective environments

their respective environments and ways of life to survive and compete for reproduction

and ways of life, to survive and compete for reproduction.

people who say that evolution is all about impossibly unlikely accidents and

People who say that evolution is all about impossibly unlikely accidents and blind luck

blind luck often like to claim that the

often like to claim

probability of life-forms evolving is

that the probability of life forms evolving

the same as the probability of winning the jackpot on a one-armed bandit

is the same as the probability of winning the jackpot on a one-arm bandit

hundreds of times in a row but

hundreds of times in a row.

miraculous accidents are the opposite of what evolution is about if we're going

But miraculous accidents are the opposite of what evolution is about.

to use the one-armed bandit analogy then

If we're going to use the one-arm bandit analogy

evolution presses the hold button on

then evolution presses the HOLD button

almost all symbols on every pull of the

on almost all symbols

lever starting with a word we only need

on every pull of the lever.

to change one of its letters to turn it

Starting with a word, we only need to change one of its letters

into a new word changing one letter from

to turn it into a new word.

this word results in further new words

Changing one letter from this word results in further new words

and if we carry on repeating the process

and if we carry on repeating the process

we can produce words that differ dramatically from the original dramatic

we can produce words that differ dramatically from the original.

change can be achieved one small step at

Dramatic change can be achieved one small step at a time

a time and this is what happens with evolution except that with evolution

and this is what happens with evolution, except that with evolution

countless mostly minut changes have accumulated over millions of years if

countless mostly minute changes have accumulated over millions of years.

members of a given species become geographically isolated from each other

If members of a given species become geographically isolated from each other

each group may end up having to respond to very different environments and

each group may end up having to respond to very different environments and predators

predators and adapt to very different ways of gathering food any genetic

and adapt to very different ways of gathering food.

variations will no longer be shared throughout the whole population but only

Any genetic variations will no longer be shared throughout the whole population

within each group in this way genetic

but only within each group.

drift and natural selection can lead to

In this way, genetic drift and natural selection can lead to the emergence

the emergence of two distinct populations which after a given period

of two distinct populations which, after a given period of time

of time and no longer related closely enough to interbreed

are no longer related closely enough to interbreed.

the theory of evolution doesn't say that organisms from one species population

The Theory of Evolution doesn't say that organisms from one species population

suddenly produce organisms from another

suddenly produce organisms from another.

dogs don't produce cats nor does it say

Dogs don't produce cats.

that individual organisms change species

Nor does it say that individual organisms change species.

individual apes don't morph into humans

Individual apes don't morph into humans.

while we're on the subject of Apes and

While we're on the subject of apes and humans

humans there's a common misunderstanding about our evolutionary relationship with

there's a common misunderstanding about our evolutionary relationship with apes

apes revealed by the question if humans evolved from apes why are there still

revealed by the question, "If humans evolved from apes, why are there still apes?"

Apes firstly humans didn't evolve from the Apes we see today humans and modern

Firstly, humans didn't evolve from the apes we see today.

Apes share a common ape-like ancestor

Humans and modern apes share a common ape-like ancestor

different from both modern animals but

different from both modern animals.

secondly when one life-form evolves into

But secondly, when one life form evolves into another

another that doesn't mean the first life-form has to stop existing take

that doesn't mean the first life form has to stop existing.

life-form a so well adapted to its

Take life form A

environment that it changes very little

so well-adapted to its environment

from one generation to the next but then

that it changes very little from one generation to the next.

part of the population spreads to a new environment where it's poorly suited

But then part of the population spreads to a new environment, where it's poorly suited.

different survival pressures now lead generations of this separate population

Different survival pressures now lead generations of this separate population

to change dramatically while the changes

to change dramatically

in the first population remained barely

while the changes in the first population remain barely noticeable.

noticeable after many generations population 1 still exists in more or

After many generations, Population One still exists in more or less its original

less its original form alongside they're

now very different population - it

alongside the now very different Population Two.

didn't have to die out or change at the same rate

It didn't have to die out or change at the same rate.

the theory of evolution has never

The Theory of Evolution has never demanded the existence

demanded the existence of animals with a crocodiles head and a duck's body even

of animals with a crocodile's head and duck's body.

when there's evidence that one animal evolved directly from another that

Even when there's evidence that one animal evolved directly from another

doesn't mean the transitional forms must

that doesn't mean the transitional forms must look like

look like whole chunks of each animal stuck together evolution doesn't work by

whole chunks of each animal stuck together.

combining different species at random

Evolution doesn't work by combining different species at random

and evolutionary scientists have never hunted for the Crocodoc the jelly wolf

and evolutionary scientists have never hunted for the crocoduck

or the Rhino puss the theory of

the jellywolf or the rhinopus.

evolution tells us something very

The Theory of Evolution tells us something very different.

different nature doesn't reward just any random combination of features even

Nature doesn't reward just any random combination of features.

highly specialized animals are being driven to extinction all the time nature

Even highly specialized animals are being driven to extinction all the time.

rewards only whatever is efficient at reproducing itself the Crocodoc invented to ridicule evolution has instead become

Nature rewards only whatever is efficient at reproducing itself. The crocoduck, invented to ridicule evolution

the symbol of bad arguments against evolution

has instead become the symbol of bad arguments against evolution.

some people feel that an acceptance of

Some people feel that an acceptance of evolution implies

evolution implies or leads inevitably towards the desire for supremacist

or leads inevitably towards the desire for supremacist control

control over the breeding of human

over the breeding of human beings.

beings but recognizing facts about nature doesn't mean you have any wish to

But recognizing facts about nature doesn't mean you have any wish

apply them to social policy and commit gross violations of human rights

to apply them to social policy and commit gross violations of human rights.

evolution isn't an endorsement of

Evolution isn't an endorsement of eugenics

eugenics any more than accepting the fact that the females of numerous

any more than accepting the fact that the females of numerous species

species kill and eat the male's after mating is an endorsement of cannibalism

kill and eat the males after mating is an endorsement of cannibalism.

it's simply a recognition of reality

It's simply a recognition of reality.

if someone tells you that the theory of evolution says any of the following then

If someone tells you that the Theory of Evolution says any of the following

they either simply misunderstand it or they're deliberately misrepresenting it

then they either simply misunderstand it or they're deliberately misrepresenting it

and trying to create confusion about

and trying to create confusion about science

science in the hope that this will lead to more support for their position

in the hope that this will lead to more support for their position.

either way attempts to make evolution

Either way, attempts to make evolution seem like a fairy tale

seem like a fairy tale by both the misinformed and the dishonest will

by both the misinformed and the dishonest

continue to be exposed the real fairy

will continue to be exposed.

tale is the claim that evolution has

The real fairy tale is the claim that evolution has anything whatsoever

anything whatsoever to do with dogs

to do with dogs giving birth to cats

giving birth to cats individual animals morphing into other species or popping

individual animals morphing into other species

into existence through pure accident if

or popping into existence through pure accident.

you speak to anyone who knows about and accepts evolution you'll find that these

If you speak to anyone who knows about and accepts evolution

ideas are is ridiculous to them as they

you'll find that these ideas are as ridiculous to them

are to the anti evolutionist evolution is both a fact and a theory

as they are to the anti-evolutionist. Evolution is both a fact and a theory.

it's a scientifically established fact that life evolved and continues to

It's a scientifically established fact that life evolved and continues to evolve

evolve and the theory of evolution explains how it does so there are many

and the Theory of Evolution explains how it does so.

reasons it's important to understand

There are many reasons it's important to understand evolution

evolution not least because evolution is essential to our understanding of

not least because evolution is essential to our understanding of biology

biology and with viruses quickly evolving resistance to our existing

and with viruses quickly evolving resistance to our existing defenses

defenses a failure to understand those

our failure to understand those processes

processes will mean a failure to understand some of the most deadly threats we face

will mean a failure to understand some of the most deadly threats we face.

because of the curiosity and careful dedicated work of generations of

Because of the curiosity and careful, dedicated work of generations of scientists

scientists we now understand in greater detail than at any other time in our

we now understand, in greater detail than at any other time in our history

history answers to some of our biggest questions about life on this planet they

answers to some of our biggest questions about life on this planet.

are a key part of the scientific inheritance we are wise to pass on to

They are a key part of the scientific inheritance we are wise to pass on

new generations who with an honest first-rate science education will in

to new generations, who - with an honest, first-rate science education -

turn no doubt refine our education with

will in turn no doubt refine our education

their own outstanding insights

with their own outstanding insights.

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