Osmoregulation Bozeman Science English (auto-generated) English

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hi it's mr. Andersen and in this podcast we're going to be talking about

Hi. It's Mr. Andersen and in this podcast we're going to be talking about

osmoregulation before we get into osmoregulation we should define what osmosis is remember that is diffusion of

osmoregulation. Before we get into osmoregulation we should define what osmosis is. Remember

water across a semipermeable membrane so

that is diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane. So let's say right here we have

let's start right here we have this u tube and on this side we have a high molarity of water so a lot of sugar on

this U-tube and on this side we have a high molarity of water. So a lot of sugar on this

this side on this side we don't have as much and so basically the sugar would

side. On this side we don't have as much. And so basically the sugar would love to spread

love to spread out but it can't because the sugar can't fit through the semipermeable membrane but the water can

out. But it can't because the sugar can't fit through the semi-permeable membrane. But

so the water is going to flow from an area of high water concentration to low

the water can. So the water is going to flow from an area of high water concentration to

water concentration and so basically if

low water concentration. And so basically if you were to watch this, you couldn't see

you were to watch this you couldn't see the sugar but the the water on this side would mysteriously raise and lower on

the sugar but the water on this side would mysteriously raise. And lower on this side.

this side would require no energy if you were to do the opposite of that

It would require no energy. If you were to do the opposite of that, so if you were to

so if you were to do reverse osmosis we'd have to squeeze it in this

do reverse osmosis, we'd have to squeeze it in this direction. We could get pure water

direction we could get pure water and that's how you actually purify water if you look on your water bottle it'll say

and that's how you actually purify water if you look on your water bottle. It'll say reverse

reverse osmosis a lot of the time so how does this impact cells because in plant

osmosis a lot of the time. So how does this impact cells? Because in plant cells it's

cells it's okay for there to be movement of water because they have a cell well but for us not so much and so basically

okay for there to be movement of water because they have a cell wall. But for us not so much.

if you were to take a red blood cell and have it sit in an isotonic environment

And so basically if you were to take a red blood cell and have it sit in an isotonic

in other words an environment where the concentration in the blood and outside

environment. In other words an environment where the concentration in the blood and outside

the blood is the same you're going to get a movement of water but the blood

the blood is the same, you're going to get a movement of water but the blood cells are

cells are going to be happy like they're

going to be happy like they're pictured right here.

pictured right here if you put them in a

\b \b0 If you put them in a hypertonic area,

hypertonic area so if you put them in sugary water then water is going to flow

so if you put them in sugary water then water is going to flow out. And you can see that

out you can see that the red blood cells are going to shrivel up likewise if you

the red blood cells are going to shrivel up. Likewise if you were to put them in distilled

were to put them in distilled water water is going to flow in and they're going to pop or they're going to lyse

water, water is going to flow in and they're going to pop. Or they're going to lyse. And

and so it's really important to the cells in our body that they remain isotonic so what are the two life

so it's really important to the cells in our body that they remain isotonic. So, what are

strategies well the two life strategies are some organisms have just decided

the two life strategies? Well the two life strategies are some organisms have just decided

this is too much effort and so what they are call is Osmo conformers and so an

this is too much effort. And so what they are called is osmoconformers. And so an osmoconformer

Osmo conformer like this octopus right here the osmolarity and so osmolarity

like this octopus right here, the osmolarity, and so osmolarity remember is going to be

remember is going to be the concentration of solutes to water is going to be the same on the outside as

the concentration of solutes to water, is going to be the same on the outside as it

it is on the inside in other words they're just going to be the same osmolarity as their surroundings it's

is on the inside. In other words they're just going to be the same osmolarity as their surroundings.

nice because they don't have to regulate that the bat

It's nice because they don't have to regulate that. The bad thing is that you're going to

thing is that you're going to get big swings that can affect the rest of the organism so a lot of organisms are what

get big swings that can effect the rest of the organism. So a lot of organisms are what

are called Osmo regulators great example of this would be the brine shrimp that

are called osmoregulators. Great example of this would be the brine shrimp that are found

are found in saltwater brine shrimp and we would have some like in the Great Salt Lake basically what they do is they

in salt water. Brine shrimp, we would have some like in the Great Salt Lake, basically

have to regulate the amount of water inside them so they live in a salt water

what they do is they have to regulate the amount of water inside them. So they live

environment so think about where the water is going to flow is it going to

in a salt water environment. So think about where the water is going to flow. Is it going

want to flow into them or out of them that's right it's going to flow out of

to want to flow into them or out of them? That's right. It's going to flow out of them.

them so they're going to water is constantly going to be lost so they're

So they're going to, water is constantly going to be lost. So they're going to have to do

going to have to do a lot of effort in fact 30 percent of their metabolism just goes to regulating this balance of

a lot of effort. In fact 30 percent of their metabolism just goes to regulating this balance

osmolarity if we think about fish or fish that live in a freshwater

of osmolarity. If we think about fish, or fish that live in a fresh water environment

environment versus a saltwater environment if you really understand

versus a salt water environment, if you really understand osmosis, this is easy to think

osmosis this is easy to think about if you're a fish living in a freshwater environment where is the saltier area

about. If you're a fish living in a fresh water environment, where is the saltier area?

it's going to be inside the fish and so basically they're going to keep having

It's going to be inside the fish. And so basically they're going to keep having water flow into

water flow into them and so they don't drink water that's the blue here basically they eat food but they have

them. And so they don't drink water. That's the blue here. Basically they eat food but

urine that is really really dilute and

they have urine that is really, really dilute. And that's just because they're going to have

that's just because they're going to have a net influx of water due to osmosis if you move to a saltwater fish

a net influx of water due to osmosis. If you move to a salt water fish, so in a salt water

so in a saltwater fish we're going to have the opposite problem now now the saltwater is going to be have a

fish we're going to have the opposite problem now. Now the salt water is going to have a

higher solute concentration and so we're going to have water that's going to keep

higher solute concentration. So we're going to have water that's going to keep flowing

flowing out of them and so they have to actually drink saltwater and their urine

out of them. And so they have to actually drink salt water. And their urine is going

is going to be really really concentrated okay so we're not fish

to be really really concentrated. Okay. So we're not fish. We're not brine shrimp. We

we're not brine shrimp we live on land and so how do we as mo regulate well we Osmo regulate using this organ right

live on land. And so how do we osmoregulate? Well we osmoregulate using this organ right

here it's called the kidney and so this is the kidney it's going to empty urine

here. It's called the kidney. And so this is the kidney. It's going to empty urine into

into the bladder and then we finally get rid of that but we use that on land to

the bladder. And then we finally get rid of that. But we use that on land to regulate

regulate our osmolarity and living on land it's almost more important that we

our osmolarity. And living on land it's almost more important that we're able to do that.

were able to do that now this gets a little complex but if you can hold with

Now this gets a little complex, but if you can hold with me I think you'll understand

me I think you'll understand how this works so basically let me go back for just a second if this is the kidney

how this works. So basically, let me go back for just a second. If this is the kidney right

right here on the inside of the kidney over and over and over again we're going

here. On the inside of the kidney, over and over and over again we're going to have this

to have this which is called the nephron so the nephron repeated over and over

which is called the nephron. So the nephron repeated over and over and over essentially

and over it essentially makes a kidney and so basically what happens is blood is going to flow in blood is going

makes a kidney. And so basically what happens is blood is going to flow in. Blood is going

to flow into something called the glomerulus and then it's going to Pho

to flow into something called the glomerulus. And then it's going to flow into this which

into flow into this which is called the Bowman's capsule the Bowman's capsule is going to do one thing it's going to

is called the Bowman's capsule. The Bowman's capsule is going to do one thing. It's going

filter the blood we also have proximal and distal tubules that's important for

to filter the blood. We also have proximal and distal tubules. That's important for secretion

secretion and reabsorption but we're not going to talk about any of that right

and reabsorption. But we're not going to talk about any of that right now. Again what we're

now again what we're focusing on is the water okay so basically what happens is the blood flows in and a lot of the

focusing on is the water. Okay. So basically what happens is the blood flows in and a lot

water and the solutes are going to squirt out and they're going to move into this filtrate this is eventually

of the water and solutes are going to squirt out and they're going to move into this filtrate.

going to become urine so again this is

This is eventually going to become urine. So again this is eventually going to go over

eventually going to go over here going to go end up in your bladder so basically what's happening down here well as it emperor enters into the renal

here and end up in your bladder. So basically what's happening down here? Well as it enters

or excuse me the renal medulla basically what's going to happen is water is going to flow out and water is going to flow

into the renal medulla, basically what's going to happen is water is going to flow out. And

out and as water starts to flow out the osmolarity inside this descending tube

water is going to flow out. And as water starts to flow out the osmolarity inside this descending

you'll is going to increase and so the concentration at the beginning is around 300 milliosmoles but it's going to

tubule is going to increase. And so the concentration at the beginning is around 300 milliosmoles.

increase to the point down here where it's around 1200 so we're going to set

But it's going to increase to the point down here where it's around 1200. So we're going

up a gradient and so on this side water is going to flow out water is going to

to set up a gradient. And so on this side water is going to flow out. Water is going

flow out water is going to flow out now it's not just flowing out into the

to flow out. Water is going to flow out. Now it's not just flowing out into the interstitial

interstitial fluid a lot of that waters be being reclaimed because we're going to have capillaries

fluid. A lot of that water is being reclaimed because we're going to have capillaries outside

outside here as well and so on this descending side of the loop of Henle

here as well. And so on this descending side of the loop of Henle, that's what this is

that's what this is called basically what's going to happen is it's going to release water and so we're going to set

called, basically what's going to happen is it's going to release water. And so we're

up a gradient now on the ascending side on the other side where this is on the

going to set up a gradient. Now on the ascending side, on the other side, we're . . . on the

right side of it it's not going to be permeable to water but it is going to be

right side of it, it's not going to be permeable to water. But it is going to be permeable

permeable to salt and so basically what's going to happen on this side is

to salt. And so basically what's going to happen on this side is we're going to lose

we're going to lose salt and we're going to lose salt and we're going to lose salt and as we get into this thick

salt. And we're going to lose salt. And we're going to lose salt. And as we get into this

portion of the loop of Henle we're actually pumping that salt out and so

thick portion of the loop of Henle, we're actually pumping that salt out. And so basically

basically now what we have is a gradient we're down here it's 1200 milliosmoles but then we have it going all the way

now what we have is a gradient where down here it's 1200 milliosmoles. But then we have

back up so it's 300 ml as moles up here and so

it going all the way back up. So it's 300 milliosmoles up here. And so basically it

basically it goes horizontal all the way across here so what's the work of all the loop of Henle for all of

goes horizontal all the way across here. So what's the work of all the loop of Henle for?

the work is to set up this gradient and this is called a counter-current

All of the work is to set up this gradient. And this is called a counter current exchange.

exchange so it's important that the fluid is following in opposite direction

So it's important that the fluid is following an opposite direction. So these are interacting

so these are interacting with each other so basically we've set up a gradient where on this side it's it's not as

with each other. So basically we've set up a gradient where on this side it's not as

concentrated as we move down here it's really really concentrated at the bottom

concentrated. As we move down here it's really really concentrated at the bottom. So let

so let me remove all of that so again we're going to have 300 up here we're

me remove all of that. So again we're going to have 300 up here. We're going to have 1200

going to have 1,200 up down here and so basically there's a gradient that goes across like this okay so what is this

down here. And so basically there's a gradient that goes across like this. Okay. So what

this is called the collecting duct and so basically now we have control over

is this? This is called the collecting duct. And so basically now we have control over

that water and so again this is the filtrate it's eventually going to become urine but basically we can control

that water. And so again this is the filtrate. It's eventually going to become urine. But

whether or not we let water out and we do that using a hormone and that hormone

basically we can control whether or not we let water out. And we do that using a hormone.

is called antidiuretic hormone think about the name it's anti diuretic

And that hormone is called antidiuertic hormone. Think about the name. It's anti-diuretic.

diuretic is anything that just think about diarrhea it's releasing water so

Diuretic is anything that, just think about diarrhea, it's releasing water. So an antidiuretic

an antidiuretic is something that has us hold on to water so basically we have this gradient right here and if we

is something that has us hold on to water. So basically we have this gradient right here.

release antidiuretic hormone which is going to come from the posterior

And if we release antidiuretic hormone which is going to come from the posterior pituitary,

pituitary it's going to interact on this collecting duct over here when it

it's going to interact on this collecting duct over here. When it interacts with this

interacts with this collecting duct it basically says you can let water through and so if you can let water through

collecting duct it basically says you can let water through. And so if you can let water

water is going to flow out of here and it's going to flow back into our

through, water is going to flow out of here and it's going to flow back into our capillaries

capillaries and into our interstitial fluid and so basically if we secrete a lot of ADH basically this gradient is

and into our interstitial fluid. And so basically if we secrete a lot of ADH, basically this

going to allow us to reclaim water and more water and more water and more water

gradient is going to allow us to reclaim water. And more water. And more water. And more water.

and more water and even though we've gotten almost all of the water out of

And more water. And even though we've gotten almost all of the water out of our urine,

our urine it's really concentrated out here so Osmos is going to pull that water out of it likewise let's say we

it's really concentrated out here. So osmosis is going to pull that water out it. Likewise,

drank a bunch of water and we don't need to reclaim that then we're going to

let's say we drank a bunch of water and we don't need to reclaim that. Then we're going

decrease the amount of ADH and basically now we can't let water out through here

to decrease the amount of ADH. And basically now we can't let water out through here. And

and so that water instead is just going to flow out into our urine and so when

so that water instead is just going to flow out into our urine. And so when you look at

you look at your urine and look at the different color in it what's responsible for that well basically it's the amount

your urine and look at the different color in it, what's responsible for that? Well basically

of ADH that we're releasing releasing but more importantly it's this wonderful

it's the amount of ADH that we're releasing. But more importantly it's this wonderful gradient

gradient that was set up in the loop Hendley and so that's osmolarity again we're Osmo regulators and you can thank

that was set up in the loop of Henle. And so that's osmolarity. Again we're osmoregulators.

our kidneys in our nephron for that and I hope that's helpful

And you can thank our kidneys and our nephrons for that. And I hope that's helpful.