Century of Enslavement: The History of The Federal Reserve corbettreport English Croatian

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Hi, I'm Buck, your personal tour guide to the Federal Reserve. I'm here to introduce

Pozdrav! Ja sam Buck. Vaš osobni vodič ovdje kod FED-a.

you to one of the most complex but effective institutions in the United States. But don't

Moj zadatak je da vas upoznam sa jednom vrlo komleksnom, ali učinkovitom institucijom u SAD-u.

worry, I'll explain it all in plain English. Just beside me is a roadmap of where we're

Ali ne brinite, ja ću se zadržati na jednostavnim objašnjenjima. Pored mene je plan koji pokazuje kako ćemo raditi.

going. Together we'll walk through the Federal Reserve system. Literally. And along the way

Zajedno ćemo proći cijeli sustav Federalnih rezervi. U doslovnom smislu riječi.

I'll show you just what goes on around here and why it's important. By the end of this

Usput ću vam pokazati što je još događa i zašto je to važno.

tour, you, too will be able to explain the Federal Reserve in plain English.

Na kraju ove turneje i vi ćete također biti u stanju objasniti Sustav federalnih rezervi jednostavnim riječima. "Ne postoji ni jedna druga vladina institucija, koja može zaustaviti naše namjere." "To bi bilo izričito jednako da Kongres preuzme monetarnu politiku." "Nepriznavanje neovisnosti Federalnih rezervi bi djelovalo vrlo otežavajuće"

"na stabilnost financijskog sustava, dolara i našeg nacionalnog gospodarstva." "Mi ne posjedujemo... Federalne rezerve uopće ne posjeduju zlato!" "Mi nismo posjedovali zlato od 1934. godine." "Zabranite FED".

Stoljeće porobljavanja - Povijest Federalnih rezervi 1. Dio Porijeklo Federalnih rezervi Istina u ovoj stvari je, kao što vi i ja znamo, da financijski sektor, u većim centrima,

ima moć nad vladom, od vremena Andrew Jacksonsa. Predsjednik Franklin D. Roosevelt

All our lives we've been told that economics is boring. It's dull. It's not worth the time

Cijeli naš život nam pričaju da je ekonomija dosadna. Ona je glupa.

it takes to understand it. And all our lives, we've been lied to. War. Poverty. Revolution. They all hinge on economics. And economics all rests on one

Ako je hoćete razumjeti, to je gubljenje vremena. I cijeli naš život su nam lagali u tom pogledu. Prijevod: proda Rat. Siromaštvo. Revolucija.

key concept: money.

Sve to ovisi o ekonomiji. A ekonomija počiva na jednom ključnom konceptu:

Money. It is the economic water in which we live our lives. We even call it 'currency'; it flows around us, carries us in its wake. Drowns those who are not careful.

Novcu. Novac. To je voda na mlin ekonomije, oko koje se vrti naš život. Novac teče oko nas i podržava naš život. Ali i povlači neke dolje sa sobom, kao vrtlog.

We use it every day in nearly every transaction we conduct. We spend our lives working for

Mi koristimo novac svaki dan u gotovo svakoj transakciji koju obavljamo.

it, worrying about it, saving it, spending it, pinching it. It defines our social status. It compromises our morals. People are willing to fight, die and kill for it.

Radimo cijeli svoj život za novac, bojimo se za naš novac, štedimo ga, izdajemo ga, negdje i nekako ga otkidamo. Novac određuje naš status u društvu. Novac kompromitira naš moral. Ljudi se bore, umiru i ubijaju za novac.

But what is it? Where does it come from? How is it created? Who controls it? It is a remarkable

Ali što je stvarno novac? Otkud novac dolazi? Kako novac nastaje? Tko kontrolira novac?

fact that, given its central importance in our lives, not one person in a hundred could

Važno je napomenuti, da bez obzira na značenje, koje novac zauzima u našem životu,

answer such basic questions about money as these.

čak ni jedna od sto osoba, ne može odgovoriti na ovo osnovno pitanje.

So if you were planning a family, you'd want to know where babies come from. And this is

Kad planirate obitelj, je li bi rado znali, otkud dolaze djeca?

a lot about banking. So let me ask you: where does money come from?

A ovdje se mnogo vrti oko banaka. Tako da vam postavljam slijedeće pitanje: Otkud dolazi novac?

Where does the money come from? The government prints it. It's printed off.

Otkud dolazi novac? Država ga tiska. On se tiska. Otkud dolazi novac?

How is new money created? By labor. People work and produce wealth, and the money is supposed to match that wealth.

Kako nastaje novi novac? Radom. Ljudi rade i stvaraju bogatstvo, a od novca se očekuje, da odgovara tom bogatstvu.

Where does money come from?

Otkud dolazi novac?

Well I have a pretty different outlook on money. It actually comes from, like, trees,

Ah, ja gledam novac drugačije. On normalno raste na drveću, zar ne?

right? But why is this? How could we be so ignorant about a topic of such importance? "Where does

Zašto je to tako? Kako možemo biti tako ignorantni prema jednoj tako važnoj temi?

money come from?" is a basic, childlike question. So why is our only response the childlike answer, meant as a joke: "It grows on trees"?

"Otkud dolazi novac?" je osnovno - djetinjasto pitanje. Dakle zašto je naš jedini odgovor djetinjast - smišljen kao šala: "On raste na drveću."

Such a profound state of ignorance could not come about naturally. From the time we are

Takvo duboko neznanje nema prirodno porijeklo.

children, we are curious about the world and eager to learn about the way it works. And

Već kao djeca smo znatiželjni o svijetu i radoznali, kako sve funkcionira.

what could lead to a better understanding of the way the world works than a knowledge

A što bi moglo dovesti do boljeg razumijevanja funkcioniranja ovog svijeta,

of money, its creation and destruction? Yet discussion of this topic is fastidiously avoided in our school years and ignored in our daily life. Our monetary ignorance is artificial, a smokescreen that has been erected on purpose and perpetrated with the help of complicated systems and insufferable economic jargon.

od znanja o novcu, njegovom nastanku i njegovom uništenju. Još uvijek se diskusija o ovoj temi u našim školama izbjegava, a u svakodnevnom životu ignorira. Naše neznanje o pitanjima novca je umjetno, a postojeća maglena zavjesa je namjera, podržana kompliciranim sustavom i nepodnošljivim, ekonomski sprovedivim načinom izražavanja.

But it doesn't take an economist to understand the importance of money. Deep down we all

Ali nije potrebno biti ekonomist da bi se razumjelo značenje novca.

know that the wars, the poverty, the violence we see around us hinges on this question of

Ljudi znaju instiktivno, da su ratovi, siromaštvo i nasilje, koje primjećujemo oko sebe,

money. It seems like a thousand piece jigsaw puzzle just waiting to be solved. And it is.

povezani sa pitanjem novca. To izgleda kao puzzle od tisuću dijelova, koje samo čekaju da budu složene. A tako i je.

The puzzle pieces, taken together, create an image of the Federal Reserve, America's

Ispravno sastavljanje dijelova puzzli, tvore sliku Federalnih rezervi,

central bank and the heart of the country's banking system. Despite its central importance

američke centralne banke i srca nacionalnih bankovnih sustava.

to the economy, relatively few have heard of it, and fewer still know what it is, despite the bank's attempts at self-description: Our economy runs on a complex system of exchange of goods and services in which money plays

Usprkos centralnom značenju za gospodarstvo, relativno mali broj ljudi je čuo o tome i usprkos FED-om pokušaju opisivanja, malo ljudi zapravo zna o čemu se točno radi: "Naše gospodarstvo se bazira na kompleksnom sustavu razmjene dobara i usluga"

a key part. Coin, currency, savings, and checking accounts; the overall supply of money is managed by the Federal Reserve. Money is the medium through which economic exchanges take place,

"u kojem novac igra značajnu ulogu. Kovanice, valuta, štednja i bankovni računi;" "sveobuhvatnu ponudu novca osiguravaju Federalne rezerve." "Novac je sredstvo razmjene, koji omogućuje gospodarske procese razmjene,"

and money as a standard of value helps us to set prices for goods and services. The

"a novac kao mjera vrijednosti nam pomaže utvrditi vrijednost dobara i usluga."

job of managing money--monetary policy--is to preserve the purchasing power of the dollar

"Upravljanje novcem, odnosno zadatak monetarne politike je, održati kupovnu moć dolara"

while ensuring that a sufficient amount of money is available to promote economic growth.

"i pritom osigurati da dovoljna količina novca stoji na raspolaganju, kao podrška gospodarskog rasta."

The Federal Reserve also promotes the safety and soundness of the institutions where we

"Federalne rezerve dodatno podržavaju sigurnost i stabilnost"

do our banking. It ensures that the mechanisms by which we make payments, whether by cash,

"institucija, sa kojima obavljamo bankovne poslove." "FED osigurava da mehanizmi plaćanja, bilo da je to gotovina, ček,"

cheque, or electronic means, operates smoothly and efficiently.

"ili elektronski transferi, mogu biti čisti i efikasno izvedeni."

And in its fiscal role acts as the banker for the United States government.

"I u svojoj fiskalnoj odgovornosti, FED djeluje kao banka za državu SAD."

Now these duties comprise the major responsibilities of our central bank.

"Ovi zadaci obuhvaćaju glavne odgovornosti naše centralne banke."

But in order to understand the Federal Reserve, we must first understand its origins and context.

Ali da bi stvarno razumjeli Federalne rezerve, moramo najprije razumjeti njihovo porijeklo i kontekst.

We must deconstruct the puzzle.

Moramo rastaviti Puzzle.

The first piece of that puzzle lies here, in the White House. This is where the Federal

Prvi dio Puzzli leži ovdje, u Bijeloj kući.

Reserve Act, then known as the Currency Bill, was signed into law after passing the House and Senate in late December, 1913.

To je bilo ovdje, krajem prosinca 1913., kad je takozvani "Zakon o Federalnim rezervama", kasnije nazvan "Valutni zakon", potpisan kao zakon, nakon što je uspješno prošao Kongres i Senat.

The New York Times of Christmas Eve, 1913, described the festive scene:

New York Times od 24.12.1913., opisuje svečani prizor kako slijedi:

"The Christmas spirit pervaded the gathering. While the ceremony was a little less impressive

"Božićni ugođaj je prožeo ovaj skup. Tijekom same ceremonije, bilo je manje impresivno,"

than that of the signing of the Tarriff act on Oct. 3 last in the same room, the spectators

"nego kod potpisivanja 'Zakona o porezu', 3. listopada, ovdje u istom prostoru,"

were much more enthusiastic and seized every occasion to applaud."

"kad su entuzijasti bili više oduševljeni i koristili svaku priliku ua aplaudiranje."

There in the White House that fateful December evening, President Wilson signed away the

Tamo u Bijeloj kući, te sudbonosne prosinačke večeri,

last veneer of control over the American money supply to a cartel; a well-organized gang

predsjednik Wilson je potpisao predaju posljednje kontrole o američkoj opskrbi novcem na jedan kartel;

of crooks so successful, so cunning, so well-hidden that even now, a century later, few know of

dobro organiziranu bandu prevaranata, koja je bila tako uspješna, tako lukava, tako dobro kamuflifana, da čak i danas - stoljeće kasnije - samo nekolicina zna o njihovom postojanju,

its existence, let alone the details of its operations. But those details have been openly

da ne govorimo o detaljima njihovih operacija.

admitted for decades.

Ali ti detalji su kroz desetljeća otvoreno priznati.

Of course, just as we have been taught to find economics boring, we have been taught

Ne samo da su nas učili da je ekonomija dosadna,

that this story is boring. This is the way the Federal Reserve itself tells it:

nas su također učili da je ta priča dosadna, tako da nije slučajno, da se povijest Federalnih rezervi priča na slijedeći način:

The United States was facing severe financial problems. At the turn of the century, most banks were issuing their own currency called "bank notes." The trouble was, currency that was good in one state was sometimes worthless in another. People began to lose confidence

"Sjedinjene države su stajale pred ozbiljnim financijskim problemom." "Na prelasku iz 19. u 20. stoljeće, većina banaka je izdavala vlastitu valutu, zvanu "Banknote"." "Problem je bio da je jedna valuta u jednoj državi imala vrijednost, a u drugoj je bila bezvrijedna." "Ljudi su izgubili povjerenje u svoj novac,"

in their money, since it was only as sound as the bank that issued it. Fearful that their

"jer je njihov novac bio toliko stabilan, koliko ga je smatrala emitirajuća banka."

bank might go out of business, they rushed to exchange their bank notes for gold or silver.

"U strahu da će njihova banka prestati poslovati, oni su požurili da promijene svoje novčanice za zlato ili srebro."

By attempting to do so, they created the panic of 1907.

"Takvim ponašanjem, oni su proizveli "Paniku u 1907." godini."

During the panic, people streamed to the banks and demanded their deposits. The banks could

"Tijekom panike, ljudi su pohrlili u banku i tražili natrag svoje depozite."

not meet the demand; they simply did not have enough gold and silver coin available. Many

"Banke nisu mogle podmiriti ovu potražnju." "One jednostavno nisu imale dovoljno zlatnih ili srebrnih kovanica."

banks went under. People lost millions of dollars, businesses suffered, unemployment rose, and the stability of our economic system was again threatened.

"Mnoge banke su propale. Ljudi su izgubili milijune dolara," "poduzeća su trpjela, nezaposlenost je rasla, a stabilnost ekonomskog sustava je ponovo u opasnosti."

Well, this couldn't go on. If the country was going to grow and prosper, some means

"Pa tako dalje nije moglo ići. Ako zemlja treba rasti i napredovati,"

would have to be found to achieve financial and economic stability.

"onda moraju biti pronađeni putevi, da se omogući financijska i ekonomska stabilnost."

To prevent financial panics like the one in 1907, President Woodrow Wilson signed The Federal Reserve Act into law in 1913.

"Kako bi izbjegao financijsku paniku, kao onu iz 1907. godine," "predsjednik Woodrow Wilson je potpisao 1913., "Zakon o Federalnim rezervama"."

But this is history as told by the victors: a revisionist vision in which the creation of a central bank to control the nation's money supply is merely a boring historical footnote, about as important as the invention of the zipper or an early 20th century hoola-hoop

Ali to je povijest koju pišu pobjednici: Revizionistički pogled na formiranje središnje banke da kontrolira ponudu novca u zemlji, je samo dosadna fusnota povijesti, jednako važna kao izum zatvarača, ili ideja Hula-Hoppa, početkom 20. stoljeća.

craze. The truth is that the story of the secret banking conclave that gave birth to

Istina je da je priča o tajnoj bankarskoj konklavi, koja je stvorila taj Zakon Federalnih rezervi,

that Federal Reserve Act is as exciting and dramatic as any Hollywood screenplay or detective

isto tako uzbudljiva i dramatična, kao hollywoodski film, ili detektivska priča,

novel yarn, and all the more remarkable for the fact that it is all true.

a pri tom utoliko značajnija, jer je sve istina.

We pick up the story, appropriately enough, under cover of darkness. It was the night

Mi smo počeli prepričavanje odmjereno pod okriljem mraka.

of November 22, 1910, and a group of the richest and most powerful men in America were boarding

U noći 22. studenog, 1910., grupa najbogatijih i najutjecajnijih ljudi u Americi, se ukrcava na malom željezničkom kolodvoru

a private rail car at an unassuming railroad station in Hoboken, New Jersey. The car, waiting

u Hobokenu, u New Jersey-ju, u privatni vlak.

with shades drawn to keep onlookers from seeing inside, belonged to Senator Nelson Aldrich, the father-in-law of billionaire heir to the Rockefeller dynasty, John D. Rockefeller,

Vlak, koji je čekao - da ne bi privukao znatiželjnike - u zasjenjenom području kolodvora, je pripadao senatoru Nelsonu Aldrichu, tastu milijarde teškog nasljednika dinastije Rockefeller,

Jr. A central figure on the influential Senate Finance Committee where he oversaw the nation's monetary policy, Aldrich was referred to in the press as the "General Manager of the Nation."

Johna D. Rockefellera, Jr. On je centralna figura u najutjecajnijem financijsom komitetu Senata, gdje kontrolira nacionalnu monetarnu politiku. Aldrich je bio u medijima označen kao "generalni direktor" nacije.

Joining him that evening was his private secretary, Shelton, and a who's who of the nation's banking

S njim su te večeri bili i njegov privatni tajnik Shelton,

and financial elite: A. Piatt Andrew, the Assistant Treasury Secretary; Frank Vanderlip,

kao da se zna "tko je tko" u bankovnoj i financijskoj eliti zemlje; A. Piatt Andrew, zamjenik ministra financija;

President of the National City Bank of New York; Henry P. Davison, a senior partner of J.P. Morgan Company; Benjamin Strong, Jr., an associate of J.P. Morgan and President of Bankers Trust Co., and Paul Warburg, heir of the Warburg banking family and son-in-law

Frank Vanderlip, predsjednik National City Banke iz New Yorka; Henry P. Davison, partner J.P. Morgana; Benjamin Strong, Jr., partner J.P. Morgana i predsjednik firme Bankers Trust Co. i Paul Warburg, nasljednik obitelji Warburg, kao i zet Solomona Loeba,

of Solomon Loeb of the famed New York investment firm, Kuhn, Loeb & Company.

vlasnik poznate New Yorške investment firme Kuhn, Loeb & Co.

The men had been told to arrive one by one after sunset to attract as little attention

Ljudima je bilo naloženo, da trebaju nakon zalaska sunca, dolaziti jedan po jedan, da bi izazvali što je moguće manje pažnje.

as possible. Indeed, secrecy was so important to their mission that the group did not use

U stvarnosti tajnost je bila tako važna za njihovu misiju,

anything but their first names throughout the journey so as to keep their true identities secret even from their own servants and wait staff. The movements of any one of them would

da su oni tijekom putovanja koristili samo osobna imena, da bi sakrili svoje identitete pred poslugom i osobljem vlaka.

have been reason enough to attract the attention of New York's voracious press, especially

Kretanje svakog pojedinca od njih bi privukao pažnju, osobito kod znatiželjnih novinara iz New Yorka.

in an era where banking and monetary reform was seen as a key issue for the future of

Posebno u vrijeme kada je reforma bankovnog i monetranog sustava smatrana ključnom temom za budućnost zemlje;

the nation; a meeting of all of them, now that would surely have been the story of the

istovremeni sastanak svih njih, bi sigurno bila priča stoljeća.

century. And it was.

A to je i bila. Cilj njihovog putovanja?

Their destination? The secluded Jekyll Island off the coast of Georgia, home to the prestigious

Usamljeni otok Jekyll na obali Georgije, dom prestižnog "Jeckyll Island Cluba",

Jekyll Island Club whose members included the Morgans, Rockefellers, Warburgs and Rothschilds. Their purpose? Davison told intrepid local newspaper reporters who had caught wind of

čiji su članovi bili ljudi kao Morgan, Rockefeller, Warburg i Rothschild. Njihova namjera? Davison je rekao nekim lokalnim, neustrašivim novinarima, koji su nešto osjetili,

the meeting that they were going duck hunting. But in reality, they were going to draft a reform of the nation's banking industry in complete secrecy.

da su oni bili u lovu na patke. Ali u stvari oni su bili - u potpunoj tajnošću - zaposleni da izvrše reformu bankarske politike zemlje.

G. Edward Griffin, the author of the bestselling The Creature from Jekyll Island and a long-time

G. Edward Griffin, autor bestselera "Kreature otoka Jeckyll"

Federal Reserve researcher, explains:

i dugogodišnji istraživač "Federalnih rezervi", objašnjava:

What happened is the banks decided that since there was going to be legislation anyway to

Banke su znale, da će i bez njih doći do regulacije,

control their industry, that they wouldn't just sit back and wait and see what happened

koja će kontrolirati njihovu branšu. Tako da nisu sjedile i čekale, što će se dogoditi

and cross their fingers that it would be OK. They decided to do what so many cartels do today: they decided to take the lead. And they would be the ones calling for regulations

i prekrižile ruke, a sve će biti dobro. One su odlučile, kao i mnogi današnji karteli: Preuzeti vodstvo procesa. I tako bi oni bili ti, koji zahtjevaju regulaciju i reformu.

and reform. They like the word "reform." The American people are suckers for the word "reform."

Oni vole riječ "reforma". Amerikanci su inače slabi na riječ "reforma".

You just put that into any corrupt piece of legislation, call it "reform" and people say

Uzmi tu riječ u vezi s bilo kojim, korumpiranim dijelom regulacije i nazovi to "reforma"

"Oh, I'm all for 'reform'," and so they vote for it or accept it.

i stanovništvo će reći: "Oh, da, ja sam za "reformu", tako da oni glasaju za to, ili to akceptiraju. To je ono što su oni činili u cjelini.

So that's what they were doing. They decided, "We will 'reform' our own industry." In other

Oni su odlučili "Reformirat ćemo našu vlastitu branšu".

words, "We will create a cartel and we will give the cartel the power of government. We'll

Drugim riječima: "Osnovat ćemo kartel i dati mu moć države."

take our cartel agreement so we can self-regulate to our advantage and we'll call it 'The Federal

"Dogovorit ćemo se o kartelu tako, da ga kožemo koristiti za naše vlastite prednosti" "i nazvat ćemo ga 'Zakon Federalnih rezervi’."

Reserve Act.' And then we'll take this cartel agreement to Washington and convince those idiots there to pass it into law."

"Kao slijedeće, dogovor o kartelu ćemo ponijeti u Washington i ubijediti one idiote tamo, da on mora biti pretvoren u zakon."

And that basically was the strategy. It was a brilliant strategy. Of course we see it

Jednostavno rečeno, to je bila strategija. Bila je to briljantna strategija.

happening all the time, certainly in our own day today we see the same thing happened in other cartelized industries. Right now we're watching it unfold in the field of healthcare,

Naravno mi te stvari viđamo stalno, posebno danas saznajemo, da se iste stvari vide u drugim organizacijama sličnim kartelu. Danas vidimo nešto slično u zdravstvu,

but at that time it was banking, alright?

ali tada je to bilo bankarstvo.

And so the banking cartel wrote their own rules and regulations, called it "The Federal

Bankarski kartel napisao vlastita pravila i propise,

Reserve Act," got it passed into law, and it was very much to their liking because they

nazvali to "Zakon o Federalnim rezervama" i uspjeli da to postane zakon i bili su oduševljeni, jer su to sami napisali.

wrote it. And in essence what they had created was a set of rules that made it possible for

U biti, oni su stvorili skup bankarskih pravila, koji ne samo da je omogućavao

themselves to regulate their industry, but they went even beyond that. In fact, it's

regulirati vlastitu branšu, nego ići još dalje:

clear to me when I was reading their letters and their conversation at the time, and the

Doista, čitajući njihovu pismenu konverzaciju i debate, bilo mi je jasno,

debates, that they never dreamed that Congress would go along and also give them the right

da oni nikada ne bi ni sanjali, da će im Kongres dodatno priznati pravo,

to issue the nation's money supply. Not only were they now going to regulate their own industry, which is what they started out as wanting to do, but they got this incredible gift that they didn't dream would be given to them (although they were negotiating for

obavljati nacionalnu opskrbu novcem. Ne samo da im je priznato pravo samoregulacije, gdje su mogli raditi što su htjeli, nego su dodatno dobili nevjerojatni poklon, o kome nisu ni sanjali, da bi ga dobili, iako su pregovarali o tome,

it), and that was that Congress gave them the authority to issue the nation's money.

a to je da im je Kongres dao ovlasti za izdavanje nacionalnog novca.

Congress gave away the sovereign right to issue the nation's money to the private banks.

Kongres je dao suvereno pravo za izdavanje nacionalnog novca privatnim bankama.

And so all of this was in The Federal Reserve Act, and the American people were joyous because they were told, and they were convinced, that this was finally a means of controlling this big creature from Jekyll Island.

To je sve bilo u sadržaju "Zakona o Federalnim rezervama" i Amerikanci su bili oduševljeni, jer im je rečeno - a oni su u to bili ubjeđeni - da je to konačno bio alat za kontrolu kreatura sa otoka Jeckyll.

Amazingly enough, they were successful, not just in conspiring to write the legislation that would eventually become the Federal Reserve Act, but in keeping that conspiracy a secret from the public for decades. It was first reported on in 1916 by Bertie Charles Forbes, the financial writer who would later go on to found Forbes magazine, but it was never

Dovoljno zapanjujuće, oni su bili uspješni, ne samo u konspirativnom pisanju zakona, koji će konačno postati "Zakon Federalnih rezervi", nego također u desetljećima čuvanoj tajni ove konspiracije pred javnosti. O tome je prvi put pisao 1916. novinar Bertie Charles Forbes, kasnije osnivač "Forbes Magazina",

fully admitted until a full quarter century later when Frank Vanderlip wrote a casual

ali to nikad nije bilo u potpunosti priznato, tako da je tek 25 godina kasnije sam Frank Vanderlip pisao

admission of the meeting in the February 9, 1935 edition of The Saturday Evening Post:

o povremenom ulasku na sastanak, 9. veljače 1935. godine, u The Saturday Evening Postu:

"I was as secretive—indeed, as furtive—as any conspirator.[...]I do not feel it is any

"Ja sam bio tako tajnovit, dapače sakriven - kao svaki zavjerenik."

exaggeration to speak of our secret expedition to Jekyll Island as the occasion of the actual

"Mislim da ne pretjerujem, kad govorim o tome da je naša tajna ekspedicija na otok Jeckyll,"

conception of what eventually became the Federal Reserve System."

"bila prilika za konceptiranje onoga, što će kasnije biti Sustav federalnih rezervi."

Over the course of their nine days of deliberation at the Jekyll Island club, they devised a

Za vrijeme njihovog devetodnevnog savjetovanja u Jeckyll Island Clubu,

plan so overarching, so ambitious, that even they could scarcely imagine that it would ever be passed by congress. As Vanderlip put it,

oni su osmislili tako sveobuhvatan i tako ambiciozan plan, da čak ni sami nisu mogli pretpostaviti, da će taj plan Kongres odobriti. Ili kako je to Vanderlip napisao:

"Discovery [of our plan], we knew, simply must not happen, or else all our time and effort would be wasted. If it were to be exposed publicly that our particular group had got together and written a banking bill, that bill would have no chance whatever of passage by Congress."

"Mi smo znali, da se naš plan ne smije otkriti, inače bi sav naš dosadašnji trud bio uzaludan." "Kad bi se objavilo, da su se naše 'specijalne' grupe sastale, da bi napisale zakon o bankama," "ne bi bilo šanse da Kongres ratficira taj zakon."

So what, precisely, did this conclave of conspirators devise at their Jekyll Island meeting? A plan

Što je točno izmislili zavjerenici tijekom sastanka na otoku Jekyll?

for a central banking system to be owned by the banks themselves, a system which would

Plan za sustav središnje banke u kojem banke djeluju kao vlasnik Centralne banke,

organize the nation's banks into a private cartel that would have sole control over the

sustav u kojem domaće banke tvore privatni kartel,

money supply itself. At the end of their nine day meeting, the bankers and financiers went back to their respective offices content in what they had accomplished. The details of

za potpunu kontrolu nad monetarnim sustavom zemlje. Nakon završetka devetodnevnog sastanka, direktori banaka i njihovi sponzori su se vratili svom poslu, zadovoljni onim što su postigli.

the plan changed between its 1910 drafting and the eventual passage of the Federal Reserve

Od projekta iz 1910. godine, a kasnije ratificiranog "Zakona o federalnim rezervama", više puta su se mijenjali detalji,

Act, but the essential ideas were there.

ali osnovni zahtjevi su bili postavljeni.

But ultimately, this scene on Jekyll Island, too, is just one piece of a larger puzzle.

Ali na kraju ova scena na otoku Jeckill, je samo daljnji, mali dio puno veće slagalice.

And like any other puzzle piece, it has to be seen in its wider context for the bigger

I kao i svaki mali dio slagalice i taj dio se mora gledati u cijelom kontekstu,

picture to become visible. To understand the other pieces of the puzzle and their importance in the creation of the Federal Reserve, we have to travel backward in time.

da bi se vidjela cijela slika. Da bismo razumjeli druge male cijelove slagalice i njihov značaj za uspostavu Federalnih rezervi, morat ćemo putovati natrag u povijest.

The story begins in late 17th century Europe. The Nine Years' War is raging across the continent as Louis XIV of France finds himself pitted against much of the rest of the continent over his territorial and dynastic claims. King William III of England, devastated by a stunning naval defeat, commits his court to rebuilding the English navy. There's only

Povijest FED-a počinje u Europi u kasnom 17. stoljeću. "Devetogodišnji rat" bijesni diljem kontinenta, a francuski kralj Ludwig XVI, vidi sebe suočenog sa svojim teritorijalnim, dinastički uvjetovanim potraživanjima ostatka kontinenta. Nakon razorno izgubljene pomorske bitke, engleski kralj William III, počinje obnovu engleske flote.

one problem: money. The government's coffers have been exhausted by the waging of the war

Postoji samo jedan problem: Novac! Vladine blagajne su iscrpljene od vođenja rata,

and William's credit is drying up.

a Williamovi krediti su presušili.

A Scottish banker, William Paterson, has a banker's solution: a proposal "to form a company to lend a million pounds to the Government at six percent (plus 5,000 "management fee") with the right of note issue." By 1694 the idea has been slightly revised (a 1.2 million

Škotski bankar, William Paterson, ima bankarsko rješenje: Prijedlog: Osnivanje kompanije, koja će vladi posuditi milijun funti uz 6% kamata plus upravnu pristojbu od 5.000 funti i zadržavanje prava za proizvodnju novca. Do provedbe u 1694., plan je neznatno promijenjen, tako da je sada bilo 1,2 milijuna funti uz kamatu od 8%,

pound loan at 8 percent plus 4000 for management expenses), but it goes ahead: the magnanimously

plus 4.000 funti za troškove upravljanja i tako je odlučeno.

titled Bank of England is created.

Osnovana je velikodušno nazvana "Bank of England".

The name is a carefully constructed lie, designed to make the bank appear to be a government

Ime je pažljivo konstruirana laž, da bi se dobio dojam da će banka biti državno tijelo.

entity. But it is not. It is a private bank owned by private shareholders for their private profit with a charter from the king that allows them to print the public's money out of thin air and lend it to the crown. What happens here at the birth of the Bank of England in

Ali ona to nije. To je privatna banka, u vlasništvu privatnih dioničara, za njihovu osobnu korist, s poveljom od kralja, koja im dozvoljava stvarati novac iz ničega i posuđivati državi. Rođenjem "Bank of England", 1694. godine,

1694 is the creation of a template that will be repeated in country after country around

je stvorena predloška, koja se sada ponavlja diljem svijeta, od zemlje do zemlje:

the world: a privately controlled central bank lending money to the government at interest,

privatno kontrolirana središnja banka, koja posuđuje novac državi uz kamate,

money that it prints out of nothing. And the jewel in the crown for the international bankers that creates this system is the future economic powerhouse of the world, the United States.

novac, koji je stvoren iz ničega. Ali dragulj u kruni za međunarodne bankare, koji će proširiti taj proces, je budući gospodarski pokretač svijeta - Sjedinjene Američke Države.

In many important respects, the history of the United States is the history of the struggle

U mnogim važnim aspektima je povijest SAD-a,

of the American people against the bankers that wish to control their money. By the 1780s,

povijest američkog naroda u borbi protiv bankara, koji žele kontrolirati njihov novac.

with colonies still fighting for independence from the crown, the bankers will get their

Dok se u 1780.-ima kolonije još uvijek bore za neovisnost o britanskoj kruni,

oaa želja bankara se ispunjava.

In 1781 the United States is in financial turmoil. The Continental, the paper currency issued by the Continental Congress to pay for the war, has collapsed from overissue

1781. godine, Sjedinjene Države su u financijskoj krizi. "Continental", papirna valuta, koju je izdao kontinentalni kongres za plaćanje rata,

and British counterfeiting. Desperate to find a way to finance the end stages of the war, Congress turns to Robert Morris, a wealthy shipping merchant who was investigated for war profiteering just two years earlier. Now as "Superintendent of Finance" of the United States from 1781 to 1784 he is regarded as the most powerful man in America next to General

je propala zbog prevelike emisije i britanskog falsificiranja novčanica. U očajničkoj potrazi financijskog rješenja za posljednje faze rata, Kongres se obratio Robertu Morrisu, imućnom trgovcu, protiv koga je dvije godine prije vođen proces zbog sumnje za ratno profiterstvo. Sada kao "inspektor financija" u SAD-u, od 1781. do 1784. godine,

on se smatra za najmoćnijeg čovjeka u Americi pored generala Washingtona.

In his capacity as Superintendent of Finance, Morris argues for the creation of a privately-owned

U svojstvu inspektora financija, Morris se zalaže za stvaranje središnje banke u privatnom vlasništvu,

central bank deliberately modeled on the Bank of England that the colonies were supposedly fighting against. Congress, backed into a corner by war obligations and forced to do

namjerno po uzoru na Bank of England, protiv koje su se kolonije zapravo borile. Kongres, satjeran u ćošak zbog ratnih dugova i time prisiljen raditi zajedno sa bankarima,

business with the bankers just like King William in the 1690s, acquiesces and charters the Bank of North America as the nation's first central bank. And exactly as the Bank of England came into existence loaning the British crown 1.2 million pounds, the B.N.A. started business

točno kao kralj William u 1690-im godinama, pristaje i osniva "Bank of North America", kao središnju banku nacije. I baš kao što je Bank of England nastala pozajmljivanjem britanskoj kruni 1,2 milijuna funti,

by loaning $1.2 million to Congress.

"BNA" ulazi u posao pozajmljivanjem Kongresu 1,2 milijuna dolara.

By the end of the war, Morris has fallen out of political favor and the Bank of North America's

Do kraja rata, Morrisov politički ugled je konačno pao,

currency has failed to win over a skeptical public. The B.N.A. is downgraded from a national

a valuta BNA nije uspjela zbog javnog skepticizma. BNA se pretvorila od nacionalne središnje banke,

central bank to a private commercial bank chartered by the State of Pennsylvania.

u privatnu poslovnu banku, koju je osnovala savezna država Pennsylvania.

But the bankers have not given up yet. Before the ink is even dry on the constitution, a

Ali bankari se još nisu predali. Čak i prije nego se tinta osušila za Ustavu,

group led by Alexander Hamilton is already working on the next privately-owned central

već je jedna grupa, pod vodstvom Alexandera Hamiltona, radila na sljedećoj privatno vođenoj središnjoj banci,

bank for the newly formed United States of America.

za novoformirane Sjedinjene Američke Države.

So brazen is Hamilton in the forwarding of this agenda that he makes no attempt to hide

Hamilton je tako hrabar kod provedbe svog plana da on nije ni pokušao prikriti svoj,

his aims or those of the banking interests he serves:

ili interese bankara:

"A national debt, if it is not excessive, will be to us a national blessing," he wrote

"Nacionalni dug je, ako nije pretjerano, nacionalni blagoslov za nas",

in a letter to James Duane in 1781. "It will be a powerful cement of our Union. It will

piše on 1781. godine, u jednom pismu Jamesu Duane-u. "Oni će biti snažan cement naše Unije."

also create a necessity for keeping up taxation to a degree which, without being oppressive,

"To će također stvoriti potrebu održivog oporezivanja, do stupnja koji ne tlači,"

will be a spur to industry."

"a bit će poticaj za industriju."

Opposition to Hamilton and his debt-based system for establishing the finances of the

Protivljenje Hamiltonovom sustavu za utvrđivanje financiranja SAD-a, baziranom na dugu, je žestoko.

US is fierce. Led by Jefferson and Madison, the bankers and their system of debt-enslavement

Predvođeni Jeffersonom i Madisonom, bankari i njihove ideje dužničkog ropstva,

is called out for the force of destruction that it is. As Thomas Jefferson wrote:

su optuženi kao destruktivne snage. Thomas Jefferson piše o tome:

"[T]he spirit of war and indictment, [...] since the modern theory of the perpetuation of debt,

"To odgovara duhu rata i optužnice, […] da moderna teorija trajnosti duga,"

has drenched the earth with blood, and crushed its inhabitants under burdens ever accumulating."

"zemlju natapa krvlju i lomi njene stanovnike rastućim opterećenjem."

Still, Hamilton proves victorious. The First Bank of the United States is chartered in

Ipak, Hamilton je pobjednik. Prva banka SAD-a je osnovana 1791. godine,

1791 and follows the pattern of the Bank of England and the Bank of North America almost

a slijede gotovo po istom obrascu, Bank of England i Bank of North Amerika;

exactly; a privately-owned central bank with the authority to loan money that it creates out of nothing to the government. In fact, it is the very same people behind the new bank as were behind the old Bank of North America. It was Alexander Hamilton, Robert

središnje banke u privatnom vlasništvu, sa pravom posudbe novca vladi, novca, koji je stvoren iz ničega. U stvari, iza ove nove banke su isti ljudi, koji su bili odgovorni i za staru BNA. To su bili Alexander Hamilton, bivši savjetnik Roberta Morrisa,

Morris' former aide, who first proposed Morris for the position of Financial Superintendent,

kojeg je Morris prvi predložio za poziciju financijskog inspektora

and the director of the old Bank of North America, Thomas Willing, is brought in to

i direktor stare Bank of North Amerika Thomas Willing,

serve as the first director of the First Bank of the United States. Meet the new banking

koji je sada postao direktor "First Bank of the Unites States".

bosses, same as the old banking bosses.

Upoznaj novw šefove, baš kao i one stare.

In the first five years of the banks' existence, the US government borrows 8.2 million dollars from the bank and prices rise 72%. By 1795, when Hamilton leaves office, the incoming

U prvih pet godina poslovanja američka vlada je posudila 8,2 milijuna $ od banke, a cijene su porasle za 72%. Kad je Hamiltonov mandat kao ministar financija u 1795. završio,

Treasury Secretary announces that the government needs even more money and sells off the government's

novi ministar financija je objavio, da će vlada trebati još više novca

meager 20% share in the bank, making it a fully private corporation. Once again, the

i prodao njen skromni bankovni udio od 20%, tako da je postala potpuno privatna tvrtka.

US economy is plundered while the private banking cartel laughs all the way to the bank

Još jednom je američko gospodarstvo opljačkano, dok se privatni bankarski karteli do gore,

that they created.

do središnje banke, koju su stvorili, smiju.

By the time the bank's charter comes due for renewal in 1811, the tide has changed for

Kad je 1811. godine došlo vrijeme za obnovu statuta banke,

the money interests behind the bank. Hamilton is dead, shot to death in a duel with Aaron

stavovi oko novca od strane banke su se promijenili. Hamilton je umro nakon što je pogođen u dvoboju sa Aaronom Burrom.

Burr. The bank-supporting Federalist party is out of power. The public are wary of foreign

Stranka federalista, koja je podržavala postojanje banke je izgubila vlast.

ownership of the central bank, and what's more don't see the point of a central bank

Javnost je bila nepovjerljiva prema stranom vlasništvu središnje banke, a što je još teže

in time of peace. Accordingly, the charter renewal is voted down in the Senate and the bank is closed in 1811.

nisu bili u stanju organizirati središnju banku u doba mira. Kao rezultat toga, proširenje statuta banke je odbijeno u Senatu, a banka je 1811. zatvorena.

Less than a year later, the US is once again at war with England. After 2 years of bitter

Nepunu godinu kasnije, Sjedinje države su ponovo u ratu sa Engleskom.

struggle the public debt of the US has nearly tripled from $45.2 million to $119.2 million.

Nakon dvije godine naporne borbe, javni dug Sjedinjenih država se utrostručio, od 45,2 milijuna $, na 119,2 milijuna $.

With trade at a standstill, prices soaring, inflation rising and debt mounting, President

Sa oslabljenom trgovinom, stalnim rastom cijena, zbog rastuće inflacije i brdom dugova,

Madison signs the charter for the creation of another central bank, the Second Bank of

predsjednik Madison potpisuje, 1816. godine, osnivanje nove središnje banke,

the United States, in 1816. Just like the two central banks before it, it is majority

druge "Banke Sjedinjenih država". Kao i obadvije prethodne i ova središnja banka je bila u većinskom privatnom vlasništvu

privately-owned and is granted the power to loan money that it creates out of thin air to the government.

i sa zagarantiranim pravom posuđivanja novca vladi, novca koji je stvoren iz ničega.

The 20 year bank charter is due to expire in 1836, but President Jackson has already vowed to let it die prior to renewal. Believing that Jackson won't risk his chance for reelection in 1832 on the issue, the bankers forward a bill to renew the bank's charter in July of that year, 4 years ahead of schedule. Remarkably, Jackson vetoes the renewal charter and stakes

Rok isteka statuta banke, koji je napravljen za 20 godina, se približio 1836. godine, kad je predsjednik Jackson već u svom prvom mandatu priznao, da je produženje statuta izostalo. Vjerujući da Jackson neće riskirati svoj reizbor 1832. godine zbog ove teme, bankari forsiraju u srpnju iste godine, zakon o obnovi statuta središnje banke, četiri godine prije planiranog roka.

his reelection on the people's support of his move. In his veto message, Jackson writes in no uncertain terms about his opposition to the bank:

Zanimljivo je da je Jackson glasao protiv produženja roka i na taj način se oslanja na javnu potporu za njegov reizbor. U svom opravdanju odbijanja, Jackson jasno piše o svom protivljenju protiv ove banke:

"Whatever interest or influence, whether public or private, has given birth to this act, it

"Bez obzira na vrstu interesa ili utjecaja - bilo da su javni ili privatni - porijeklo ovog zakona,"

can not be found either in the wishes or necessities of the executive department, by which present

"nije temelj za želje ili potrebe izvršne vlasti"

action is deemed premature, and the powers conferred upon its agent not only unnecessary, but dangerous to the Government and country. It is to be regretted that the rich and powerful too often bend the acts of government to their selfish purposes.[...]If we can not at once,

"i nije pogodan za trenutni pristup, kako se čini razumno" "i tako je prenos ovlasti na članove kartela, ne samo nepotrebno, nego opasno za vladu i zemlju." "Žalosno je, da su bogati i moćni prečesto reinterpretirali zakone vlade za svoje vlastite, sebične svrhe."

in justice to interests vested under improvident legislation, make our Government what it ought

"Ako ne možemo jednom zauvijek nepravdu, koja je nastala nepromišljenim zakonodavstvom, učiniti pravednom stvari,"

to be, we can at least take a stand against all new grants of monopolies and exclusive

"a vladu učiniti onakvom, kakva bi trebala biti," "onda možemo barem biti protiv dodijela novih monopola i privilegija;"

privileges, against any prostitution of our Government to the advancement of the few at

"protiv svake prostitucije naše vlade u korist manjine,"

the expense of the many, and in favor of compromise and gradual reform in our code of laws and

"a na teret većine, a umjesto toga radije za kompromis i pažljive reforme,"

system of political economy."

"u okviru našeg prava i sustava političke ekonomije."

The people side with Jackson and he's reelected on the back of his slogan, "Jackson and No Bank!" The President makes good on his pledge. In 1833 he announces that the government will stop using the bank and will pay off its debt. The bankers retaliate in 1834 by staging a financial crisis and attempting to pin the blame on Jackson, but it's no use. On January

Nacija stoji na strani Jacksona, a on će zahvaljujući svom sloganu "Jackson, a ne banke," biti ponovo biran". Predsjednik koristi svoje predizborno obećanje. 1833. on najavljuje, da će vlada obustaviti rad banke, a nastali dugovi trebaju biti vraćeni. 1834. bankari vrše odmazdu pokretanjem financijske krize, za koju žele napraviti Jacksona odgovornim,

ali to ne funkcionira.

8, 1835, President Jackson succeeds in paying off the debt, and for the first and only time

8. siječnja 1835., predsjednik Jackson uspješno završava otplatu dugova

in its history the United States is free from the debt chain of the bankers. In 1836 the

i po prvi i jedini put u povijesti, Sjedinjene države su oslobođene lanca dugova bankara.

Second Bank of the United States' charter expires and the bank loses its status as America's central bank.

1836. ističe rok statuta, a banka gubi status Američke središnje banke.

It is 77 years before the bankers can regain the jewel in their crown. But it is not for

Prošlo je još 77 godina prije nego što su bankari mogu povratiti dragulj na svoju krunu.

lack of trying. Immediately upon the death of the bank, the banking oligarchs in England react by contracting trade, removing capital from the U.S., demanding payment in hard currency for all exports, and tightening credit. This results in a financial crisis known as the Panic of 1837, and once again Jackson's campaign to kill the bank is blamed for the crisis.

Ali to nema veze sa brojem pokušaja. Odmah nakon kraja središnje banke, bankarska oligarhija je vladala u Engleskoj sa ograničenjem trgovine, povratkom kapitala iz Sjedinjenih država, zahtjevom za plaćanje svih izvoza pravim novcem i pooštrenim uvjetima kreditiranja. To je sve završilo financijskom krizom, poznatom kao "Panika iz 1837.",

i opet je za to Jacksonova kampanja protiv središnje banke učinjena odgovornom.

Throughout the late 19th century the United States is rocked by banking panics brought

Tijekom 19. stoljeća, Sjedinjene države su više puta uzdrmane bankovnim panikama,

about by wild banking speculation and sharp contractions in credit. By the dawn of the

koje su uzrokovane bankarsim špekulacijama i pooštrenim uvjetima kreditiranja.

20th century, the bulk of the money in the American economy has been centralized in the

Krajem 19. stoljeća težište količine novca američkog gospodarstva

hands of a small clique of industrial magnates, each with a near monopoly on a sector of the economy. There are the Astors in real estate, the Carnegies and the Schwabs in steel, the

je centralizirano u rukama male klike industrijskih magnata, a svaka od njih s približno monopolskim položajem u svojim industrijama. To su bili Astori u imobilijama, Carnegie i Schwabi u čeliku,

Harrimans, Stanfords and Vanderbilts in railroads, the Mellons and the Rockefellers in oil. As

Harrimani, Stanfordi i Vanderbilti sa željeznicama; Melloni i Rockefelleri sa naftom.

all of these families start to consolidate their fortunes, they gravitate naturally to the banking sector. And in this capacity, they form a network of financial interests and institutions that centered largely around one man, banking scion and increasingly America's informal central banker in the absence of a central bank, John Pierpont Morgan.

A kad su sve te obitelji učvrstile svoje bogatstvo, to ih je povuklo u bankarsko poslovanje. I sa tim karakteristikama, pni su oformili mrežu financijskih interesa i institucija, koje su se gotovo isključivo koncentrirale oko jednog čovjeka, Bankarskog naslijednika i američkog neslužbenog središnjeg bankara, Johna Pierponta Morgana (J.P. Morgan).

John Pierpont Morgan, or "Pierpont" as he prefers to be called, is born in Hartford,

John Pierpont Morgan ili "Pierpont", kako je on radije htio biti nazivan,

Connecticut in 1837 to Junius Spencer Morgan, a successful banker and financier. Morgan

je rođen 1837. u Hartfordu u Connecticutu, kao sin uspješnog bankara Juniusa Spencera Morgana.

rides his father's coattails into the banking business and by 1871 is partnered in his own

Morgan je ušao u bankarsko poslovanje svog oca i 1871. postaje partner u očevoj firmi,

firm, the firm that was eventually to become J.P. Morgan and Company.

koja je kasnije prerasla u firmu "J.P. Morgan i Partner".

It is Morgan who finances Cornelius Vanderbilt's New York Central Railroad. It is Morgan that

Morgan je taj, koji je financirao "New York Central Railroad", za Corneliusa Vanderbilta.

finances the launch of nearly every major corporation of the period, from AT&T to General Electric to General Motors to Dupont. It is Morgan who buys out Carnegie and creates the United States Steel Corporation, America's first billion dollar company. It is Morgan

Morgan je taj, koji je osigurao financiranje osnivanja gotovo svake veće tvrtke tog vremena, od AT&T, preko General Electrica, do General Motorsa i Duponta. Morgan je taj, koji je otkupio dionice firme Carnegie, i osnovao "United States Steel Corporation", prve firme sa tržišnom kapitalizacijom od 1 milijarde $.

who brokers a deal with President Grover Cleveland to "save" the nation's gold reserves by selling

Morgan je taj, koji je posredovao u jednom poslu sa predsjednikom Groverom Clevelandom, da bi "osigurao" nacionalne rezerve zlata,

62 million dollars worth of gold to the Treasury in return for government bonds. And it is

gdje je zlato u vrijednosti od 62 milijuna dolara prodano državnom trezoru, a državne obveznice su priznate kao sredstvo plaćanja.

Morgan, who, in 1907, sets in motion the crisis that leads to the creation of the Federal

I Morgan je taj, koji je 1907. uzrokovao krizu, koja je trebala dovesti do osnivanja "Federalnih Reservi".

Reserve. That year, Morgan begins spreading rumors about the precarious finances of the Knickerbocker

Te godine Morgan je širio glasine o navodno nesigurnoj financijskoj situaciji "Knickerbocker Trust Company",

Trust Company, a Morgan competitor and one of the largest financial institutions in the United States at the time. The resulting crisis, dubbed the Panic of 1907, shakes the U.S. financial system to its core. Morgan puts himself forward as a hero, boldly offering to help underwrite some of the faltering banks and brokerage houses to keep them from going

jednog Morganovog konkurenta i u to vrijeme najveće financijske institucije SAD-a. Kriza, koja je iz toga rezultirala - poznata kao panika iz 1907. - je uzdrmala američke financije do temelja. Morgan se ponaša kao heroj koji osigurava sigurnost klimavim bankama i čuva financijskog maklera od propasti.

under. After a bout of hand-wringing over the nation's finances, a Congressional Committee

Nakon nekog vremena i turbulencija preko financijske branše, osniva se kongresni odbor,

is assembled to investigate the "money trust," the bankers and financiers who brought the nation so close to financial ruin and that wield such power over the nation's finances.

da istraži "money trust", čiji su bankari i financijeri doveli naciju blizu financijskog dna i koji su imali toliku moć nad nacionalnim financijskim sektorom.

The public follows the issue closely, and in the end a handful of bankers are identified

Javnost je sa zanimanjem pratila istragu, a na kraju je identificirana šačica bankara

as key players in the money trust's operations, including Paul Warburg, Benjamin Strong, Jr., and J.P. Morgan.

kao ključne figure novčanog kartela, među kojima su Paul Warburg, Benjamin Strong i J.P. Morgan.

Andrew Gavin Marshall, editor of The People's Book Project, explains:

Izdavač "The People's Book" projekta, Andrew Gavin Marshall objašnjava:

At the beginning of the 20th century there was an investigation following the greatest

Početkom 20. stoljeća, kao posljedica ove najveće financijske panike - panike iz 1907. - pokrenuta je istraga;

of these financial panics, which was in 1907, and this investigation was on "the money trust."

ova istraga je imala za predmet "the money trust".

It found that three banking interests--J.P. Morgan, National City Bank, and the City Bank of New York--basically controlled the entire financial system. Three banks. The public

Rezultat je bio, da su tri glavne banke, J.P. Morgan, National City Bank i City Bank New York, kontrolirale cijeli financijski sustav. Tri banke.

hatred toward these institutions was unprecedented. There was an overwhelming consensus in the country for establishing a central bank, but there were many different interests in pushing

Mržnja javnosti prema tim institucijama je bila bez presedana. U zemlji je postojao veliki konsenzus da treba uspostaviti središnju banku, ali bilo je mnogo različitih interesa da bi to pogurali,

this and everyone had their own purpose behind advocating for a central bank.

a svatko je imao svoj vlastiti plan, za zagovaranje središnje banke.

So to represent most people, you had farmer interests, populists, progressives, who were

Tako da bi predstavljali većinu ljudi, morate uzeti u obzir interese seljaka, populista, naprednjaka,

advocating a central bank because they couldn't take the recurring panics, but they wanted

koji su htjeli središnju banku, jer ne bi mogli nositi sa daljnjim panikama,

government control of the central bank. They wanted it to be exclusively under the public control because they despised and feared the New York banks as wielding too much influence,

ali oni su htjeli središnju banku samo pod kontrolom vlade. Htjeli su središnju banku pod strogom javnom kontrolom, jer su prezirali New Yorške banke i bojali su se da one teže za većim utjecajem,

so for them a central bank would be a way to curb the power of these private financial

tako da bi središnja banka za njih bila mogućnost ograničiti moć privatnih bankovnih interesa.

interests. On the other hand, those same financial interests were advocating for a central bank to serve

S druge strane, ti isti financijski interesi su zagovarali središnju banku da služi kao izvor

as a source of stability for their control of the system, and also to act as a lender

stabilnosti za kontrolu njihovog financijskog sustava,

of last resort to them so they would never have to face collapse. But also, in order to exert more control through a central bank, the private New York banking community wanted a central bank under the exclusive control of them. There's a shocker.

te da služi kao zajmodavac u krajnjoj nuždi za njih same, tako da oni nikada više ne bi bili suočeni sa financijskim kolapsom. Ali da bi u svakom slučaju mogli vršiti više kontrole kroz jednu središnju banku, privatna New Yorška bankarska scena je htjela jednu središnju banku pod svojom kontrolom.

So you had all these various interests which converged. Of course, the most influential happened to be the New York financial houses which were more aligned with the European financial houses than they were with any other element in American society. The main individual behind the founding of the Federal Reserve was Paul Warburg, who was a partner with Kuhn,

To je glupost. Tako konvergiraju svi ti različiti interesi. Naravno, najveći utjecaj je došao od bankarskih kuća u New Yorku, koje su imale više zajedničkog sa europskim bankarskim kućama, nego sa bilo kim u američkom društvu. Najvažnija figura kod osnivanja Federalnih rezervi je bio Paul Warburg,

Loeb and Company, a European banking house. His brothers were prominent bankers in Germany at that time, and he had of course close connections with every major financial and industrial firm in the United States and most of those existing in Europe. And he was discussing

koji je bio partner europske banke "Kuhn, Loeb i Partner". Njegov brat je u to vrijeme bio poznati bankar u Njemačkoj i naravno njegovao je uske veze sa svakom većom financijskom kućom, ili industrijskom firmom u Sjedinjenim državama, kao i sa najvećima u Europi.

all of these ideas with his fellow compatriots in advocating for a central bank. In 1910, Warburg got the support of a Senator named Nelson Aldrich, whose family later married into the Rockefeller family (again, I'm sure just a coincidence). Aldrich invited Warburg and a number of other bankers to a private, secret meeting on Jekyll Island just off the

Tako da je diskutirao o svim ovim idejama sa svojim istomišljenicima sunarodnjacima propagirajući središnju banku. 1910. Warburg je dobio podršku jednog senatora po imenu Nelson Aldrich, čija je obitelj kasnije bila povezana jednim brakom sa obitelji Rockefeller. Ja sam siguran, da se radilo o slučaju. Aldrich je pozvao Warburga i nekoliko drugih bankara, na jedan privatni, tajni sastanak na otok Jekyll,

coast of Georgia where they met in 1910 to discuss the construction of a central bank in the United States, but one which would of course be owned by and serve the interests of the private bank. Aldrich then presented this in 1911 as the "Aldrich Plan" in the

na obali Georgie. To je bilo 1910. godine, da diskutiraju o osnivanju središnje banke u Sjedinjenim državama, ali koja bi, naravno, bila u njihovom vlasništvu i služila interesima privatne banke. Aldrich je 1911. godine prezentirao takozvani "Aldrich-Plan" američkom Kongresu,

U.S. Congress, but it was actually voted out.

ali je bio nadglasan.

The public, suspicious of Senator Aldrich's banking connections, ultimately reject the

Javnost, kojoj je bila poznata bankarska veza sa senatorom Alldrichom,

Jekyll Island cabal's "Aldrich Plan." The cabal does not give up, however. They simply revise and rename their plan, giving it a new public face, that of Representative Carter Glass and Senator Robert Owen.

je odbacila takozvani "Alldrich-Plan", bande sa otoka Jekyll. Ali banda se nije predavala. Oni su preradili i dali mu novo ime i novo javno lice, ono od senatora Roberta Owena i kongresnog zastupnika Cartera Glassa.

In the end, the money trust that was behind the Panic of 1907 uses the public's own outrage against them to complete their consolidation of control over the banking system. The newly-retitled

Na kraju money trust, kao uzročnik panike iz 1907. godine, koristi bijes javnosti protiv njih i završava formiranje kontrole nad bankarskim sustavom.

Federal Reserve Act is signed into law on December 23, 1913 and the Fed begins operations the next year.

Taj novo nazvani "Zakon Federalnih rezervi", je donešen navečer 23. prosinca 1913. godine, a FED preuzima njegovo poslovanje sljedeće godine. 2. Dio Prevara Proučavanje novca, iznad svih drugih područja u ekonomiji, je ono u kojem se koristi složenost da se prikrije istina, ili izbjegne istina, a ne da se otkrije. - John Kenneth Galbraith

So how does the Federal Reserve system work? What does it do? Who owns and controls it?

Kako sada radi sustav Federalnh rezervi? Kako to točno funkcionira? Tko je vlasnik i tko to kontrolira?

These are the basic questions that would get to the heart of the fundamental question: 'what is money?' And that is why the answer to these questions have been shrouded in impenetrable economic jargon.

To su osnovna pitanja koja će dovesti do jezgre temeljnog pitanja: Što je novac? I to je razlog zašto je odgovor na ova pitanja umotan u neprobojni ekonomski žargon.

Even the Federal Reserve's own educational propaganda, which has an unusual tendency

Čak i vlastitoj obrazovnoj propagandi FED-a,

toward cutesy animation and talking down to its audience, has a difficult time summarizing the Fed's mission and responsibilities. According to the Fed:

koji ima neobičnu sklonost za slatke animacije i snishodljiv način prema javnosti, teško pada da rezimira misiju i odgovornosti FED-a. Prema FED-u:

To achieve [its] goals, the Fed, then and now, combines centralized national authority

Za postizanje ciljeva, onda i sada, FED kombinira centralizirana državna tijela

through the Board of Governors with a healthy dose of regional independence through the

putem Upravnog odbora sa zdravom dozom regionalne samostalnosti rezervi banaka.

reserve banks. A third entity, the Federal Open Market Committee, brings together the first two in setting the nation's monetary policy.

Treća organizacijska jedinica, Savezni komitet na otvorena tržišta, spaja obadvije spomenute i tako određuje nacionalnu monetarnu politiku.

Precisely what imaginary gaggle of schoolchildren is this economic gibberish aimed at?

Na kakav točno način imaginarnih studenata se usmjerava ovo ekonomsko frfljanje?

The simple truth, hidden behind the sleight of hand of economic jargon and magisterial

Jednostavna istina - skrivena iza trikova ekonomskog žargona i magistralnih titula - je,

titles, is that a banking cartel has monopolized the most important item in our entire economy:

da je bankarski kartel osvojio monopol nad najvažnijim dobrom našeg cjelokupnog gospodarstva:

We are taught to think of money as the pieces of paper printed in government printing presses

Nas su učili da novac gledamo kao komad papira, koji tiska vlada,

or coins minted by government mints. While this is partially true, in this day and age the actual notes and coins circulating in the economy represent only a tiny fraction of the money in existence. Over 90% of the money supply is in fact created by private banks as loans that are payable back to the banks at interest.

ili kao kovanice iskovane od strane državnih nadležnih ustanova. To je dijelom istina, ali danas, novčanice i kovanice, koje su u opticaju prezentiraju samo mali dio mase novca u opticaju. Preko 90% mase novca je u stvari kredit, koji se mora vratiti uz kamate, a u opticaj ga puštaju privatne banke.

Although this simple fact is obscured by the wizards of Wall Street and gods of money who

Iako ovu jednostavnu činjenicu čarobnjaci sa Wall Streeta i bogovi novca sakrivaju,

want to make the money creation process into some special art of alchemy carefully overseen

jer oni žele učiniti proces stvaranja novca nekom posebnom umjetnosti alkemije, pažljivo nadgledane od strane vlade,

by the government, the truth is not hidden from the public.

istina nije sakrivena od javnosti.

In December 1977, the Federal Reserve Bank of New York published another of its dumbed-down

U prosincu 1977., Federal Reserve Bank of New York objavljuje jedan od svojih zaglupljujućih,

cartoon-ridden information pamphlets for the general public attempting to explain the functions

komičnih pamfleta za javnost

of the Federal Reserve System. There in black and white they carefully explain the money creation process:

i pokušava objasniti funkcije sustava Federalnih rezervi. Tamo se - crno na bijelom - oprezno objašnjava proces nastanka novca:

"Commercial banks create checkbook money whenever they grant a loan, simply by adding new deposit dollars to accounts on their books in exchange for a borrower's IOU.[...]Banks create money

"Poslovne banke stvaraju depozitni novac odobravanjem kredita," "kod toga se jednostavno dolar pripisuje kontu dužnika, kao razmjena za obavezu vraćanja kredita."

by 'monetizing' the private debts of businesses and individuals. That is, they create amounts of money against the value of those IOUs."

"Banke stvaraju novac "monetizacijom" privatnih dugova tvrtki i pojedinaca." To je to, oni stvaraju novac u protuvrijednosti preuzetih obveza otplate.

There it is, in plain English: the vast majority of money in the economy, the "checkbook" money

Tamo stoji, rečeno jednostavnim jezikom: Veliki dio količine novca u gospodarstvu,

in our accounts at the bank and that we use in our electronic transfers and digital payments,

je "depozitni novac", što vidimo na izvodima banke, koji mi transferiramo ili alektronski uplaćujemo,

is created not by a government printing press, but by the bank itself. It is created out

a nije ga stvorila vladina tiskara, nego su ga stvorile banke.

of thin air as debt, owed back to the bank that created it at interest. This means that

On je stvoren iz ničega, kao dug i dug se mora vratiti banci koja ga je stvorila, sa kamatama.

bank loans are not money taken from other bank depositors, but new money simply conjured into existence and placed into your account. And the bank is able to create much more money than it has cash to back up those deposits.

To znači da bankovni krediti nisu iz depozita drugih bankovnih klijenata, nego je novi novac jednostavno čarobno prizvan u postojanje i stavljen na vaš konto. I tako je banka u mogućnosti stvoriti mnogo više novca, nego što ima gotovinskih depozita na kontima kojima upravlja.

The Fed claims to be the entity overseeing and backing up the banking industry. It was

FED tvrdi da je subjekt za nadzor i sigurnosni savjet za bankarstvo.

established, according to its own propaganda, to stabilize the system and prevent bank runs

On je bio osnovan na osnovu svoje vlastite propagande

like the Panic of 1907 from happening again:

da bi se izbjegla situacija kao panika iz 1907.

Throughout much of the 1800s, almost any organization that wanted could print its own money. As

Tijekom gotovo cijelog 19. stoljeća, svaka organizacija je mogla proizvesti svoj vlastiti novac.

a result, many states, banks, and even one New York druggist, did just that. In fact

To je rezultiralo time da su neke države, banke, pa čak i apotekari izdavali novac.

at one time there were over 30,000 different varieties of currency in circulation. Imagine

U stvari kratko vrijeme je postojalo 30.000 raznih valuta u opticaju.

the confusion. Not only were there multitudes of currencies, some were redeemable in gold and silver, others were backed by bonds issued by regional governments. It was not unusual for people to lose faith both in the value of their currency and in the entire financial system. With many people

Pretpostavite si tu zbunjenost. Nije bilo samo to mnoštvo valuta, neke su se mogle zamijeniti za zlato i srebro, neke su bile osigurane obvezom plaćanja regionalne države. Za ljude nije bilo neobično da izgube povjerenje u svoju valutu i u cjelokupni financijski sustav.

trying to withdraw their deposits at once, sometimes the banks didn't have enough money on hand to pay their depositors. Then when the funds ran out the banks suspended payment temporarily and some even closed. People lost their entire savings. Sometimes regional economies suffered.

Kad su ljudi odjednom htjeli podići sav svoj novac, moglo se dogoditi, da banke ne mogu isplatiti sve klijente. Kad bi zalihe gotovine došle do kraja, banke bi obustavile isplatu, ili jednostavno zatvorile. Ljudi gube cijelu svoju ušteđevinu, a regionalno gospodarstvo trpi.

Obviously something had to be done. And in 1913, something was. In that year, President

Očito se moralo nešto učiniti. I to se dogodilo 1913. godine.

Woodrow Wilson signed into effect the Federal Reserve Act. This act created the Federal Reserve system to provide a safer and more stable monetary and banking system.

Te godine predsjednik Woodrow Wilson je potpisao takozvani Zakon o Federalnim rezervama. Ovaj zakon je stvorio sustav Federalnih rezervi, da bi održao siguran i stabilan monetarni i bankarski sustav.

If that was indeed its aim, it signally failed to do so in running up one of the greatest

Ali ako je to doista bio njegov cilj, onda je to očigledno propalo,

bubbles in American history to that point in the 1920s, just a decade after its creation.

jer je u 20-tim godinama - desetljeće nakon osnivanja - to dovelo do najvećeg mjehura u američkoj povijesti.

The popping of that bubble, of course, lead directly into the Great Depression and one

Pucanje tog mjehura je izravno dovelo do "Velike depresije",

of the greatest periods of mass poverty in American history. Economists have long argued

najdužeg razdoblja masovnog siromaštva u američkoj povijesti.

that the Fed itself was the cause of the depression by its complete mismanagement of the money supply. As former Federal Reserve Chairman Ben Bernanke admitted in a speech commemorating Fed critic Milton Friedman's 90th birthday: "Regarding the Great Depression. You're right, we did it. We're very sorry. But thanks to you, we won't do it again."

Ekonomisti su dugo zastupali tvrdnju, da je FED sam bio uzročnik depresije, jer je u potpunosti zakazao u upravljanju ponude novca. Kao bivši predsjednik Federalnih rezervi, Ben Bernanke, je priznao u govoru povodom 90. rođendana FED-ovog kritičara Miltona Friedmana: "Što se tiče velike depresije, bili ste u pravu. Mi smo to učinili i zbog toga nam je jako žao."

"Price stability" is another cited tenet of the Federal Reserve's mandate. But here, too,

"Ali zahvaljujući vama nećemo to više učiniti." "Stabilnost cijena" je daljnji često citirani zadatak Federalnih rezervi.

the Fed has completely failed to live up to its own standards:

Ali i u ovom pitanju FED je u potpunosti zakazao zbog svojih vlastitih standarda:

Aside from the banking system, the Federal Reserve has another responsibility that's probably even more important. It's in charge of something called "monetary policy." Basically,

"Osim bankarskog sustava, Federalne rezerve imaju još jednu odgovornost, koja je možda još važnija." "One su odgovorne za još nešto što se zove "Monetarna politika"."

it means trying to keep prices stable to avoid inflation. Say you buy a CD today for $14.

To u biti znači da cijene ostaju stabilne da bi se izbjegla inflacija. Recimo da danas kupite jedan CD za 14$.

But what if next year the price of the CD jumped to $20 or $50, not because of a change

Ali što se događa, ako cijena ovog CD, slijedeće godine skoči na 20$, ili čak na 50$,

in supply or demand, but because all prices were going up. That's inflation.

ne zbog promijene ponude i potražnje, nego zbog porasta cijena.

There are a lot of different causes of inflation, but one of the most important is too much money. The Fed can adjust the money supply by injecting money into the system electronically,

To je inflacija. Postoji mnogo različitih uzroka inflacije, ali najvažnija je previše novca u opticaju. FED može regulirati ponudu novca uvođenjem sustava elektroničkog novca,

or by withdrawing money from the economy.

ili povlačenjem novca iz gospodarstva.

Think of it: the Federal Reserve has the ability to create money, or make it disappear. What's

Razmislite o tome: Federalne rezerve imaju mogućnost stvoriti novac, ili učiniti da nestane.

most important is what happens as a result. Any time the supply of money is altered, the effects are felt throughout the economy.

Ali najvažniji je rezultat. Wann immer die die Geldversorgung geändert wird, sind die Effekte davon in der Wirtschaft spürbar.

The Fed's methods have changed over time to take advantage of the latest computers and

FED-ove metode su se promijenile tijekom vremena, koristeći najnovije kompjutere i elektroniku,

electronics, but its mission remains the same: to aim for stable prices, full employment and a growing economy.

ali misija ostaje ista: Stabilne cijene, puna zaposlenost i rastuće gospodarstvo.

100 years ago, in 1913, the Fed was created, and we've marked it with a vertical line there.

"Prije sto godina, 1913., osnovan je FED i mi smo tu godinu markirali vertikalnom linijom."

Consumer prices now are about 30 times higher than they were when the Fed was created in 1913.

"Danas su potrošačke cijene 30 puta veće, nego u godini osnivanja FED-a."

Paper money, too, is the responsibility of the Federal Reserve. Hence the dollars in

I opticaj novca je u odgovornosti FED-a.

circulation are not Treasury notes, not bills of credit, but Federal Reserve Notes, debt-based notes backed up ultimately by the government's own promise to pay, its "sovereign bonds"

Zbog toga dolarske novčanice u opticaju nisu državne obveznice, ni kreditna sekuritizacija, nego banknote Federalnih rezervi, bazirane na dugu, koje su osigurane konačnim, budućim vladinim obećanjem plaćanja,

secured by the taxpayers themselves. At one time, the Federal Reserve Banks were legally

"državne obveznice", koje su osigurane samim poreznim obvezicima. U jednom trenutku su banke Federalnih rezervi zakonom zaustavljene

required to keep large stockpiles of gold in reserve to back up these notes, but that

držati velike zalihe zlata, kao osiguranje zaliha banknota,

requirement was abandoned and today the notes are backed up mostly by government securities.

ali taj zahtjev je napušten i danas su banknote najviše osigurane državnim garancijama.

The Fed no longer keeps any actual gold on its books, but gold "certificates" issued by the treasury and valued not at the spot price of $1300 per troy ounce, but an arbitrarily

FED u svojim knjigama više ne prikazuje zalihe zlata, ali prikazuje "zlatne certifikate", koje izdaje ministarstvo financija, a koji ne odgovaraju trenutnoj tržišnoj vrijednosti od 1300 $ po unci zlata,

fixed "statutory price" of $42 2/9 per ounce.

nego po jednoj samovoljnoj i fiksnoj "zakonskoj cijeni", od 42,22$ po unci.

But I do have one question: During the crisis or at any time that you're aware of, has the

Moram postaviti jedno pitanje: Tijekom krize 2008. godine, ili u bilo koje vrijeme koje je vam je poznato,

Federal Reserve or the Treasury participated in any gold swap arrangements?

jesu li Federalne rezerve, ili ministarstvo financija, učestvovali u poslovima razmjene zlata?

The Federal Reserve does not own any gold at all. We have not owned gold since 1934 so we have not engaged in any gold swaps.

Federalne rezerve uopće ne posjeduju zlato. Od 1934. mi više ne posjedujemo zlato, dakle nismo učestvovali u poslovima razmjene zlata.

But it appears on your balance sheet that you hold gold.

Ali zlato je prikazano u vašim knjigama prikazali kao zlatne zalihe.

What appears on our balance sheet is gold certificates. When we turned in...before 1934, we did...the Federal Reserve did own gold. We turned that over by law to the Treasury and received in return for that gold certificates.

Ono što je prikazano u knjigama su zlatni certifikati. Kad smo se okrenuli... prije 1934., posjedovali smo... , Federalne rezerve su posjedovale zlato. Mi smo zlato predali, kao što je to zakon predvidio, ministarstvu financija, a kao protuvrijednost smo dobili zlatne certifikate.

If the Treasury entered into...because under the Exchange Stabilization Fund I would assume

Kad je u međuvremenu došlo ministarstvo financija... jer pod promjenom stabilnosti tečaja

they probably have the legal authority to do it...they wouldn't be able to do it then

ja bih pretpostavio, da vi vjerojatno imate zakonske ovlasti da to provedete... vi tada niste bili u mogućnosti to učiniti,

because you have the securities for essentially all the gold?

jer ste vi odgovarali za sigurnost svog zlata?

No, we have no interest in the gold that is owned by the Treasury. We have simply an accounting document that is called "gold certificates" that represents the value at a statutory rate that we gave to the Treasury in 1934.

Ne, mi nismo zainteresirani za zlato u vlasništvu ministarstva financija. Mi jednostavno imamo knjigovodstveni dokument, koji je nazvan zlatni certifikat koji predstavlja vrijednost po zakonskoj stopi, koji je izdalo ministarstvo financija 1934. godine.

And still measured at $42 an ounce which makes no sense whatsoever.

A po tome je zlato još uvijek procijenjeno sa 42 dolara po unci što nema smisla.

Clearly, there is a discrepancy between what we are led to believe is motivating the Fed

Jasno je da postoji raskorak između onoga što smo mi vjerujemo da bi FED trebao raditi

and what it actually does. To understand what the Fed is actually intended to do, it's first

i onoga što FED stvarno radi. Da bi se razumjelo ono što FED zaista namjerava raditi,

important to understand that the Federal Reserve is not a bank, per se, but a system. This

je prije svega važno razumjeti, da Federalne rezerve nisu banka u doslovnom smislu, nego je to sustav.

system codifies, institutionalizes, oversees and undergirds a form of banking called fractional reserve banking, in which banks are allowed to lend out more money than they actually have in their vaults. The process of decay and corruption starts with something called "fractional reserve

Ovaj sustav utvrđuje, institucionalizira, nadgleda i podređuje sebi oblik bankarstva pod nazivom frakcijsko rezervno bankarstvo, u kojem je bankama dozvoljeno da puste u opticaj više novca, nego što imaju u trezorima. Proces propadanja i korupcije počinje s nečim što se zove "frakcijsko rezervno bankarstvo".

banking." That's the technical name for it. And what that really means is that as the

To je tehnički stručni pojam za to. A što to stvarno znači,

banking institution developed over several centuries, starting of course in Europe, it

je da se sa razvojem bankarstva tijekom stoljeća, što je naravno počelo u Europi,

developed a practice of legalizing a certain dishonest accounting procedure.

razvilo legaliziranje neistinite knjigovodstvene procedure.

In other words, in the very, very beginning (if you want to go all the way back), people

Grugim riječima, na samom početku, ako se stvarno želite vratiti na početak,

would bring their gold or silver to the banks for safe keeping. And they said, "give us

ljudi su donosili zlato i srebro u baknu da bi ga tamo držali ba sigurnom.

a paper receipt, we don't want to guard our silver and our gold because people could come

Rekli su "Dajte nam priznanicu, mi ne želimo zlato ili srebro držati kod sebe,"

in in the middle of the night and they could kill us or threaten us and they'll get our

"netko može provaliti u sred noći i prijetiti nam ili nas ubiti"

gold and silver so we can 't really guard it so we'll take it to the bank and have them

"i onda nam otmu zalato i srebro. Dakle ne možemo ga sami čuvati i donosimo ga u banku"

guard it and we just want a paper receipt. And we'll take our receipt back and get our gold anytime we want." So in the beginning money was receipt money. Then, instead of

"i ostavljamo ga da ga banka čuva i trebamo priznanicu," "tako da možemo doći do svog zlata u svako doba." Tako je u početku novac bio priznanica banke.

changing or exchanging the gold coins, they could exchange the receipts, and people would accept the receipts just as well as the gold, knowing that they could get gold. And so these

Tada su kao sredstvo plaćanja koristili priznanice, a ne zlatni novac. Ljudi su akceptirali priznanice isto kao zlato, jer su znali da je 'iza' priznanica bilo zlato.

paper receipts being circulated were in essence the very first examples of paper money.

I tako su priznanice u opticaju bile prvi primjer papirnog novca.

Well the banks learned early on in that game that here they were sitting on this pile of

Banke su u ovoj igri vrlo rano shvatile da sjede na velikoj količini zlata,

gold and all these paper receipts out there. People weren't bringing in the receipts anymore,

a sve priznanice su bile u opticaju. Ljudi su rijetko dolazili razmjenjivati priznanice,

very few of them, maybe five percent maybe seven percent of the people would bring in

samo vrlo malo ljudi je dolazilo, možda 5%, možda 7%,

their paper receipts and ask for the gold. So they said, "Ah ha! Why don't we just sort of give more receipts out then we have gold? They'll never know because they only ask for, at the best, seven percent of it. So we can create more receipts for gold then we have.

mijenjati priznanice za zlato. Tako su banke mislile "Ah ha! Zašto ne bi izdali više priznanica, nego što imamo zlata? Oni to neće nikada saznati, jer u najgorem slučaju će doći 7% ljudi i zahtjevati svoje zlato. Tako možemo izdati više priznanica, nego što imamo zlata.

And we can collect interest on that because we'll loan that into the economy. We'll charge

I možemo na njih zahtjevati kamate, jer mi to posuđujemo gospodarstvu.

interest on this money that we don't really have. And it's a pretty good gimmick don't ya think?" And they go, "Well, yeah, of course." And so that's how fractional reserve banking

Mi ćemo obračunati kamate na novac, koji u stvari nemamo. I to je dobar trik, zar ne? A svi bankari: "Da, odličan!" I to je početak sustava frakcionalnih rezervi.

started. And now it's institutionalized and they teach it in school. No one ever questions the integrity

I sada je to institucionalizirano i oni to podučavaju u školi. Nitko nikada nije postavio pitanje integriteta ili morala.

of it or the ethics of it. They say, "Well, that's the way banking works, and isn't it

Oni kažu "Tako funkcionira bankarstvo i nije li prekrasno, da mi sada imamo"

wonderful that we now have this flexible currency and we have prosperity" and all these sorts

"tu fleksibilnu valutu i to blagostanje i sve te stvari."

of things. So it all starts with this concept of fractional reserve banking.

To dakle počinje sa konceptom sustava frakcionalnih rezervi.

The trouble with that is that it works most of the time. But every once and a while there

Problem kod toga je da to funkcionira većinu vremena.

are a few ripples that come along that are a little bit bigger than the other ripples. Maybe one of them is a wave. And more than seven percent will come in and ask for their

Ali tu i tamo dolazi do nekoliko manjih valova, koji su malo veći od ostalih valova. Možda je jedan od njih pravi val, kada dođe više od 7% ljudi i pitaju za svoje zlato.

gold. Maybe twenty percent or thirty percent. And well, now the banks are embarrassed because the fraud is exposed. They say, "well we don't have your gold" "What do you mean you don't

Možda 20%, ili 30% ljudi. Sada su banke neugodnoj situaciji, jer je otkrivena prijevara. Tada banke kažu: "Eh, mi nemamo vaše zlato." - "Što to znači, vi nemate naše zlato!!"

have my gold!! I gave it to you and put it on deposit and you said you'd safe guard it."

"Ja sam vam ga dao na čuvanje, a vi ste obećali da ćete ga čuvati."

"Well we don't have it, we loaned it out." So then the word gets out and everyone and their uncle comes out and lines up for their gold. And of course they don't have it, the

"Pa, mi ga nemamo, jer smo ga posudili kao kredit." Onda se to pročuje i sada stvarno svi dolaze u banku i naprave kolonu, kako bi podigli zlato.

banks are closed, and they have bank holidays. Banks are embarrassed, people lose their savings.

I naravno one ga nemaju, banke su zatvorene i imaju praznike. Banke su u neugodnoj situaciji, ljudi gube svoju ušteđevinu.

You have these terrible banking crashes that were ricocheting all over the world prior

Onda imate te strašne propasti banaka, koje su prije toga harale širom svijeta.

to this time. And that is what caused the concern of the American people. They didn't

I to je ono što zabrinjava američki narod.

want that anymore. They wanted to put a stop to that.

Ljudi to više ne žele. Oni žele da se to završi.

And that was the whole purpose, supposedly, of the Federal Reserve system. Was to put

A, navodno, cijela svrha sustava Federalnih rezervi, je bila da se to zaustavi.

a stop to that. But since the people who designed the plan to put a stop to it were the very

Ali budući da su ljudi, koji su krizu izazvali, bili također oni, koji su sustav projektirali,

ones who were doing it in the first place, you can not be surprised that their solution

ne možete biti iznenađeni njihovim rješenjem,

was not a very good one so far as the American people were concerned. Their solution was to expand it. Not to control it, to expand it. See, prior to that time, this little game of fractional reserve banking was localized at the state level. Each state was doing its own little fractional reserve banking system. Each state, in essence, had its own Federal

oni u svakom slučaju - što se tiče američkih građana - nisu bili dobri. Njihovo rješenje je predviđalo proširenje. Ne to kontrolirati, nego ga proširiti. Vidite, prije su se ove male igre "frakcionalnih rezervi" odvijale na razini saveznih država. Svaka savezna država je upravljala svojim malim sustavom frakcionalnih rezervi.

Svaka savezna država je imala svoje vlastite Federalne rezerve.

Reserve. Central banks were authorized by state law to do this sort of thing. And that

Središnje banke su na osnovu lokalnih propisa ovlaštene za te stvari.

was causing all this problem. So the Federal Reserve came along and said, "No no, we're

I to je prouzrikovalo ovaj problem. Onda bi došle Federalne rezerve i rekle:

not going to do this at the state level anymore, because look at all the problem it's causing.

"Ne, ne, mi to više nećemo obavljati na lokalnoj razini, jer je to prouzrokovalo sve te probleme."

We're going to consolidate it all together and we're going to do it at the national level."

"Mi ćemo to sastaviti zajedno i obavljati na nacionalnoj razini."

The key to the system, of course, is who controls this incredible power to "regulate" the economy

Ključ ovog sustava je naravno pitanje tko regulira ovu nevjerojatnu moć, koja kontrolira gospodarstvo,

by setting reserve requirements and targeting interest rates. The answer to this question,

time što utvrđuje frakcionalne rezerve i kamate.

too, has been deliberately obscured.

Odgovor na ovo pitanje je također namjerno prikriven.

The Federal Reserve system is a deliberately confusing mish-mash of public and private

Sustav federalnih rezervi je namjerno zbunjujuća mješavina javnih i privatnih interesa,

interests, reserve banks, boards and committees, centralized in Washington and spread out across the United States.

središnjih banaka banke, odbora i uprava, centraliziranih u Washingtonu i raširenih širom SAD-a.

So you have the Federal Reserve Board in Washington appointed by the President. That's the only

Dakle, imate kontrolni savjet Federalnih rezervi u Washingtonu koji imenuje predsjednik.

part of this system that is directly dependent on the government for input that's the "federal"

To je jedini dio sustava, koji je pod izravnim utjecajem vlade,

part: that the government--the president specifically--gets to choose a few select governors. The twelve

to je "javni" dio, u koji vlada, posebno predsjednik, imenuju nekoliko odabranih direktora.

regional banks--the most influential of which is the Federal Reserve Bank of New York which

Dvanaest regionalnih banaka, od kojih je najutjecajnija Federal Reserve Bank of New York,

is essentially based in Wall Street to represent Wall Street--is a representative of the major Wall Street banks who own shares in the private, not federal, but private Federal Reserve Bank

čije je sjedište na Wall Streetu, da bi reprezentirala Wall Street, ona zastupa velike banke Wall Streeta, koja posjeduje udjele privatno, ne federalno, nego privatno Federal Reserve Bank of New York.

of New York. All of the other regional banks are also private banks. They vary according

Sve ostale regionalne banke su isto tako privatne banke.

to how much influence they wield but the Kansas City fed is influential, the St. Louis fed,

One se razlikuju po tome, koliko utjecaja mogu unovčiti; na primjer Kansas City FED je jako utjecajan,

the Dallas fed, but the New York Fed is really the center of this system and precisely because

isto tako St. Louis FED, Dallas FED; ali New York FED je stvarni centar ovog sustava,

it represents the Wall Street banks who appoint the leadership of the New York fed.

upravo zato jer zastupa banke Wall Streeta, koje opet imenuju vodstvo New York FED-a.

So the New York fed has a lot of public power, but no public accountability or oversight. It does not answer to Congress the way that the chairman of the Federal Reserve Board

Tako da New York FED ima puno javne moći, ali ne i javnu odgovornost ili nadzor. On ne odgovara Kongresu na način na koji to čini predsjednik Odbora federalnih rezervi,

of Governors does and even the chairman of the Federal Reserve board who is appointed

guverneri, pa čak ni sam predsjednik odbora Federalnih rezervi,

by the President, does not answer to the President, does not answer to Congress. He goes to Congress

kojeg imenuje predsjednik SAD-a, ne obavještava predsjedika ni Kongres.

to testify but the policy that they set is independent. So they have no input from the

On odlazi u Kongresu da bi nešto posvjedočio, ali postavljena politika je samostalna. Dakle, ne postoje nalozi iz vlade.

government. The government can't tell them what to do legally speaking, and of course

Vlada im ne može dati nikakve pravne savjete i ona to i ne čini.

they don't. Do you think it would cause problems for the Fed or for the economy if that legislation

Mislite li da bi uzrokovalo probleme za FED, ili za gospodarstvo ako ti propisi prođu?

was to pass? My concern about the legislation is that if the GAO is auditing not only the operational aspects of our programs and the details of the programs, but is making judgements about

Moja zabrinutost zbog zakona je da ako Government Accountability Office revidira ne samo operativne aspekte naših programa i pojedinosti programa,

our policy decisions, that would effectively be a takeover of monetary policy by the Congress,

nego donese prosudbu o našim strateškim odlukama, što bi bilo preuzimanje monetarne politike od strane Kongresa,

a repudiation of the independence of the Federal Reserve which would be highly destructive

nepriznavanje nezavisnosti Federalnih rezervi, što bi imalo vrlo razoran učinak na stabilnost

to the stability of the financial system, the dollar, and our national economic situation.

financijskog sustava, dolara i naše gospodarske situacije.

The Federal Open Market Committee is responsible for setting interest rates. Now this committee,

Federal Open Market Committee je odgovoran za određivanje kamatne stope.

which is enormously powerful, has as its membership the Governor and Vice Chair of the Federal

Ovaj odbor, koji je nevjerojatno moćan, ima za članstvo guvernera i potpredsjednika Uprave federalnih rezervi,

Reserve Board, but on the Federal Open Market Committee most of the membership is the presidents of the regional Federal Reserve Banks representing private interests. So they have significant input into setting the interest rates. Interest rates are not set by a public body, they're set by private financial and corporate interests. And that's whose interests they serve, of

a većina članova Federal Open Market Committee-a, su predsjednici regionalnih FED-ova, koji zastupaju privatne interese. Oni imaju značajan utjecaj na određivanje kamatnih stopa. Kamatnu stopu ne određuje suverena instanca, nego privatni financijski i poduzetnički krugovi. I naravno one služe ovim krugovima.

course. The reason that the Federal Reserve goes to such great lengths to make its organizational structure as confusing as possible is to cover up the massive conflicts of interest that are at the heart of that system. The fact is that the Federal Reserve system is comprised

Razlog zbog kojeg Federalne reserve idu tako daleko, kako bi učinile svoju organizacijsku strukturu konfuznom što je više moguće, je prikriti masivne sukobe interesa, koji su u središtu tog sustava. Činjenica je da se sustav Federalnih rezervi sastoji od Odbora guvernera,

of a Board of Governors, 12 regional banks, and an open market committee. The privately-owned

12 regionalnih banaka i jednog Federal Open Market Committee-a.

member banks of each Federal Reserve Bank vote on the majority of the Reserve Bank's

Regionalne banke Federalnih rezervi u privatnom vlasištvu, biraju većinu direktora regionalnih banaka Federalnih rezervi,

directors, and the directors vote on members to serve on the Federal Open Market Committee which determines monetary policy. What's more, Wall Street is given a prime seat at the table,

a direktori biraju članove Federal Open Market Committee-a, koji onda određuje monetarnu politiku. Čak štoviše, Wall Street ima privilegirano mjesto za stolom,

with tradition holding that the President of the powerful New York Federal Reserve Bank

sa tradicijom da drži predsjednika moćnog New York FED-a,

be given the Vice Chairmanship of the FOMC and be made a permanent committee member.

s time da je on zamjenik predsjednika Federal Open Market Committee-a i stalni član povjerenstva.

In effect, the private banks are the key determinants in the composition of the FOMC which regulates

U stvari, privatne banke su ključne odrednice u sastavu FOMC-a,

the entire economy.

koji regulira cjelokupno gospodarstvo.

According to the Fed "its monetary policy decisions do not have to be approved by the

Prema FED-u, "odluke o monetarnoj politici ne mora odobriti predsjednik,"

President or anyone else in the executive or legislative branches of government, it

"ili bilo tko drugi u izvršnoj, ili zakonodavnoj grani vlasti,"

does not receive funding appropriated by the Congress, and the terms of the members of

"jer to ne sadrži sredstava uz odobrenje Kongresa,"

the Board of Governors span multiple presidential and congressional terms."

"a uvjeti članova Upravnog odbora obuhvaćaju više predsjedničke i kongresne uvjete."

Or, in the words of Alan Greenspan: "The Federal Reserve is an independent agency and that

Ili riječima Alana Greenspana: "Kako bi trebao izgledati korektan odnos između predsjednika Federalnih rezervi i predsjednika SAD-a?" "Pa, prije svega, Federalne rezerve su neovisna institucija, a to znači,"

means there is no other agency of government that can overrule actions that we take."

"da ne postoji druga vladina agencija, koja može spriječiti radnje koje poduzimamo."

The Fed goes on in its self-mythologization to state that it is "not a private, profit-making institution." This characterization is dishonest at best, and an outright lie at worst.

FED ide dalje u svojoj samo-mitologizaciji kad kaže da on "nije privatna profitna institucija". Ovaj opis je u najboljem slučaju neiskren, a u najgorem slučaju potpuna laž.

The regional banks are themselves private corporations, as noted in a 1928 Supreme Court ruling: "Instrumentalities like the national banks or the federal reserve banks, in which

Regionalne banke su privatna poduzeća, kako navodi presuda Saveznog suda iz 1928. godine: "Posrednici kao što su središnje banke, ili regionalne banke Federalnih rezervi,"

there are private interests, are not departments of the government. They are private corporations

"kojima dominiraju privatne investicije, nisu dijelovi vlade."

in which the government has an interest." This point is even admitted by the Federal Reserve's own senior counsel.

"Oni su privatne korporacije u kojima država ima učešće." Ovu činjenicu je čak priznala viša savjetnica Federalnih rezervi.

Yvonne Mizusawa: Our regulations do specify overall terms for the lending, but the day

Naši propisi određuju samo uvjetne okvire kreditnog poslovanja,

to day operation of the banking activities are conducted by the Federal Reserve Banks.

ali svakodnevno poslovanje obavljaju regionalne banke Federalnih rezervi.

They are banks, and indeed they do lend...

To su banke i sigurno izdaju kredite.

Peter W. Hall: So they're their own agency, then, essentially, in that regard. Yvonne Mizusawa: They are not agencies, your honor, they are "persons" under FOIA. Each

Dakle, one su same agencija, u biti, u tom pogledu. One nisu agencije, časni sude, one su "osobe", u smislu "Zakona o slobodi informacija".

Federal Reserve Bank, the stock is owned by the member banks in the district, 100% privately

Dionice svake banke Federalnih rezervi su 100% u privatnom vlasništvu banaka članica,

held, they are private boards of directors. The majority of those boards are appointed by the independent banks, private banks in the district. They are not agencies.

to su privatni odbori direktora. Većinu mjesta u nadzornim odborima postavljaju nezavisne banake, to su privatne banke iz okruga. To nisu agencije.

These private corporations issue shares that are held by the member banks that make up

Ove privatne tvrtke emitiraju dionice iz portfelja banaka članica i time sustav određuje

the system, making the banks the ultimate owners of the Federal Reserve Banks. Although

da su tako banke vlasnici Federalnih rezervi.

the Fed's profits are returned to the Treasury each year, the member banks' shares of the

Čak i ako se dobit FED-a prenosi svake godine na ministarstvo financija,

Fed do earn them a 6% dividend. According to the Fed, the fixed nature of these returns mean that they are not being held for profit.

privatne banke zadržavaju kao dioničari FED-a, dividendu (na svoj dio) od 6% godišnje. Prema FED-u, fiksni karakter tih vraćanja pokazuje, da on to ne radi za profit.

Despite the dishonest nature of this description, however, it is important to understand that

Bez obzira na neiskren sadržaj ovog opisa, važno je da se razumije,

the bankers who own the Federal Reserve indeed do not make their money from the Fed directly.

da bankari, koji posjeduju Federalne rezerve, svoj novac stvarno "ne prave" sa FED-om.

Instead, the benefits are much less obvious, and much more insidious. The simplest way

Umjesto toga, prednosti su mnogo manje očite i mnogo lukavije.

that this can be understood is that, as a century of history and the specific example

Najjednostavniji način da se to može shvatiti je jedno stoljeće povijesti

of the last financial crisis shows, the Fed was used as a vehicle to bail out the very bankers who own the Fed banks in the most obvious example of fascistic collusion imaginable.

i specifičan primjer posljednje financijske krize iz 2008. godine, da je FED korišten kao sredstvo za operacije spašavanja tih banaka, koje su su dioničari FED-a. To u jednom od najočitijih fašističkih dosluha, koji se može samo zamisliti.

A handful of financial institutions have enriched themselves as a result of institutional speculation

Nekoliko financijskih institucija se obogatilo kao posljedica institucionalnih špekulacija, u velikom stilu

on a large scale, as well as manipulation of the market. And secondly what they have

i isto tako manipuliralo tržišta.

done is that they have then gone to their governments and said, "Well, we are now in

A onda su oni otišli u vladu i konstatirali:

a very difficult situation and you need to lend us...you need to give us money so that we can retain the stability of the financial system."

"Eh, mi smo u vrlo teškoj situaciji i morate nam nešto posuditi..." "morate nam dati novac, tako da možemo ponovo uspostaviti stabilnost financijskog sustava."

And who actually lends the money, or brokers the public debt? The same financial institutions that are the recipients of the bailout. And so what you have is a circular process. It's a diabolical process. You're lending money...no, you're not lending money, you're handing money to the large financial instutions, and then this is leading up to mounting public debt

A tko stvarno posuđuje novac, ili trguje javnim dugovima? Iste financijske institucije, koje su također primatelji mjera spašavanja. I tako imaš pred sobom ponavljajući proces. To je začarani krug. Ti posuđuješ novac... Ne, ti daješ novac velikim financijskim institucijama,

in the trillions. And then you say to the financial institutions "We need to establish a new set of treasury bills and government bonds, etc." which of course are sold to the public, but they are always brokered through the financial institutions which establish

a to zatim dovodi do gomilanja javnog duga u rasponu od bilijuna. I onda kažeš financijskim institucijama: "Moramo izdati nova trezorska uputstva i državne obveznice itd.," koje će naravno biti prodane javnosti, ali oni su uvijek zastupani financijskim institucijama koje uspostavljaju

their viability and so on and so forth. And the financial institutions will probably buy part of this public debt so that in effect what the government is doing is financing its own indebtedness through the bailouts. It hands money to the banks, but to hand money to the banks, it becomes indebted to those same financial institutions, and then it says

da bi dokazali svoju korisnost i tako dalje. I te financijske institucije će možda kupiti dijelove javnog duga, tako da vlada na kraju plati njihove vlastite dugove sa tim mjerama spašavanja. Vlada daje novac bankama, koji je nastao vlastitim zaduživanjem kod tih banaka,

"We now have to emit large amounts of public debt. Please can you help us?" And then the

onda vlada kaže: "Sada se moramo jako zadužiti. Da li bi nam mogli pomoći?"

banks will say: "Well, your books are not quite in order." And then the government will

Banke odgovaraju: "Pa, vaše bilance nisu sasvim čiste."

say: "Obviously they're not in order because we've just handed you 1.4 trillion dollars

Vlada odvrati: "Naravno da bilance nisu OK, jer smo vam upravo uplatili 1,4 bilijuna dolara kao mjere spašavanja"

of bailout money and we're now in a very difficult situation. So we need to borrow money from the people who are in fact the recipients of the bailout."

"i sada smo u teškoj situaciji." Dakle, moramo posuditi novac od istih ljudi, koji su upravo bili primatelji mjera spašavanja.

So this is really what we're dealing with. We're dealing with a circular process.

O tome se danas stvarno radi. Radi se o ponavljajućem procesu.

The 2008 crisis and subsequent bailouts are merely the latest and most brazen examples of the fundamental conflicts of interest at the heart of America's privately-owned central banking system.

Financijska kriza iz 2008. i mjere spašavanja, koje su slijedile, su samo besramni primjeri temeljnog sukoba interesa u jezgri američkog sustava privatnih središnjih banaka.

Beginning with the collapse of Lehman Bros. in September of that year, the Federal Reserve

Počevši sa propasti Lehman Bros. banke, u rujnu iste godine,

embarked on an unprecedented program of bailouts and special zero interest lending facilities

Federalne rezerve su otvorile put za do tada neviđene programe mjera spašavanja i posebnih instrumenata nula-kamata,

for the very banks that had caused the subprime meltdown in the first place. By the cartelization

za spašavanje istih banaka, koje su odgovorne za slom u području nekvalitetnih kredita.

of the Federal Reserve structure, and thus not by accident, it was the very bank presidents who had overseen their banks' lending practices that ended up in the director positions of the Federal Reserve Banks that voted on where to direct the trillions of dollars in bailout

Sa kartelizaciju strukture Federalnih rezervi, a stoga nije slučajno, to su bili upravo menadžeri banaka, koji su nadzirali kreditnu politiku svojih banaka, koji su završavali na direktorskim pozicijama banaka Federalnih rezervi, koji su glasali o tome gdje usmjeriti bilijune dolara novca za spašavanje.

money. And unsurprisingly, they directed it toward their own banks.

I - što stvarno nije iznenađujuće - oni su pomoć usmjeravali na svoje vlastite banke.

A stunning 2011 Government Accountability Office report examined $16 trillion of bailout

Zaoanjujujće izvješće istrage vladinog Accountability Offica, iz 2011.godine, navodi objekte spašavanja u ukupnoj vrijednosti od 16 bilijuna $,

facilities extended by the Fed in the wake of the crisis and exposed numerous examples of blatant conflicts of interest. Jeffrey Immelt, chief executive of General Electric

koje je FED proširio na početku krize, pokazuje veliki broj primjera jasnih sukoba interesa. Jeffrey Immelt, direktor General Electrica,

served as a director on the board of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York at the same time

je služio kao direktor Federalnih rezervi Bank of New York

the Fed provided $16 billion in financing to General Electric. JP Morgan Chase chief

u isto vrijeme kad je FED stavio na raspolaganje 16 milijardi $ za financiranje General Electrica.

executive, Jamie Dimon, meanwhile, was also a member of the board of the New York Fed

Izvršni direktor JP Morgan Chasa, Jamie Dimon, je u isto vrijeme bio član upravnog odbora New York FED-a,

during the period that saw $391 billion in Fed emergency lending directed to his own

kad je njegovoj banci odobren hitni kredit od 391 milijun dolara.

bank. In all, Federal Reserve board members were tied to $4 trillion in loans to their own banks. These funds were not simply used to keep these banks afloat, but actually to

Sve u svemu, članovi nadzornih odbora Federalnih rezervi su dali četiri bilijuna dolara svojim vlastitim bankama. Ta sredstva nisu korištena samo da bi se te banke održale na površini,

return these Fed-connected banks to a period of record profits in the same period that

nego da bi usko "spojene" banke sa FED-om, dovela do razdoblja rekordne zarade;

the average worker saw their real wages actually decrease and the economy on main street slow to a standstill.

razdoblja koje je u isto vrijeme dovelo do smanjenja plaća prosječnih radnika, a zaustavilo gospodarstvo za ostatak društva.

Then Fed Chairman Ben Bernanke was confronted about these conflicts of interest by Senator Bernie Sanders upon the release of the GAO report in June 2012.

Ben Bernanke, u to vrijeme predsjedavajući nadzornog odbora Federalnih rezervi, je bio suočen sa sukobom interesa prema izvješću suda u lipnju 2012., od senatora Bernie Sandersa.

Senator, you raised an important point, which is that this is not something the Federal

Senatore, vi ste pokrenuli važnu točku, a to je da to nije nešto što su stvorile Federalne rezerve.

Reserve created. This is in the statute. Congress in the Federal Reserve Act said "This is the governance of the Federal Reserve." And more specifically that bankers would be on the

To je u statutu. Kongres je to rekao u zakonu o Federalnim rezervama: To je upravljanje Federalnim rezervama. Točnije rečeno, to će biti bankari u nadzornom odboru.

"6 od 9 mjesta". Ben Bernanke: "Molim?"

Sorry? 6 out of 9 in the regional banks are from the banking industry.

"6 od 9 mjesta u odgovarajućim odborima regionalnih banaka za banke članice."

That's correct. And that is in the law. I'll answer your question, though. The answer to your question is that Congress set this up, I think we've made it into something useful

"To je točno. I to je po zakonu. Ja ću ipak odgovoriti na vaše pitanje. Odgovor na vaše pitanje je, da je to postavio Kongres. Mislim da smo to upotrijebili u nešto korisno i vrijedno.

and valuable. We do get information from it. But if Congress wants to change it, of course

Mi iz toga izvlačimo naše informacije. Ali ako to Kongres želi promijeniti,

we will work with you to find alternatives.

mi ćemo naravno s njima surađivati i naći alternativu.

Bernanke is completely right. These conflicts are in fact a part of the institution itself.

Bernanke je potpuno u pravu. Ovi sukobi su u stvari dio same institucije.

A structural feature of the Federal Reserve that was baked into the Federal Reserve Act

Strukturalno svojstvo FED-a, koje je stvoreno Zakonom o Federalnim rezervama,

itself over 100 years ago by the bankers who conspired to cartelize the nation's money

prije više od 100 godina od bankara, koji se se urotili da karteliziraju ponudu novca nacije.

supply. You could not ask for a more succinct reason why the Federal Reserve itself, this

Ne možete tražiti više sažet razlog zašto same Federalne rezerve,

admitted cartel of banking interests, needs to be abolished...but you could get one.

ovaj priznati kartel bankarskih interesa, mora biti ukinut. Ali bi mogao postojati jedan. Treći dio Kraj Federalnih rezervi "Oni koji kontroliraju kreditiranje nacije, određuju politiku vlade"

"i drže sudbinu naroda u svojim rukama." Reginald McKenna

We now know that for centuries the people of the United States have been at war with the international banking oligarchs. That war was lost, seemingly for good, in 1913, with the creation of the Federal Reserve. With the passage of the Federal Reserve Act,

Mi sada znamo da se američko stanovništvo već stoljećima nalazi u ratu sa internacionalnom bankarskom oligarhijom. Ovaj rat je bio izgubljen, naizgled zauvijek, kada su 1913. godine uvedene Federalne rezerve. Stupanjem na snagu zakona o Federalnim rezervama,

President Woodrow Wilson consigned the American population to a century in which the money

predsjednik Woodrow Wilson je uveo američko stanovništvo u stoljeće, u kojem je ponuda novca

supply itself has depended on the whims of the banking cabal. A century of booms and

ovisila o hirovima bankarskih gangstera.

busts, bubbles and depressions, has led to a wholesale redistribution of wealth toward those at the very top of the system. At the bottom, the masses toil in relative poverty,

Stoljeće poleta i ekonomskih kriza, špekulativnih mjehurića i depresija, što je rezultiralo potpunom preraspodjelom bogatstva, prema onima koji su na apsolutnom vrhu sustava. Na dnu su se mase mučile u relativnom siromaštvu.

single-income households becoming double-income households out of necessity, their quality

Iz nužde, kućanstva s jednim dohotkom postaju kućanstva sa dva dohotka,

of life being slowly eroded as the Federal Reserve Notes that pass for dollars are themselves

čija je kvaliteta života erodirala, kad su note Federalnih rezervi,

koje prolaze za dolare i same devalvirale.

Worse yet, the fraud itself perpetuates Alexander Hamilton's persistent myth that a national debt is necessary at all. The US is now locked into a system whereby the government issues bonds to generate the funds for their operations, bonds that are backed up by the taxation of the public's own labor.

Što je još gore, da je ta prijevara ažurirana od ??Alexandera Hamiltona, da je državni dug uopće potreban. Sjedinjene države su sada zatvorene u sustavu, u kojem vlada mora izdati državne obveznice, da bi dobila sredstva za svoje programe, državne obveznice, koje su osigurane radom vlastite javnosti.

The perpetrators of this fraud, meanwhile, remain in the shadows, largely ignored by

Dok glavni počinitelji ove prijevare ostaju u sjeni,

a general public that could instantly recognise the latest Hollywood heartthrob or pop idol,

u velikoj mjeri ignorirani od opće javnosti, koja bi odmah prepoznala najnoviju holivudsku zvijezdu, ili pop idola,

but have no clue what the head of Goldman Sachs or the New York Fed does, let alone who they are. This cabal bear allegiance to no nationality, no philosophy or creed, no code of ethics. They are not even motivated by greed, but power. The power that the control

ali nemaju pojma tko je glava Goldman Sachsa, ili New York FED-a, a kamoli tko su oni. Ovi kriminalci se ne oslanjaju na nacionalnost, filozofiju, vjerovanje, ili moralni kodeks. Oni čak nisu motivirani pohlepom, nego moći.

of the money supply inevitably brings with it.

Moć koju kontrola nad ponudom novca neminovno donosi sa sobom. Ako jedan čovjek ima sav novac na svijetu i može kupiti sve, što još može poželjeti? Što bi po tvom mišljenju još preostalo? Odgovor je naravno: Moć. Moć nad ljudima. Novac je danas moć nad ljudima, ali postoji druga moć nad ljudima.

A to je politička moć, društvena moć. I ja mislim da je to dominantna pokretačka snaga ovih ljudi. Oni već imaju novac koji se čuva na sigurnom. Sada oni teže "Novom svjetskom poretku". To se tako zove. Oni žele svijet kao jednu političku jedinicu, kojom će moći dominirati.

Ne samo novcem, nego vojnim nasiljem i psihološkim sredstvima. Obrazovanje i medijska propaganda. Oni hoće totalnu kontrolu nad svakim čovjekom na ovoj planeti.

It did not take long for this lust for power to rear its head. In 1921, just 7 years after the Fed began operations, the same J.P. Morgan-connected banking elite that founded the Federal Reserve

I do vraga! Oni se kreću vrlo brzo u tom smjeru. Nije prošlo puno vremena da se oformi glava za ovu pohlepu za moći. 1921. godine, samo sedam godina nakon što je FED počeo s radom, isti J.P. Morgan, povezan sa bankarskom elitom, koja je osnovala Federalne rezerve,

incorporated an organization called The Council on Foreign Relations with the goal of taking

osniva organizaciju pod imenom "Vijeće za vanjske odnose" (CFR),

over the foreign policy apparatus of the United States, including the State Department. In

sa ciljem preuzimanja poslova vanjske politike SAD-a, uključujući i State Department.

this quest, it was remarkably successful. Although there are only about 4000 members in the organization today, its membership has included 21 Secretaries of Defense, 18 Treasury Secretaries, 18 Secretaries of State, 16 CIA directors and many other high-ranking government officials, military officers, business elite, and, of course, bankers. The first

U tom pogledu CFR je iznimno uspješan. Iako danas u ovoj organizaciji postoji samo oko 4.000 članova, nekad je bilo 21 ministara obrane, 18 ministara financija, 18 ministara vanjskih poslova, 16 direktora CIA-e i mnogo drugih visokih vladinih dužnosnika, vojnih časnika, poslovne elite i naravno članova kolegija bankara.

Director of the CFR was John W. Davis, J.P. Morgan's personal lawyer and a millionaire in his own right.

Prvi direktor CFR-a je bio John W. Davis, odvjetnik J.P. Morgana i njegov povjerljiv čovjek i sam milijunaš.

Together with its sister organizations in Britain and elsewhere around the world, these

Zajedno sa svojim sestrinskim organizacijama u Velikoj Britaniji, Chatham House i drugima u svijetu,

groups would work together toward what they called a "New World Order" of total financial

ove grupe su radile na nečemu, što oni zonu "Novi svjetski poredak",

and political control directed by the bankers themselves. As Carroll Quigley, noted Georgetown historian and mentor of Bill Clinton, wrote in his 1966 work, Tragedy and Hope: A History of The World In Our Time:

jednom poretku totalne financijske i političke kontrole, pod vodstvom banaka. Kao što je to opisao u svom radu iz 1966., Carroll Quigley, poznati povjesničar na Sveučilištu Georgetown i pristalica Billa Clintona, "Tragedija i nada - Povijest svijeta iz današnje perspektive":

"The powers of financial capitalism had [a] far-reaching aim, nothing less than to create

"Snage financijskog kapitalizma imaju jedan dugoročni cilj,"

a world system of financial control in private hands able to dominate the political system of each country and the economy of the world as a whole. This system was to be controlled

"gdje one predviđaju ništa manje od svjetskog sustava financijske kontrole u privatnim rukama," "u kojem su one u stanju kontrolirati politički sustav svake zemlje i gospodarstva kao cijelinu."

in a feudalist fashion by the central banks of the world acting in concert, by secret

"Ovaj sustav bi trebale kontrolirati, na feudalan način, središnje banake u svijetu koje djeluju zajednički,"

agreements arrived at in frequent private meetings and conferences. The apex of the

"a to bi postigle tajnim ugovorima, na redovitim privatnim sastancima i konferencijama."

system was to be the Bank for International Settlements in Basel, Switzerland, a private

"Na vrhu sustava je Banka za međunarodna poravnanja u Baselu u Švicarskoj,"

bank owned and controlled by the world's central banks which were themselves private corporations."

"privatna banka u vlasništvu i pod kontrolom svjetskih središnjih banaka, koje su i same privatne korporacije."

This is why the bankers and their partners in government and business conspired to bring about the 2008 crisis. Not for the pursuit of money, but power. In the same way the bankers

To je razlog zašto su se bankari i njihovi partneri u vlasti i biznisu, urotili da dovedu do krize 2008. godine. Ne zbog novca, nego zbog više moći.

used the Panic of 1907 to consolidate their control over the money supply, they hope to

Na isti način kako su bankari koristili paniku iz 1907., za jačanje kontrole nad opskrbom novca,

use the 2008 crisis and subsequent panics, which they themselves have created, to consolidate

oni su se nadali iskoristiti krizu 2008. i naknadne posljedice, koje su sami stvorili,

their political control.

da učvrste svoju političku kontrolu. "Krizni vrh je produžen sa G7 na G20," "jer vodeće industrijske zemlje nisu mogle same riješiti krizu." "Ovo proširenje sastanaka dovodi do pitanja, treba li stvoriti novi svjetski financijski sustav."

The inevitable conclusion, one that flows necessarily from the true understanding of

"Je li to sada Novi svjetski poredak, koji je Gordon Brown htio izbjeći?" Britanski premijer Gordon Brown je na sastanku naveo vodeća načela, to su: transparentnost, stabilno bankarstvo, odgovornost, integritet i - !Pažnja! - globalno vodstvo. Mislim da će Novi svjetski poredak doći i sa njim osnove za progresivno doba međunarodne suradnje.

Neizbježan zaključak, koji danas proizlazi iz stvarnog razumijevanja situacije,

this situation, is that the Federal Reserve system needs to be consigned to the dustbin of history. After a century of enslavement, it is time for the American public to finally throw off the bankers' debt chains.

je da sustav Federalnih rezervi treba završiti u kanti za smeće povijesti. Nakon stoljeća ropstva, vrijeme je za američku javnost da konačno skine lance duga bankarima.

If there was ever a point in human history to start questioning alternatives, this would

Ako je ikada postojao trenutak u ljudskoj povijesti, da se pokrene pitanje alternative, to bi bilo sada.

be it. And to think that where we are...and simply say "Oh, well this is the best of our

Razmišljati o tome gdje smo sada je već najbolji izbor.

options," how many of the best options lead to self-destruction? Doesn't sound like a best option.

A misliti gdje smo... i jednostavno reći: "O, pa to je najbolja od naših opcija". Koliko je najboljih opcija dovelo do samouništenja? To ne izgleda najbolja opcija.

I think that with a world of seven billion people we can probably come up with something

Mislim da u svijetu sa sedam milijardi ljudi, vjerojatno možemo smisliti nešto bolje,

better than a system in which a few thousand people benefit so much at the expense of everything else on this world and at the expense of the potential for the future of mankind. They're leveraging our future and so long as we accept this way of thinking, so long as we accept these institutions as having dominance, that's the direction we'll be going.

nego sustav u kojem manjina tako jako profitira na račun većine. I to na štetu moguće budućnosti čovječanstva. Oni koriste našu budućnost u svoju korist. I tako dugo dok mi akceptiramo ovo mišljenje, tako dugo dok mi akceptiramo ove institucije, tako dugo ćemo zadržati ovu dominaciju. To je pravac u kojem moramo ići. Reforma bi bila dobar put za ovo ugušiti i uzvratiti udarac,

So I think reform is a good way to try and stall and to push back directly against the expanding and evolving power structures, but radical change is what's really needed and that has to be built from the bottom up. But I think that these two processes can and should go together in parallel.

izravno protiv širenja i razvoja ovih struktura moći, ali stvarno je potrebna radikalna promjena, a ona bi trebala krenuti odozdo. Ali mislim da ta dva procesa mogu i trebaju koegzistirati paralelno.

If you've made it this far, congratulations. You are now better informed on the economic history of the United States and the truth about the Federal Reserve than 99% of the

Ako ste uspjeli tako daleko, čestitam! Sada ste bolje informirani o gospodarskoj povijesti SAD-a i istini o Federalnim rezervama, nego 99% stanovništva.

population. If you do nothing else, then just working to get those around you educated on this information alone will have a profound effect. Once they learn of the scam, many are motivated to do something about it, and they, in turn, inform others. This is the

Ako ne radite ništa drugo nego dalje širite ovaj materijal, to već ima veliki učinak. Kada je prijevara jednom otkrivena, mnogi su motivirani nešto učiniti i šire to dalje.

viral nature of suppressed truth, and it is the reason that more people are aware of and

To je virusna priroda potisnute istine i razlog da je više ljudi svjesno

energized by the issue of the Federal Reserve and the nature of money than ever before.

i naelektrizirano temom Federalne rezerve i prirodom novca, nego ikada prije.

Perhaps even more amazingly, this movement is spreading to other parts of the globe.

Možda je čak i više iznenađujuće, da se ovaj pokret širi na druge dijelove svijeta.

Recognizing the interlocking nature of the modern global economy, and the international nature of the banking oligarchy, movements to abolish the Federal Reserve have sprung

Prepoznavanje isprepletenosti prirode moderne globalne ekonomije i međunarodne prirode bankarske oligarhije, pokreti za ukidanje FED-a, su nikli u Europi,

up in Europe, where protests against the cartelized central banking system are taking place in

gdje se protesti protiv kartela središnjih banaka,

over 100 cities attracting 20,000 people on a weekly basis.

održavaju u više od 100 gradova, sa preko 20.000 učesnika.

I started this movement because I realized that the Federal Reserve Act, in my opinion,

Ja sam osnovao ovaj pokret, jer sam shvatio, da je zakon o Fedralnim rezervama, po mom mišljenju,

is one of the worst laws in the whole world. So a private banking company is lending America the money, and in my opinion is not democratic anymore. The Federal Reserve tells the government what to do, and that's the problem.

jedan od najgorih zakona u cijelom svijetu. Jedna privatna banka posuđuje Americi novac, a to, po mom mišljenju, više nije demokratski. FED govori vladi što da učini, a to je problem.

It's a very big problem, especially in the U.S. Why is it a global issue, and why are people doing it here in Germany?

To je problem posebno u Sjedinjenim državama. Zašto je to globalna tema i zašto se ljudi u Njemačkoj opterećuju s tim?

Because when you realize that this finance system, it's a global system, you have to

Kad shvatite da je financijski sustav globalni sustav,

go really to the beginning of the system. And in my opinion it's also the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund and stuff like this, but at the beginning of all this is a law from 1913. Woodrow Wilson signed it, and this is the beginning of all this hardcore capitalism we are now suffering from. And the only way to stop this is maybe to

onda morate ići na sami početak tog sustava. A, po mom mišljenju, radi se o Svjetskoj banci i Međunarodnom monetarnom fondi (IMF) i takvim stvarima, ali početak je taj zakon iz 1913. godine. Woodrow Wilson je to potpisao i to je početak "hardcore" kapitalizma, pod kojim mi sada patimo.

break this law.

A jedini način da se to spriječi, je možda ukinuti taj zakon.

But what if the burgeoning movement to End The Fed is successful? What system do people

Ali što će se dogoditi ako ti rastući pokreti, koji žele ukinuti FED, budu uspješni?

propose as the answer? There have been several proposals along different lines by various

Kakav sustav će ti ljudi predložiti kao odgovor? Postoje razni prijedlozi s različitim konceptima od raznih istraživača.

researchers. Some argue for a return to America's colonial roots of debt-free money issued by

Neki propagiraju na američke kolonijalne korijene sa novcem bez duga, koji izdaju državne organizirae banke

state run banks, pointing to the Bank of North Dakota as one already functioning, successful model of this approach.

i upućuju na Bank of North Dakota (BND), koja već uspješno funkcionira.

We've had two banking systems ever since the 1860's with the state bank system and the

Mi smo imali od 1860-tih godina dva bankarska sustava, državnu banku i regionalne banke Federalnih rezervi.

federal bank system, and the federal bank system are the big Wall Street banks particularly. They dominate the federal system. So, they're taking over right now. In California we don't even have any local banks where I am. We had two and I had accounts in both of them and

Sustav banaka Federalnih rezervi se sastoji posebno od banaka velikog Wall Streeta. One dominiraju sustavom Federalnih rezervi. One su ovdje odlučujuće. U Kaliforniji, na primjer, nemamo više lokalnih banaka. Imali smo dvije i ja sam imala konta kod obadvije,

now one of them is Chase Bank and the other is U.S. Bank. So they're both big Wall Street

a sada je jedna Chase Manhattan Bank, a druga je U.S. Bank.

banks now that have been taken over.

Dakle, one su obadvije velike Wall Street banke, koje su preuzele.

So it's the local banks that have an interest in serving the local business. The big banks

Dakle, lokalne banke imaju interes ulagati u lokalne tvrtke.

have no interest in making loans to local businesses; it's too risky, why should they

Velike banke nemaju interesa davati kredite lokalnim tvrtkama, jer je to riskantno; zašto bi se opterećivale nepotrebnim problemima.

bother? They've got this virtually free money they can get from the Fed and from each other

Oni dobiju ovaj virtualni besplatan novac od FED-a i nekih drugih

and it's much more lucrative to them either to speculate in commodities or other thing

i to je više isplativo za njih, tako da mogu špekulirati sirovinama, ili drugim stvarima u svijetu,

abroad, or what works very well for them is to buy long-term government bonds at 3% because

ili što je također dobro za njih je kupovina državnih obveznica, uz 3% kamata,

these have no capital requirement. The capital requirements for government bonds are zero. So they can buy all of those that they want. Whereas if they make loans for mortgages or they make loans to businesses then they have to worry about the capital requirement and as soon as they've used up all their capital--in other words eight dollars in capital will

jer ove investicije nemaju kapitalnih zahtjeva. Kapitalni zahtjevi za državne obveznice su nula. Možete ih kupiti toliko koliko hoćete. Dok se kod kredita za kupnju nekretnina i poslovnih kredita morate brinuti o kapitalnim zahtjevima, dok niste dosegli granicu kapitalnih zahtjeva.

get you a hundred dollars of loans--then they can't make any more loans they have to wait for thirty years for the loans to get paid off. So what they if they do if they do buy

Kod zakonski minimalnih kapitalnih zahtjeva, u visini od 8 dolara, možete izdati samo kredite u visini od 100 dolara - onda ne možete izdavati daljnje kredite, jer morate čekati 30 godina dok kredit ne bude otplaćen.

mortgages is sell them off too investors and so that's the whole mortgage backed security scam that we've seen. They had no motivation to make sure that these borrowers were actually

Dakle oni radije kupuju hipoteke i prodaju ih investitorima i to je cijela prijevara osigurana hipotekama, koju smo primijetili 2008. godine. Oni nisu bili motivirani ispitati solventnost dužnika;

sound borrowers; they just wanted to make a sale. So they sold the stuff to the unwary

oni su htjeli samo ostvariti promet. Tako su prodali hipotekarne sekuritizacije nepoznatim investitorima,

investors who might be somebody in Iceland or Sweden or pension funds. So that didn't

čiji je mirovinski fond bio na Islandu ili Švedskoj.

work out so well.

To nije dobro proizašlo.

So a state bank partnering with the local banks can provide the capital. It can help

Državna banka s lokalnim bankama može osigurati kapital.

them with capital. In North Dakota the state bank guarantees the loans of the local banks,

Ona vam može pomoći kapitalom. U Sjevernoj Dakoti, državna banka garantira kredite lokalnim bankama,

allowing them to make much bigger loans than they could otherwise. The state bank provides liquidity to the small banks. That's why the local banks aren't making loans to small business

što im dozvoljava izdavati veće kredite, nego što bi inače mogle. Državna banka osigurava likvidnost malih banaka. Razlog zašto domaće banke ne izdaju kredite malim poduzećima,

right now, because they don't know that they can get money from the other banks as needed.

je nesigurnost, da li oni uopće mogu dobiti potreban novac od drugih banaka.

The way banking works is they make the loan first. I mean, if you have credit lines to

Način na koji bankarstvo radi je da na prvom mjestu izdaju kredite. Znači ako izdaš kredite na više poduzeća,

many different businesses and if they all hit up their credit lines at once you are

a oni ne mogu otplaćivati rate, onda ti izgubiš novac.

going to run out of money. So you don't dare do that unless you know that you can get short-term

Dakle ti nećeš izdati kredite, osim ako znaš da ćeš dobiti kratkoročne kredite od drugih banaka.

loans from the other banks. And so what's happening right now, even though there's $1.6 trillion is excess reserves sitting on the books of the big banks, they're not available

I tako trenutno imamo prekomjerne rezerve od 1,6 bilijuna $, koje stoje u knjigama velikih banaka, a nisu na raspolaganju malim bankama,

to the little banks and the reason is because the Fed is paying 0.25% interest on those

jer FED garantira 0,25% kamata na ove rezerve.

reserves. So the banks have no incentive to lend them to the little banks. Why let go

Dakle ne postoji motivacija da se novac posudi malim bankama.

of them when you can make just as much keeping them and then you still have your reserves

Zašto posuđivati novac, kad možeš dovoljno zaraditi, ako zadržiš novac i rezerve,

and you can use them as collateral to buy bonds or something that'll make you more money?

koje držiš kao dodatnu sigurnost, da bi kupio državne obveznice, ili nešto što donosi još više?

So the whole system is messed up and in North Dakota, the bank of North Dakota provides liquidity for these local banks.

Dakle, cijeli sustav je zabrljao gore, ali u Sjevernoj Dakoti, Bank of North Dakota osigurava likvidnost za ove lokalne banke.

Others advocate a decentralized system of alternative and competing currencies that

Drugi zagovaraju decentralizirani sustav alternativnih i konkurirajućih valuta,

greatly reduce or even eliminate altogether the need for a central bank. Well, 22 years ago in Ithaca, New York I noticed there were a lot of people, friends particularly,

koje uvelike smanjuju, ili čak eliminiraju potrebu središnje banke. Pa, prije 22 godine sam primjetio u Ithaci u New Yorku, da ima puno ljudi, posebno prijatelja,

that had skills and time that were not being employed or respected by the prevailing economy.

koji su imali sposobnosti i vrijeme, ali nisu bili zaposleni, ili poštovani od prevladavajućeg gospodarstva.

While we had much desire to create things and trade them with each other and many services

Iako smo imali želju stvarati stvari, razmjenjivati ih sa drugima

we could provide to each other, we didn't have the money. So since I have a background in graphic design, journalism and arrogance I went to my computer and designed paper money

i razmjenjivati druge usluge, ali nismo imali novca. Dakle, budući da poznam grafički dizajn, novinarstvo i bahatost,

for Ithaca, New York. I designed pretty colourful money with pictures of children, waterfalls and trolley cars denominated in hours of labor. One-hour note, half-hour, quarter, eight-hour notes and two-hour notes. I then began to issue to each of those pioneer traders who had agreed to being listed in the directory a specific starter amount, and the game began.

koristio sam svoj kompjuter i razvio papirni novac za Ithacu u New Yorku. Dizajnirao sam novac veselih boja sa slikama djece, slapovima i kolicima za kupovinu, a njihova vrijednost je bila izražena radnim vremenom. 1 sat nota, 1/2 sata nota, 8 sati nota i jedna nota od 2 sata. Onda sam počeo ove note izdavati prvim odvažnijim trgovcima, koji su pristali biti na listi učesnika.

An hour has been worth basically $10 U.S. dollars which at that time 20 years ago was double the minimum wage. People who usually expect more than $10 per hour of their service can charge multiple hours per hour but the denomination puts between us as residents

To je bila specifična početna količina i igra je počela. Jedan sat je odgovarao protuvrijednosti od cca 10 dolara, što je u to vrijeme, dakle prije 20 godina, odgovaralo duploj minimalnoj plaći. Ljudi koji su navikli zarađivati ??više od 10 $ 10 po satu za svoje usluge, mogu naplatiti više sati za sat,

of our community, that reminds us that we are fellow citizens, not merely winners or losers scrambling for dollars. It introduces us to each other on the basis of these skills and services that we have, that we are more proud to provide for each other than often

ali nazivna vrijednost, koja je postavljena između nas kao stanovnika i zajednice, nas podsjeća da smo sugrađani, a ne samo pobjednici, ili gubitnici u borbi za dolar. To nas stavlja jedne protiv drugih na temelju tih vještina i usluga koje imamo, što nas čini ponosnima što smo tu jedni za druge, nego što bi to ikad bilo moguće s konvencionalnim poslom.

is the case with a conventional job. Just the stuff we have to do to get the money to pay the bills.

Upravo je to ono da se zaradi dovoljno novca za plaćanje računa.

So through that trading process, that more intimate scale process within the community,

Dakle, kroz taj proces trgovanja, dolazi do intimnijih procesa u zajednici,

we're more easily able to become friends and lovers and political allies.

lakše možemo postati prijatelji, ljubavnici ili politički saveznici.

It's an inspiring story. And tell people about how much money has circulated through this

To je inspirirajuća priča. Recite nam koliko novca je u opticaju u zajednici.

community. I mean, it's important for people to understand just how successful this has been.

Mislim da je važno, da ljudi razumiju, kako je to do sada bilo uspješno.

Because we are not a computer system we don't have a specific volume of trading recorded

Budući da nismo sustav baziran na kompjuterima, nemamo podatke o tome koliki je točno volumen razmjene,

but by the grapevine, by phone surveys and over the years watching the money move we

ali prema glasinama, telefonskim anketama i godišnjim promatranjima kretanja novca,

were able to guess very reliably that several million dollars equivalent of this money has transacted over those years. Making loans without charging interest up to $30,000 value,

možemo seriozno reći, da je razmjena ekvivalentna iznosu od više milijuna dolara tijekom godine. Pri tom je izdano beskamatnih kredita u visini od skoro 30.000 $,

which is the fundamental monetary revolution in our system. Then as well, making grants of the money to over a hundred community organizations.

što je fundamentalna novčana revolucija u našem sustavu. Ovi krediti su izdani na više od sto organizacija zajednice.

Some argue for currencies whose mathematical nature prevent them from being merely conjured

Neki propagiraju valute čija matematička priroda ih štiti od toga da budu samo upotrebljene

into existence whenever a federal government wants to wage another war of aggression or

kad jedna vlada opet hoće voditi rat,

forge another link in the seemingly endless train of governmental tyranny and abuse.

ili se čini da žele izmisliti daljnju vezu sa još bezbroj tiranija i zlostavljanja.

What people have to understand about Bitcoin is that it's a completely decentralized network.

Ono što ljudi moraju znati o Bitcoinu je, da je potpuno decentralizirana mreža.

There's no central server, there's no controlling company, there's no office, it's just free

Ne postoji središnje računalo, nema nadzorne tvrtke, nema ureda,

software that anyone can download and start running on their computer anywhere in the

to je jednostavno slobodni software, koji svako može skinuti i bilo gdje na svijetu instalirati na svoj kompjuter.

world. And that the Bitcoins themselves can be transferred to or from anyone, anywhere

I Bitcoini se mogu prenijeti, od bilo koga, bilo gdje na svijetu,

in the world and it's impossible for any bank or government or entity to block you from sending or receiving those Bitcoins. There's a limited supply of those Bitcoins, there will never ever be anymore than 21 million Bitcoins. So, like everything the price is set based on supply and demand. Because the supply of Bitcoins is limited and the demand

i nemoguće je za bilo koju banku, ili vladu, ili "trećega", blokirati slanje ili primanje tih Bitcoina. Ponuda Bitcoina je limitirana, neće postojati nikada više od 21 milijun Bitcoina. Kao i kod svega drugoga, cijena je određena ponudom i potražnjom. S obzirom da je količina Bitcoina limitirana, a potražnja za Bitcoinima raste, sve više i više ljudi to počinje koristiti,

is increasing as more and more people start to use them and more and more websites start

to accept them, the price of Bitcoins in terms of dollars is going to have to increase, even

a sve više i više web stranica to prihvaća, cijena Bitcoina u smislu dolara će se morati povećati

a lot more than the $500 per Bitcoin that it is today.

i to više od 500$, koliko danas (srpanj, 2014.) vrijedi.

Are there any drawbacks at all to the idea of using a crypto-currency?

Ima li kakvih posljedica za sve od ideje korištenja kripto-valuta?

If you're part of the current power elite that can just print money at will to spend

Ako ste član moćne elite, koja jednostavno može tiskati novac kad god hoće, da bi bilo što platila,

on whatever you feel like then yeah, the world switching over to Bitcoin is probably not

onda DA, ako svijet prijeđe na Bitcoine, oni neće profitirati.

going to benefit you. But if your one of the normal people that aren't working for the

Ali ako pripadate normalnim ljudima, koji ne rade za Federalne rezerve,

Federal Reserve or any central bank that's printing money to pay to your friends and

ili bilo koju drugu središnju banku, koja tiska novac, da bi platila svoje prijatelje i druge stvari,

that sort of thing, then a Bitcoin world is a wonderful thing for you.

onda je Bitcoin za vas prekrasna stvar.

Sound money. Cryptocurrencies. State banks. LETS programs. Self-issued credit. These and

Stabilni novac. Kripto valute. Državne banke. Kružni programmi razmjene. Osobno izdane pozajmice.

many other solutions have all been proposed and many of them are in use in different localities

Predlažu se ova i mnoga druga riješenja, a mnoga su već u raznim mjestima u upotrebi.

today. Information on all of these ideas and how they are being applied in various parts of the world are widely available online today. The point is that the question of what money is and how it should be created is perhaps the single greatest question facing humanity

Informacije o svim ovim idejama i kako se mogu upotrijebiti u raznim dijelovima svijeta, najvećim dijelom se mogu naći na internetu. U osnovi toga je pitanje, što je novac i kako bi on trebao biti stvoren, a to je možda najveće pitanje sa kojim se čovječanstvo konfrontiralo,

as a whole, and yet it is one that has been almost completely eliminated from the national

a ipak je ovo pitanje potpuno nestalo iz odgovarajućih nacionalnih rasprava...

conversation...until recently.

For the first time in living memory, people are once again rallying around the monetary issue, and American politics stands on the threshold of a transformation almost unimaginable just two decades ago.

"Kraj FED-a" Spaljivanje pravog papira. Što je, dovraga! "Kraj FED-a" Još nisam ni stigao na tu temu. Hoće li to opet učiniti, kada dođem na tu temu?

And so the rest of the story is now in our hands. Once we understand the scam that has

I tako ostatak priče leži u našim rukama. Kad jednom budemo razumjeli prijevaru, koja se odvija,

taken place, the gradual consolidation of wealth and power in the hands of an elite few banking oligarchs and the growing impoverishment of the masses, all in the name of banking

postupna konsolidacija bogatstva i moći u rukama nekoliko bankovnih oligarha i rastuće siromaštvo masa,

funny money created out of nothing and loaned to the public at interest, we can choose to

sve u ime bankarskog smiješnog novca, koji se stvara iz ničega i posuđuju javnosti uz kamate,

get active or to do nothing at all.

možemo birati između akcije, ili ne činiti ništa.

For those who choose to get active, there are some steps that you can take to help change the course of this system:

Za one, koji se odluče nešto učiniti, postoji nekoliko koraka, koji mogu pomoći promijeniti pravac sadašnjeg sustava:

1) Follow the links and resources from the transcript of this documentary at corbettreport.com/federalreserve

1) Slijedi link i izvore transkripata ove dokumentavije na stranicama: www.corbettreport.com/federalreserve,

to familiarize yourself with the history, the connections and the functions of the Federal

da bi saznao više o povijesti, vezama i zadacima sustava Federalnih rezervi.

Reserve system. If you can't explain this material to yourself then you will never be able to teach it to others.

Ako vi sami sebi ne možete objasniti taj materijal, nećete moći objasniti ni drugima.

2) Begin reaching out to others to bring them up to speed on the issue. It can be as simple

2) Počnite sa time, da pronađete druge i da se bave ovom problematikom.

as broaching this conversation in the Monday morning water cooler talk or passing out a

To može biti jako jednostavno, da ponedjeljkom u jutro u kuhinji poduzeća

copy of this documentary or sending out links to this information to your email list. Insert

podijelite kopije, ili pošaljete linkove o ovoj dokumentaciji.

this topic into your conversations. When people start talking about the national debt or the

Uključite ovu temu u vaše rezgovore. Kad ljudi govore o državnim dugovima, ili stanju gospodarstva,

state of the economy or other political talking points, get them to question the roots of

ili drugim političkim temama, oni pitaju za uzroke tog stanja

these issues, and why there is a national debt at all.

i zašto uopće postoje državni dugovi.

3) When you are able to find or create a group of like-minded people in your area who are engaged with the issue, start a study group on the issue and its solutions. The study

3) Kada ste u stanju osnovati grupu istomišljenika u svom području, počnite sa proučavanjem teme i mogućim rješenjima.

group can help source alternative or complementary currencies in the local area, or, if none

Studijska grupa može pomoći oko izvora alternative, ili uspostavljanja dopunske valute u lokalnom području,

exist already, the group can form the basis for a community of local businesses and customers

ili, ako već ništa od toga, grupa može poslužiti kao osnova za zajednicu lokalnih tvrtki i kupaca,

who are willing to start experimenting with ways to wean themselves off of the Federal Reserve notes.

koji su spremni učestvovati u početku eksperimentiranja o načinima odvikavanja od novca Federalnih rezervi.

4) Use the resources at corbettreport.com, including the Federal Reserve information

4) Koristite izvore na stranici: www.corbettreport.com, tamo ćete naći i letak o Federalnim rezervama,

flyer, or hold DVD screenings, to attract interest in your group and draw others into studying the true nature of the monetary system.

ili održavajte filmske večeri sa predavanjima o ovoj dokumentaciji, da potaknete interese grupe, ali i drugih, kako bi se pozabavili ovom tematikom.

The work of building up an alternative to the current system can seem daunting, even at times overwhelming. But it's important to keep in mind that the Federal Reserve system that seems so monolithic today has only been around for one century. Central banks have

Izrada alternative postojećem sustavu može biti zastrašujuća, čak ponekad i neodoljiva. Važno je podsjetiti se, da sustav Federalnih rezervi, koji danas izgleda tako monolitno, postoji tek 100 godina.

been defeated in America before and they can be defeated again.

Središnje banke su već prije poražene u Americi i one mogu biti ponovno poražene.

The question of how we decide to change this system is not rhetorical; it will either be

Pitanje kako ćemo odlučiti promijeniti ovaj sustav nije retoričko;

answered by an informed, engaged, active population working together to create viable alternatives and to dismantle the current system, or it will be answered by the same banking oligarchy that has been controlling the money supply, and indeed the lifeblood of the country, for generations.

odgovor dolazi ili od jednog informiranog, angažiranog, aktivnog stanovništva, koje surađuje u pronalaženju živuće alternative i demontaže postojećeg sustava, ili dolazi od iste bankarske oligarhije, koja je oduvijek kontrolirala opskrbu novcem i time bila generacijama žila kucavica zemlje.

Now, one century after the creation of the Federal Reserve system, we have a choice to

Sada, stoljeće nakon stvaranja sustava Federalnih rezervi,

make: whether the next century, like the one before it, will be a century of enslavement,

mi moramo izabrati: Treba li slijedeće stoljeće, biti kao proteklo, stoljeće ropstva, ili

or, transformed by the actions and choices that we make in the light

ćemo to promijeniti, prosvjetljeni do sada stečenim znanjem, našim akcijama i odabirom,

of this knowledge, a century

u stoljeće osnaživanja. Pozdrav, ja sam James Corbbett od corbettreport.com, autor, producent, režiser, komentator i sve drugo, što možete pretpostaviti u ovoj dokumentaciji, koju ste vidjeli do kraja. Stoljeće ropstva - Povijest Federalnih rezervi.

Kao što sam naveo na kraju dokumentarca, vi ste prešli dugi put, ako ste uspjeli doći dovde, sada ste bolje informirani o Federalnim rezervama, njihovom porijeklu, kako one rade i zašto ih treba pobijediti, nego 99% ukupne javnosti.

A ako ste uspjeli tako daleko, onda ste očito jedan od rijetkih revanih i motiviranih, da bi sudjelovali u izlazećem suncu slobodnog čovječanstva, koje se želi otresti lanca dugova banaka, u Sjedinjenim državama i svuda u svijetu. A ako ste tako motivirani, onda imam nekoliko "poslastica" za vas.

Imam nekoliko materijala, koje vam želim staviti na srce. Kako sam naveo na kraju dokumentarca, postoji nekoliko materijala na stranici: www.corbettreport.com, za koje se nadam, da će vam pomoći u traženju boljih informacija, da bi bolje informirali druge o sustavu Federalnih rezervi,

jer drugima možete objasniti samo onda, ako to možete objasniti sami sebi. Dakle, mislim da bi se početak traganja trebao sastojati u tome, da se potrudimo poboljšati naše razumijevanje o sustavu Federalnih rezervi i njihovom načinu rada i onda proširiti informacije drugima. Još jednom

samo na znanje, ako idete na stranicu: www.corbettreport.com, tamo ćete najprije naći ovaj dokumentarac, koji je naravno 100% na raspolaganju, što vi već znate, jer upravo to gledate, onda ćete tamo naći linkove za Youtube verzije ovog dokumentarca,

ili mp4 verziju sa moje web-stranice, ali također audio verziju kao mp3 datoteku. Sve ovo je besplatno na raspolaganju za javnost i ja vas želim ohrabriti, da to podijelite drugima, ako već sami smatrate da je vrijedno. I ako ste već na stranici: www.corbettreport.com, nećete naći samo ovaj dokumentarac, nego i potpuni transkript sa linkovima,

za sve izvore dokumenata, videa, članaka i svih drugih informacija, koje su povezane sa ovim dokumentarcom. Dakle, nadam se, da je ovo za vas vrijedan materijal, za ljude koji žele samostalno sastaviti materijal na način kako to njima samima čini smisao. To je transparentno, otkud dolaze sve informacije.

Mnogo materijala dolazi od samih Federalnih rezervi. Nadam se, da su povezani transkripti vrijedni za ljude vani, za one, koji žele proširiti svoje razumijevanje za ovu temu. Osim toga tamo ćete naći letak,

koji sam sastavio uz pomoć Mika Krentza, od www.mikekrentz.com, grafičkog dizajnera. Mike mi je jako puno pomogao, kao što možete vidjeti na grafici u dokumentarcu. Budući da nisam ni školovani, ni samouki grafički dizajner, rado sam prihvatio Mike-ovu pomoć kod dizajniranja letka.

Na ovom letku je istaknuto nekoliko aspekata, koji su spomenuti u videu, to su informativni aspekti o Federalnim rezervama, pa čak i male "poslastice" da bi pobudile ljude. Ovaj letak možete skinuti, tiskati i koristiti kako želite. Dati ljudima na ulici u ruke, koristiti kao osnovu diskusije, ili prilog jednoj večernjoj prezentaciji.

Možete ga također objesiti na javnim mjestima, naravno ako je dozvoljeno. Još jednom, ovo je sve na raspolaganju za skidanje i tiskanje, za proširivanje informacija o sustavu Federalnih rezervi. To je dostupno u boji i crno / bijelo i trebalo bi također naći mjesta, bez promjene, na listu A4 formata.

To je sve na web stranicama, dodatno sa jednim DVD-om ovog dokumentarca. Dakle, ako smatrate da su ove informacije vrijedne, nadam se da ćete ih pokušati proširiti. Mnogi ljudi više vole online linkove, ali postoji mnogo ljudi, koji nemaju pristup internetu. Za te ljude i možda i za vas same, ako to želite, postoji fizička kopija na DVD-u, koju možete naručiti

of empowerment.

na stranici: www.corbettreport.com, za 2.000 Y, što je manje od 15 €. Na žalost, mi smo zarobljeni u ovom sustavu, baziranom na dugovima, vođenom od banaka i moramo trgovati sa ovom vrstom novca, da bi zadržali krov nad glavom i imali jelo na stolu. Dakle, vaša podrška je dobro došla.

A za ovih 2.000 Y, skoro 15€, vi dobijete ovaj dokumentarac na DVD-u. DVD 1 sadrži dokumentarac, a DVD 2 puni jednosatni intervju sa gospodinom Edwardom Griffinom. Mislim, da je to vrijedan materijal za ljude, koji traže više informacija o sustavu Federalnih rezervi. Dostupan na stranici: www.corbettreport.com, zajedno sa materijalima, koje smo upravo predstavili,

letkom, transkriptima sa online linkovima i raznim video formatima. Da podsjetim, pokušao sam skratiti temu koliko je to moguće, a istovremeno ostati detaljan koliko je to moguće, tako da vi možete početi sa svojim vlastitim istragama i ključevima ovog sustava, sa kojim smo suočeni. Još jednom, svaki put koji izaberete, koji daje informacije drugima, je dobrodošao.

Ako šaljete linkove, najbolji link je ovaj: www.corbettreport.com/federalreserve. Tamo je dokumentarac u Youtube formatu i datoteke za skinuti (mp4 i mp3), transkript, letak i link gdje se može kupiti DVD. To sve možete naći na stranici: www.corbettreport.com/federalreserve.

Ako igdje možete uputiti svoje prijatelje, onda tamo. Dakle, moram vam sada iskazati veliko poštovanje, da ste si tijekom napornog dana i svih obaveza, uzeli vremena, pogledati dokumentarac, da bi naučili i razumjeli materijal i time pomogli proširiti informacije i druge senzibilizirati,

jer je moguće samo zajednički stvoriti pokret, koji se konačno okreće protiv banaka i Federalnih rezervi i pobjeđuje sve slične, privatno kontrolirane entitete, u cijelom svijetu. Hvala za vaše vrijeme i pažnju.

Moje ime je James Corbett, od corbettreport.com. Preuzeto sa www.titlovi.com Preveo proda na nagovor antete (još sam mu htio platit, al ne želi lovu... ...šta reći, kapa do poda proda).

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