The Internet: HTTP & HTML Code.org English (auto-generated) English

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I'm jazz and Lawrence and I'm a program manager on the Xbox one engineering team

I'm Jasmine Lawrence and I'm a program manger on the XBox One engineering team.

one of our biggest features is called xbox live it's an online service that

[music] One of our biggest features is called XBox Live. It's an online service that connects

connects gamers from all around the world and we rely on the Internet to make that happen

gamers from all around the world, and we rely on the internet to make that happen.

this is no easy task there are a lot of things happening behind the scenes the

This is no easy task and there are a lot of things happening behind the scenes.

Internet is totally changing how people interact and connect how does it work

[swish] The internet is totally changing how people interact and connect. But how does it work?

how do the computers all across the world actually communicate with each

How do the computers all across the world actually communicate with each other?

other let's look at web browsing first

[music] Let's look at web browsing.

you open a web browser it's the app you use to access the web pages next you

First, you open a web browser. It's the app you use to access the web pages.

type in the web address or a URL which stands for Uniform Resource locator of

Next, you type in the web address, or URL, which stands for Uniform Resource Locator of the website

the website you want to visit like Tumblr com

you want to visit like Tumblr.com.

hi I'm David Karp the founder of tumblr

[ping pong sfx] Hi, I'm David Karp, the founder of Tumblr and we're

and we're here today to talk about how those web browsers we use everyday actually work so you've probably

here today to talk about how those web browsers we use everyday actually work.

wondered what actually happens when you

So you've probably wondered what actually happens when you type an address

type in address into your web browser in

into your web browser and then hit enter.

that hit enter and it really is about as crazy as you can imagine so in that

And it really is about as crazy as you can imagine. So in that moment your

moment your computer starts talking to another computer called a server that's usually thousands of miles away and in

computer starts talking to another computer, called a server, that's usually thousands of miles away.

milliseconds your computer asks that server for a website and that server

And in milliseconds your computer asks that server for a website, and that server

starts to talk back to your computer in a language called HTTP and HTTPS tans for hypertext Transfer Protocol and you

starts to talk back to your computer in a language called HTTP. And HTTP stands for HyperText Transfer Protocol.

can kind of think of it as the language

You can kind of think of it as the language that one computer uses

that one computer uses to ask another

to ask another computer for a document.

computer for a document and it's actually really pretty straightforward

And it's actually really pretty straightforward.

if you were to intercept the conversation between your computer and a

If you were to intercept the conversation between your computer and a web server on

web server on the internet it's mainly made up of something called get requests

the internet, it's mainly made up of something called "GET" requests. Those are really very

and those are really very simply the word get and then the name of the document that you're requesting so if

simply the word GET and the name of the document that you're requesting. So if you try to log

you're trying to log into tumblr and load our login page all you're doing is sending a get request

into Tumblr and load our login page, all you're doing is sending a GET request to Tumblr's

it's a tumblr server that says get slash login and that tells tumblr server that you want all of the HTML code for the

server that says GET /login. And that tells Tumblr's server that you want all of the HTML

tumblr login page so HTML stands for

code for the Tumblr login page.

hypertext markup language and you can

So HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language and you can

think of that as the language that you use to tell a web browser how to make a

think of that as the language you use to tell a web browser how to make a page look.

page look so if you think about something like Wikipedia which is really just a big simple document and hTML is

If you think about something like Wikipedia, which is really just a big simple document

the language that you use to make that title big and bold to make the font the

and HTML is the language that you use to make that title big and bold,

right font to link certain text to

to make the font the right font, to link certain text to certain other pages, to make some text bold, to make some

certain other pages to make some text bold to make some text italic to put an

to make some text bold, to make some text italic,

image in the middle of the page to align

to put an image in the middle of the page, to align the image to the right,

the image to the right to align the image to the left the text of a web page

to align the image to the left.

is included directly in the HTML but

The text of a web page is included directly in the HTML,

other parts images or videos are separate files with their own URLs that need to be requested the browser sends

but other parts, images or videos, are separate files with their own URLs that need to be requested.

separate HTTP requests for each of these and displays them as they arrive if a

The browser sends separate HTTP requests for each of these and displays them as they arrive. [pop, pop]

web page has a lot of different images each of them causes a separate HTTP

If a web page has a lot of different images, each of them causes a separate HTTP request

request and the page loads slow

and the page loads slower.

or now sometimes when you browse the web you're not just requesting pages with

[pops] Now sometimes when you browse the web, you're not just requesting pages with GET requests.

get requests sometimes you send information like when you fill out a form or type a search query your browser

Sometimes you send information like when you fill out a form or type a search query.

sends this information in plain text to

Your browser sends this information in plain text

the web server using an HTTP POST

to the web server using an HTTP POST request.

request so let's say you log in to

Let's say you log in to Tumblr.

tumblr well the first thing you do is you make a post request that is a post to tumblr login page that has some data

Well the first thing you do is you make a POST request, that is a POST to Tumblr's login page that has

attached to it it has your email address it has your password that goes to tumblr

some data attached to it. It has your email address, it has your password. That goes to

server tumblr server figures out that okay your David it sends a webpage back

Tumblr's server. Tumblr's server figures out that okay, you're David. It sends a web page

to your browser that says success logged in as David but along with that web page

back to your browser that says, Success! Logged in as David. But along with that web page,

it also attaches a little bit of invisible cookie data that your browser sees and knows to save and that's really

it also attaches a little bit of invisible cookie data that your browser sees and knows to save.

important because it's really the only way that a website can remember who you

And it's really important because it's really the only way that a website can remember who you are.

are and all that cookie data really is is an ID card for tumblr it's a number

All that cookie data really is, is an ID card for Tumblr. It's a number that

that identifies you as David and your web browser holds on to that number and

identifies you as David. And your web browser holds on to that number and the next time

then the next time you refresh tumblr the next time you go to tumblr com your web browser knows to automatically

you refresh Tumblr, the next time you go to Tumblr.com, your web browser knows to automatically

attach that ID number with the request that it sends over to tumblr server so

attach that ID number with the request that it sends over to Tumblr's servers.

now tumblr server sees the request coming from your browser sees the ID

So now Tumblr's servers sees the request coming from your browser, sees the ID number, and knows

number and knows okay this is a request from david now the Internet is

"Ok, this is a request from David." [music]

completely open all of its connections

Now, the internet is completely open.

are shared and information is sent in plain text this makes it possible for

All of its connections are shared and information is sent in plain text. This makes it possible

hackers to snoop on any personal information that you send over the

for hackers to snoop on any personal information that you send over the internet.

Internet but safe web sites prevent this by asking your web browser to communicate on a secure Channel using

But safe websites prevent this, by asking your web browser to communicate on a secure channel

something called Secure Sockets Layer and its successor transport layer security you can think of SSL and TLS as a layer security wrapped around your

using something called Secure Sockets Layer and its successor Transport Layer Security. You can think of SSL and TLS as a layer of security wrapped around your communications

communications to protect them from snooping or tampering SSL and TLS are active when you see the little lock that

to protect them from snooping or tampering. SSL and TLS are active when you see the little

appears in your browser address bar next to the HTTPS the HTTP protocols ensure that your HT poopy requests are secure and protected

lock that appears in your browser address bar, next to the HTTPS. The HTTPS protocols ensure that your HTTP requests are secure and protected.

when a website asks your browser to engage in a secure connection it first provides a digital certificate which is

When a website asks your browser to engage in a secure connection, it first provides a digital certificate.

like an official ID card proving that it's the website it claims to be digital

an official ID card proving that it's the website it claims to be.

certificates are published by certificate authorities which are trusted entities that verify the

Digital certificates are published by certificate authorities, which are trusted entities that verify the

identities of websites and issue certificates for them just like a

identities of websites and issue certificates for them.

government can issue IDs or passports

Just like a government can issue IDs or passports.

now if a website tries to start a secure connection without a properly issued

Now if a website tries to start a secure connection without a properly

digital certificate your browser will warn you that's the basics of web

issued digital certificate, your browser will warn you.

browsing the part of the internet we see

That's the basics of web browsing!

day to day to summarize HTTP and DNS manage the

The part of the internet we see day to day. To summarize, HTTP and DNS manage the sending

sending and receiving of HTML media files or anything on the web what makes

and receiving of HTML, media files, or anything on the web. What makes this possible under

this possible under the hood our tcp/ip and router networks that break down and transfer information in small packets

the hood are TCP/IP and router networks that break down and transport information in small packets.

those packets themselves are made up of binary sequences of ones and zeros that

Those packets themselves are made up of binary, sequences of 1s and 0s that

are physically sent through electric wires fiber optic cables and wireless networks fortunately once you've learned how one layer of the Internet works you

are physically sent through electric wires, fiber optic cables, and wireless networks. Fortunately, once you've learned how one layer of the internet works, you can rely on it

can rely on it without remembering all the details and we can trust that all

without remembering all the details. And we can trust that all those layers will work

those layers will work together to successfully deliver information at scale and with reliability [Music]

together to successively deliver information at scale and with reliability.

[music fades out]

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