Section, Week 6 CS50 Basque English (auto-generated)

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>> [Musika jotzen]

>> ANDI Peng: Ongi aste 6 ataleko izateko.

welcome to week six of section we

Desbideratu gure estandarretik dugu Asteartea garai atala

deviated from our standard section time

Ederra igande goizean honetarako arratsaldez.

of Tuesday afternoons is lovely Sunday

Eskerrik asko guztiontzat duten fitxatu me gaur egun, baina serio,

morning thank you for everyone that joined me today

seriously round of applause that's

>> Ahalegin nahiko handi bat da.

that's pretty big effort I almost don't

I ia ez, nahiz eta ez da Denboran eman, baina OK zen.

even make it up in time it was okay so I

Beraz, ezagutzen dut duzun guztia Oraintxe egin du Galdetegiari.

know that all of you have just made it

Lehenik eta behin, ongi etorria eman Hori alde irauli. >> Bigarrenik, izango horri buruz hitz egin dugu.

to the quiz first of all welcome to the flip side of that secondly we'll talk

Egingo galdetegi buruz hitz egingo dugu.

about it we'll talk about the quiz we'll

Egingo nola buruz hitz egin dugu you klasean egiten ari.

talk about how you're doing in the class

Fina izango duzu.

you'll be fine I have your quizzes for

Zure galdetegiak daukat Hemen amaieran duzu,

you at the end of here so if you guys

beraz, mutil hartu nahi izanez gero, a begiratu, guztiz fina.

want to take a look at it totally fine

>> Beraz, azkar hasten gara, aurretik Gaurko agenda honela da.

so quickly before we begin the agenda for today is as follows as you can see

Ikusten duzun bezala, ez gara tiro funtsean azkarrak

we're basically rapid firing through a

Datu-egitura osoa sorta baten bidez benetan, benetan, oso azkar.

whole bunch of data structures really really really quickly and so as such it

Beraz, esate baterako, ezin izango da gaur super interaktiboa.

won't be super interactive today I'll

It Besterik izan motatako oihuka me Gauza duzula, eta zuk nahastu badut,

just be kind of shouting things at you and if I if I confuse you if I'm going

azkarregi noa bada, utzi naute.

too fast let me know they're just

Besterik hainbat datu Oraindik dute egiturak, eta parte gisa

various data structures and as part of

Zure pset honetarako Datorren astean, ikusiko duzu

your pset for this upcoming week you

horietako bat ezartzeko eskatuko zaio, agian bi Horietako horietako bi

will be asked to implement one of them perhaps two of them two of them in your

Zure pset ere. Ados, beraz, besterik ez dut joan iragarkiak batzuk hasteko.

pset ok so I'm just going to start with

Pilak eta ilarak ere gehiago gainean dugu Galdetegi baino lehen zer egin genuen baino sakonera.

some announcements we'll go over stacks and queues more in depth than what we

Egingo errepasatuko ditugu lotuta zerrendatu berriro, berriro ere,

did before the quiz will go over linked

sakonera baino gehiago zer izan genuen galdetegi aurretik.

list again once again more in-depth than what we had before the quiz and then

Eta gero, hash buruz hitz egingo dugu mahaiak, zuhaitzak eta saiatzen da, eta horrek

we'll talk about hash tables trees and

dira zure pset nahiko beharrezkoa guztiak.

fries which are all pretty necessary for

Eta, ondoren, zenbait joan gara pset5 aholkuak lagungarria. >> Ados, beraz, galdetegi 0. Batez bestekoa% 58 izan zen.

your pset and then we'll go over some helpful tips for a piece of 5 ok so um quiz 0 the average was a 58% it was very

Oso txikia izan da, eta, beraz, you guys guztiak egin da, oso, oso ondo jarraiki

low and so you guys all did very very well in accordance with that pretty much

horrekin. >> Pretty much, arau da bazaude besteko desbiderapen estandarra barru

rule of thumb is if you're within like a

Oraindik ez dugu apalagoan batez ere comfy atalean, bazara guztiz fina.

standard deviation of the mean especially since we're in a less comfy section you're totally fine you're on

Oraindik pista duzu.

Bizitza ona da.

life is good I know it's scary to think

>> Badakit beldurgarria dela uste da % 40 galdetegi honetan bezala lortu nuen.

that I got like a 40% on this quiz I'm

Klase honek huts noa.

going to fail this class I promise you

Hitzematen dut, ez zara Klase huts egingo.

you're not going to fail with us you're

Guztiz fina zara.

totally fine for those of you who got

>> Lortu duten baino gehiago zaretenok bestekoa, ikusgarria, ikusgarria,

over the mean impressive impressive like

bezala, serio ondo egina.

seriously well done I have them with me

Horietako daukat nirekin. Feel free boki etortzen atala amaieran.

feel free to come get them at the end of

Esan edozein zalantza izanez gero gaiak, haiekin galdera.

section let me know if you have any issues questions with them

Gehitu dugu zure puntuazioa bada oker, iezaguzu.

if we added up your score wrong let us

>> Ados, pset5 beraz, hau da benetan Yale zentzuan aste bitxi

know okay so Pisa five this is a really weird week for Yale in the sense that

Gure pset ondorio dela Asteazken eguerdian barne

our pset is due Wednesday at noon

egun berandu, beraz, egia esan, teorikoki ondorioz astearte eguerdian.

including the late day so it's actually theoretically due Tuesday at noon

Seguruenik, inork ez amaitu Asteartea at eguerdian.

probably no one finished at Tuesday and

Hori guztiz fina.

that's totally fine we're going to have

Bulego orduetan izan goaz Gaur gauean baita astelehen gauean.

office hours tonight as well as Monday

Eta atal guztiak aste honetan egingo benetan tailerrak bihurtu da,

night and all of the sections this week watch to be turned into workshops so

beraz, sentitzen free batean irekiko edozein ataletan nahi duzu,

feel free to pop in any section you want

eta mota mini-pset egingo dute duten laguntza tailerrak.

and there'll be kind of many pset workshops for help on that so as such

Beraz, esate baterako, atal bakarra da non irakasten ari gara materiala.

this is the only section where we're

Beste atal guztiak be bideratua izango pset laguntza esklusiboki.

teaching material all the other sections will be focusing exclusively on help for

Bai? >> Ikusleak: Non daude bulego orduetan?

the pset yeah office hours tonight oh

>> ANDI Peng: Bulegoko ordutegia tonight-- oh, galdera ona.

Dut uste bulego orduetan gauean Zertzeta edo Commons dira.

I think office hours tonight are in teal or a Commons if you check online cs50

Egiaztatu online CS50 bada eta joan bulego orduetan to you,

and you go to some office hours there

Han ordutegia izan behar duela esaten dizu non denak.

should be a schedule tells you where all

>> Bai, ezagutzen dut gaur gauean edo bihar teal da,

the more I know either tonight or

eta izan ahal izango dugula uste dut Beste gau commons.

tomorrow is teal and I think we may have

Commons for the other night I'm not sure

Ona galdera. CS50 egiaztatzeko.

good question check on cs50 cool any

>> Cool, edozein buruz galderak Hiru egunetan bezala hurrengo ordutegia?

questions regarding the schedule for the next like three days I promise you guys

David bezala you guys agintzen dut esan zuen, hau muinoaren goialdean dago.

like David said this is the top of the

Dira Zaudete ia ez dago.

hill you guys are almost there just

Just hiru egun gehiago.

three more days get there and then we'll

Talde dago, eta, ondoren, dugu guztiak llegado egingo.

all come down we'll have a nice CS free

Polit bat CS-free break izan dugu.

break we'll come back we'll dive into

Itzuli egingo dugu. Egingo sartu web murgildu gara programazio eta garapena,

web programming and development things

Hori oso dibertigarriak dira gauzak aldean Beste psets batzuk.

are that are very fun compared to some

Eta chill izango da, eta fun asko izan dugu.

of the other psets and it'll be chill and we'll have lots

Gozokiak gehiago izango dugu.

of fun we'll have more candy sorry for

Gozokiak sentitzen. Gozokiak ahaztu dut.

can't hey I forgot candy it was a rough

Goizean latza izan zen.

morning so yeah you guys are almost

Beraz zara mutil ia ez, eta benetan you guys harro nago.

there and I'm really proud of you guys

>> Ados, beraz, pilak.

okay so stacks who love the question

Nor Jack buruzko galderari maite eta bere galdetegiaren jantzi?

about jacket is clothing on the quiz no

Inor ere ez? Ados, hori da isuna.

one okay that's fine

>> Beraz, funtsean, ahal duzun Irudian Jack, tipo hau hemen,

so essentially as you can picture Jack this guy here loves to take the clothing

arropak hartu maite pilaren goialdean daudelarik,

out of the top of the stack and he puts

eta jartzen zuen atzera kalera zuen ondoren pilaren kitto.

it back on to the stack after he's done

Beraz, modu honetan, inoiz ez zuen Badirudi lortzean

so in this way he never seems to be

beheko aldean den bere arropa ere pilatu.

getting to the bottom of the stack in

Beraz, hau da, mota deskribatzen Oinarrizko datu egitura

his clothing so this kind of describes

pila bat nola burutzen da.

the basic data structure of how a stack is works is implemented sorry

>> Funtsean, bat pentsatzea Edozein objektu pila gisa pilatu

essentially think of a stag as any stack

non goi aldera gauzak jarri, eta ondoren, horiek pop izarrekin goitik.

of objects where you put things on to the top and then you pop them out from

Beraz, LIFO siglak dugu nahi da use-- Azken, lehena inprimatu nahi. Eta beraz, azken urtean zehar goian pila lehen bat ateratzen da.

the top so life owes the acronym we like to use last in first out and so last in to the top of the stack it's the first one that

Eta beraz, bi termino lotzeko nahi dugu

comes out and so the two terms we like

horrekin bultza eta pop deitzen dira.

to associate with that are called push

Zerbait bultza kalera pilatu, eta bertan pop back up.

and pop when you push something onto the stack and you pop it back up and so I

>> Eta beraz, uste dut hauxe da bat mota duzuenontzat kontzeptu abstraktuak

guess this is kind of an abstract

Nork bat bezala ikusi nahi Benetako hau aplikatzeko

concept for those of you who want to see

mundu errealean.

like an actual implementation of this in

Nola asko saiakera bat idatzi dute agian, ordubete atsegin ondorioz izan zen, aurretik

the real world how many of you have written essay maybe like an hour before

eta ustekabean ezabatu you handi bat hura zatia, ustekabean bezala?

it was due and you accidentally deleted a huge chunk of it like accidentally and

Eta gero, zer kontrol egin Jarri atzera erabiltzen dugu? Kontrol-Z, bai? Kontrol-Z, beraz aldiz zenbatekoa Kontrol-Z nire bizitza salbatu ditu,

then what control do we use to put it back control Xia control Z so the amount of times that control Z has saved my

nire ipurdian gorde du, aldi bakoitzean hori pila bat bidez gauzatzen da.

life has saved my ass every time that's implemented through a stack essentially

>> Funtsean informazio guztia Hori Zure Word dokumentua da,

all the information that's on your word

bultzatu lortzen da eta borondate idatz.

document it gets pushed and popped at

Eta, beraz, funtsean, betiere duzu ezer ezabatzen, pop back up duzu.

will and so essentially whenever you delete anything you take you pop it back

Eta, ondoren, itzuli behar izanez gero, eta zuk bultza, hau da Kontrol-C duenaren.

up and then if you need it back on you push it which is what control Z does and

Eta beraz, mundu errealaren funtzioa Datuen egitura nola sinpleen

so real-world function of how you know

zure eguneroko bizitzan laguntzeko.

simple data structure can help with your

>> Beraz, eta egitura bat bidean da benetan pila bat sortzen dugu.

everyday life okay so so a struct is the way that we actually create a stack we

Definitu eta egitura mota dugu, eta, ondoren, pilatu behealdean deitu dugun.

type define struct and then we call it

Eta pila barruan, Bi parametro dugun

stack at the bottom and within the stack we have two parameters that working to

funtsean manipulatu ahal izango dela, beraz, char izar kateak gaitasuna ditugu.

essentially manipulate so we have char

>> Egiten ari den guztia dela array bat sortzen ari da

star strings capacity all that it is doing is creating a an array that we can

gorde ahal izango dugu nahi duzuna horrek bere ahalmena zehaztu ahal izango dugu.

store whatever you want which we can

Aforoa besterik max zenbatekoa da Elementu dugu array hau eramateko.

determine its capacity capacity is just the max amount of items we can put into

int tamaina mantentzen salmahaia Elementu zenbat pista Une

this array its size is the counter that keeps track of how many items are

currently in the stack so then we can

Beraz, ordura arteko, A track mantendu ahal izango dugu, bai benetako pila nola handia da,

keep track of a both how large the

eta, B, nola pila hori askoz bete dugu, ez dugulako nahi

actual stack is and B how much of that stack we filled because we don't want to

gorako gainezkatzea gure ahalmena zein den.

overflow over what our capacity is so

>> Beraz, adibidez, eder hau Galdera Galdetegi zen. Funtsean nola egin bultza dugu pila baten goiko aldera.

for example this lovely question was on your quiz essentially how do we push on to the top of a stack pretty simple if

Nahiko erraza da.

you look at it we'll walk through this

Begiratuz gero ere, honen bidez dugu oinez. Bada [INAUDIBLE] size-- gogoratu, betiere,

if sis remember whenever you want to

Edozein sartu nahi Eta egitura baten barnean parametroa,

access any parameter within struct you

struct.parameter izenean egiten duzu.

do the name of the parameter dot the parameter sorry the name of the struct

>> Kasu honetan, s da gure pila izenean.

dot parameter this case s is the name of our stack we

Tamainaren sartu nahi dugu Da, beraz s.size egiten dugu.

want to access the size of it so we do s

Beraz, betiere tamaina ez da ahalmena edo luze gisa berdina

dot size so as long as the size is not equal to capacity or as long as it's

ahalmena baino gutxiago izango duenez, bai hemen lan egitea litzateke.

less than capacity either would work

>> Barrutik sartzeko Zure pila, s.strings beraz,

here you want to access the inside of your stack so as strings and you're

eta ari zenbaki berri hori jarri zoazen han txertatzeko nahi duzula.

going to put that new number that you

Dezagun esan ahal izango dugu nahi txertatu int n pila gainean,

want to insert into there let's just say we want to insert int n onto the stack

s.strings egin genezake, Parentesi, s.size berdinen n.

we can do esta strings brackets s that

Tamaina dagoelako non gauden Une pila daude

size equals n because size is where we

ari gara bultza bada joan Gainean, besterik sartzeko dugu

currently are in the stack we're going to push it on we just access wherever

tokian tamaina da, uneko pila betetasuna,

the size is the current fullness of the

eta bultza dugu int n egin da kalera.

stack and we push the end intend on to

Eta gero, ziurtatu nahi dugu halaber n tamainako ari gara incrementing,

it and then we want to make sure that

beraz, track gorde ahal izango dugu of dugu Gauza gehigarri bat gehitu pila.

we're also incrementing size at the end so we can keep track of we've added an

Orain tamaina handiago bat behar dugu.

extra thing to the stack now we have a greater size does this here make sense

Ez du hori hemen zentzurik denek, nola logikoki funtzionatzen duen?

everybody how logically it works it's

Motatako bizkorra izan zen. Publikoa: Ezin duzu gehiago joan s.stringss.strings du [s.size] berriro?

ANDI Peng: Noski, beraz, zer egiten du s.size unean emango digu?

sure so what does s dot size currently

Ikusleak: egungo tamaina da.

give us exactly so the current index

ANDI Peng: Zehazki, hain egungo indize hori gure tamainan da,

that our size is that right and so we

eta, beraz, zenbaki oso berria jarri nahi dugu to s.size txertatzeko nahi dugula.

want to put the new integer that we want to insert into s dot size right does

Ez duela zentzurik?

that make sense because estas dreams all

S.strings delako, hori guztia da array baten izena da.

that is is the name of the array all it

Guztiak den da sarbidetzen gure struct barruan array,

is is accessing the array within our

eta hala bada nahi dugu place n indize horretan sartzen,

struct and so if we want to place n into

Besterik ezin dugu sartzeko da Parentesi erabiliz s.size. Cool.

that index we can just access it using brackets SS eyes cool all right pop I

>> Ondo da, pop, pseudocode egindako I , you guys baina antzeko kontzeptua da.

pseudocode it out for you guys but similar concept does that make sense if

Ez duela zentzurik? Tamainaren handiagoa bada zero, orduan baino dituzu

the size is greater than 0 then you know

Badakizu zerbait hartu nahi duzula out tamaina ez bada delako

that you want to take something out

zero baino handiagoa, orduan pila ezer ez izan.

right because if the size is not greater than 0 then you have nothing in the

>> Beraz, soilik exekutatu nahi Kode hori, ahal duen bakarra

stack so you only want to execute this

pop zerbait aterako bada.

code you can only pop if there is

Beraz tamainaren handiagoa bada 0 baino, dugu ken tamaina.

something that popped so if the size is greater than 0 we - the size we

Tamainaren gutxiagotzeko dugu eta itzuli edozein delarik ere barruan dagoelako

decrement the size and then we turn whatever is inside of it right because

leihoa arabera, nahi dugu dena delakoa gordeta sarbidea

by popping we want to access whatever is

pilaren goialdean indizean.

stored in the index of the top of the

Dena zentzurik?

stack everyone make sense if I made you

Egin nuen bada hau idatzi out you guys, lizateke mutilak idazteko irten ahal?

guys write this out would you guys be

able to write it out

Ados, you guys inguruan jolastu daiteke batera.

okay you guys can play around with it no

Kezkak ez baduzu ulertzen.

worries if you don't get it we don't

Ez dugu behar kodea denborarik izan gaur bertan egindako dugulako

have time to code it out today because

Egitura horiek asko lortu joan bidez, baina funtsean

we got a lot of date structures to go

pseudocode, oso, oso antzeko bultza.

through but essentially pseudocode very very similar to push just follow along

Just logika zehar jarraitu.

the logic make sure you're accessing all

Ziurtatu guztian sartzen ari Zure struct ezaugarriak behar bezala.

the features of your struct rectly yeah

Bai? >> Ikusleak: Will diapositiba horiek eta esandako guztia izan zaitez gaur-ish? ANDI Peng: Beti, bai.

yeah always yep yep okay I'm gonna try

Jarri saiatu noa honek ordubete ondoren bezala eman.

to put this up like an hour after all

Mezu elektroniko bat bidaliko David I, David egingo saiatu jarri ezazu, honen ondoren, ordu bat bezala.

email David David will try to put it up

like an hour after this yeah okay so

>> Ados, beraz, ondoren, mugitu beste hau sartu dugu Ederra datuak egitura ilara deitzen.

then we move into this other lovely data structure called a queue as you guys can

As you guys hemen ikusi ahal izango dira, bat ilaran, gure artean British du,

see here a queue for the British amongst

guztia da lerro bat da.

us all it is is a line so contrary to

Beraz, aurkakoa zer Uste duzu pila bat da,

what you think a stack is a queue is

ilararentzat zehazki zer da logikoki uste duzu.

exactly what logically you think it is

Honez FIFO arauak helduta; hau da Lehenengoa, lehena inprimatu.

it's held by the rules of FIFO which is

Oraindik lehenengoa bada lerroan bata, zaren

first-in first-out if you're the first

lehenengoa dela linea ateratzen.

one in the line you're the first one that comes out of the line so what we

>> Beraz, zer deitu nahi dugu dequeueing eta enqueueing da.

like to call this is D queuing and

Zerbait gehitu nahi badugu Gure ilaran, ilaran dugu.

anchoring if we want to add something to

, Adierazten nahi badugu edo hartu Zerbait kanpoan, adierazten dugu. >> Zentzu beraz bera ari gara, mota horretako finko tamainako elementu sortzeko dugun

our queue we end queue if you want to DQ or take something we D Q so same sense that we're kind of creating a fixed sized array or fixed

size elements that we can store certain

Zenbait gorde ahal izateko Gauzak, baina, era berean, ezin dugu

things but we can also change where

aldatu non ipintzen ari gara Horietako barruan parametroak

we're placing parameters inside of them

oinarritutako zer motako funtzionalitate nahi dugu.

based on what type of like functionality

Beraz, pilak, azkenekoa nahi dugu Bat, N lehen egindako bat izan nahi du.

you want so just actually wanted the last one and to be the first one out Q's we want the

Queue da lehenengo gauza egin nahi dugu batean egindako lehen gauza izan.

first end first thing in to be the first

>> Beraz, eta egitura-mota definitzeko, ikusiko duzunez,

thing out okay so the struct type define as Y X can see there's it's a little bit

pixka bat desberdina da pila zein zen bertatik

different from what the stack was

Ez bakarrik egin mantendu izan dugulako non tamaina Unean da jarraipena,

because not only do we have to keep track of where the size currently is we

halaber buruaren track mantendu nahi dugu baita gaur egun gauden non bezala.

also want to keep track of the head as well as where we currently are so I

Beraz, uste dut errazagoa da marraztu dut hau bada sortu.

think it's easier if I draw this up so

Hargatik imajinatu en lortu dugu ilara bat, beraz, esan dezagun burua da hemen.

let's imagine we've got a cute right so let's say the head is right here the

Lerro-buru, dezagun esatea besterik ez da gaur egun,

head of the line let's just say that's

eta sartu nahi dugun Ilaran sartu zerbait.

currently there and we want to insert something into the queue let's I'm going

Tamaina deitzeko funtsean noa buztana gauza bera da,

to call size essentially is the same

tokian zure ilaran da amaieran.

thing as tail the end of wherever your

Dezagun esan tamaina hementxe da.

queue is let's just say size is it right

>> Beraz, nola feasibly bat egiten du txertatu ilaran batean zerbait?

here so how does one feasibly insert

something into a queue what what indexed

Zer indizea egiten jarri nahi dugu non sartu txertatu nahi dugu.

we want to place wherever we want to

Honen hasieran badago zure ilara eta hau da amaiera izango da

insert into if this is the beginning of your queue and this is the end of it or

edo haren tamaina, non egiten dugu Nahi hurrengo objektu gehitzeko?

the size of it where do we want to add

>> Ikusleak: [INAUDIBLE]

the next object exactly right you want

ANDI Peng: Zehazki, gehitu nahi duzun egiten araberakoa izan da idatzi.

to add it depending on have you've

Edo hau da hutsik edo hutsik.

written it either this is blank where

Beraz, ziurrenik gehitu nahi al duzu Hemen tamainaren is-- bada delako horiek guztiak beteta egonez gero, nahi duzun gehitzeko hementxe, ezta?

that is blank so you want to add it probably here right because if the size is if these are all full you want to add it right here right and so that's well

>> Eta beraz, oso, oso, berriz, simple, ez nahiko beti zuzena

very very simple not quite all although

Ezberdintasun nagusia delako ilara bat eta pila bat arteko

we always correct because the difference the main difference between a queue and

da ilaran ahal benetan manipulatu

a stack is that a queue can actually be

beraz, burua aldaketak non nahi duzun arabera

manipulated so that the head changes

Zure aztarna hasieratik hasteko.

depending on where you want the beginning of your

Eta, ondorioz, zure buztana Era berean, aldatu egingo da.

q to start and as a result your tail is also going to change right and so take a

Eta hala begirada bat hartu kode hau oraintxe.

look at this code right now as you guys

You guys ere eskatu zitzaien bezala idatzi egindako galdetegiaren, enqueue. Agian horregatik bidez, hitz egingo dugu erantzuna zein izan zen, izan zen.

were also asked to write out on the quiz and Q maybe we'll talk through why the answer was what it was I couldn't fit

>> Ezin dira ondo I lerro honek batetik, baina funtsean kode zati hau

quite fit this line on one but essentially this piece of code should be

lerro bakar batean izan.

on one line spend like 30 seconds take a

30 segundotan bezala pasatzeko. Begirada bat, eta ikusi zergatik hau horrela dela da.

look and see why this is the way that it

is

>> Oso, oso antzeko egitura, oso, oso antzeko egitura aurreko gisa

very very similar struct very very similar structure as the previous stack

pilatu agian ezik kode lerro bat.

except for perhaps one line of code and

Eta kode lerro bat dagoela funtzionalitate zehazten du.

that one line of code determines the

Eta benetan bereizten da pila bat ilaran bat.

functionality and it really differentiates and a cue from a stack

>> Edonork labankada bat hartu nahi zergatik duzun azaltzeko Hemen ere gauza konplikatuak hau lortu?

anyone want to take a stab at explaining why you've got this complicated thing in

Itzulera ikusiko dugu gure wonderful laguna modulua.

here we see the return of our wonderful friend modulus as you guys will soon

You guys laster etorriko da gisa programazio hautematen,

come to recognize in programming almost

Ia edonoiz zerbait behar duzu ezer inguruan biltzeko,

anytime you need something to wrap around anything modulus is going to be

modulua da horrela egin behar izango.

the way to do it so knowing that does

Beraz, hori jakinda, nahi du inor kode lerro bat azaltzeko saiatu?

anyone want to try explaining that line

Bai, erantzun guztiak dira onartutako eta ongi etorriak. Ikusleak: zuk hitz egiten dira niretzat? ANDI Peng: Bai.

of code yeah all answers are accepted and welcome no sorry okay

Ikusleak: Oh, ez barkatu.

ANDI Peng: Ados, beraz dezagun Kode hau ibiltzeko.

so let's walk through this code right so

Beraz, saiatzen ari zaren denean zerbait gehitu ilaran baten gainean, eder kasuan buruan gertatzen dela ere izan hemen, guretzat oso erraza da

when you're trying to add something onto a cue in the lovely case that the head happens to be right here it's very easy

besterik joan amaieran txertatu zerbait, ezta?

for us to just go to the end and insert

Baina ilararentzat puntu osoa da Hori buruan benetan dinamikoki ahal

something right but the whole point of a cue is that the head can actually

Bertan arabera aldatuko dugu Gure q hasieratik izan nahi,

dynamically change depending on where we want this order of our cue to be and as

eta, besteak beste, buztana bezala Era berean, aldatu egingo da.

such the tail is also going to change

>> Eta demagun, hori ez zen ilaran, baizik eta hori izan zen, ilaran.

and so imagine like imagine that this was not the cue but rather this was the

Demagun burua da hemen.

cue let's say the head is right here

Demagun gure ilara hori dirudi.

let's say our cue look like this if we

Filmea non nahi badugu marraren hasiera da,

wanted to shift where the beginning of

demagun burua desplaza dugu Horrela eta tamainak hemen.

the line is let's say we shifted head this way and sizes here now we want to

>> Orain zerbait gehitu nahi dugu ilara hau, baina Ikus dezakezuenez bezala,

add something to this queue but as you

Ez da hain erraza besterik behar bezala gehitu edozein dela ere tamaina da ondoren

guys can see it's not so simple as to just add whatever is after the size

ondoren, exekutatu dugu delako gure benetako array mugetatik.

because then we run out of bounds of our

Non benetan gehitu nahi dugu hemen.

actual array where we want to really add

Hori ilararentzat edertasuna da dela guretzat, ikusmen da

is here that's the beauty of a queue is

itxura lerro hau atsegin doa, baina datuak egitura batean gordeta,

that to us visually it looks like the line goes like this but when stored in a

ziklo bat bezala ematen dute.

data structure they give it as like a sick psych Sickler six cycle as like a

Mota itzulbiratu Aurrealdean modu berean emateko

cycle it kind of wraps around to the

lerro bat ere bildu ahal tokian zaudela arabera inguruan

front the same way that a line can also wrap around depending on wherever you

lerro hasieran nahi izan nahi.

want the beginning of the line to be and

Eta orain bat hartzen badugu Hemen begiratu behera, dezagun

so if we take a look down here let's say

sortu nahi dugu esan enqueue izeneko funtzioa.

we wanted to create a function called

Gehitzeko int n q hori sartu nahi izan dugu.

enqueue we wanted to add int n into that

Q.size q-- duten deitu dugu gure datuak bada structure-- gure queue.size ez badu

Q if Q dot size Q we'll call that our data structure if our q dot size does

ahalmena edo bada berdina edukiera baino txikiagoa da,

not equal to capacity or if it's less than capacity q dot strings is the array

q.strings gure q barruan array da.

within our queue we're going to set that

'Ezarrita goaz Hori q.heads berdina,

equal to Q heads which is right here

bertan hementxe da, plus q.size gaitasuna, by modulua bertan

plus Q dot size modulus by the capacity

itzulbiratu back hemen inguruan digu.

which wrap us back around here

>> Beraz, adibide honetan, indizea burua da 1, ezta?

so in this example index of head is 1

Tamaina-indizea 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 da.

right the index of size is 0 1 2 3 4 so

Beraz, zer egin genezake 1 plus 4 modulua gure ahalmen hau da, 5.

we can do 1 plus 4 modulus by our capacity which is 5 what does that give

Zer dela ematen digu?

us what is the index that comes out of

Zer da indizeak hau ateratzen? >> Ikusleak: 0. >> ANDI Peng: 0, eta horrek Gertatzen izan hemen,

this 0 which happens to be right here

eta, beraz, gai izan nahi dugu hementxe txertatzeko.

right and so we want to be able to insert into right here and so this

Eta beraz, ekuazio hau hemen mota ren nolanahiko zenbakiak dituzten lanak

equation here kind of just works with

non araberakoak zure burua eta zure neurriko dira.

any numbers depending on where your head

Badakizu zer horiek bada Gauzak dira, badakizu

and your size are if you know what those

zehazki non txertatu nahi duzun edozein dela ere zure ilara ondoren.

things are you know exactly where you want to insert whatever is after you your Q does that make sense everybody I

Ez duela zentzurik denek nahi? >> Garuneko bat mota ezagutzen dut teaser hau batez ere

know kind of a brain teaser especially

Galdetegi Kolpe dugunik.

since this came in the aftermath of your

Baina, zorionez, denek Orain uler dezakegu

quiz but hopefully everyone now can

zergatik irtenbide hau edo hau funtzio modu hori da dena.

understand why this solution or this function is the way that it is anyone a

Edonork pixka bat horretan unclear?

bit unclear on that

ONDO DA. >> Eta beraz, orain, baduzu Adierazten den, hau nahi

okay and so now if you wanted to DQ this

da, non gure burua aldatzearen litzateke delako Adierazten bagenitu,

is where our head would be shifting right because if we were to DQ no longer

ez dugu aireratzen q amaieran.

we don't take off the end of the queue

Buruan off hartu nahi dugu, ezta?

we want to take off the head right so as

Ondorioz, orain, burua aldatu egingo da, eta hori dela eta, noiz ilaran duzu,

a result head is going to change and that is why when you end queue you got

Ohizko duzu segimendua egiteko non zure burua eta zure tamaina

to keep track of where your head and

dira txertatu ahal izateko Posizio zuzena sartu.

your size are to be able to insert into

>> Eta beraz, Adierazten duzu, Halaber pseudocode dut ulertu.

the correct position and so when you DQ

Sentitu nahi izanez gero free kodeketa hau atera saiatuko da.

I also pseudocode it out feel free to if you want to attempt coding this out you

Burua mugitu nahi duzu, ezta?

want to move the head right if I wanted

To Adierazten nahiko banu, I buru hitz egin zezala gainetik.

to DQ I would move the head over this

Hau burua izango litzateke.

would be the head and then size of the

>> Eta gure egungo tamaina litzateke kenketak dugulako jada ez

our current size would subtract because

array lau elementu dute.

we no longer have four elements in the

Soilik hiru daukagu, eta, ondoren, nahi dugun Barruan edozein izanda ere gordetzen zen itzultzeko

array we only have three and then we want to return whatever was stored

buruaren hau hartu nahi dugulako balio out beraz oso pila antzekoa.

inside of the head because we want to take this value out so very similar to

Just hartzen ari zaren beste leku batetik,

the sack just your taking from a

eta erakuslea berriro ezar behar duzu ondorioz leku desberdinetara. Logikoa denez, gainontzekoek?

different place and you have to reassign your pointer to a different place as a result logically everyone follow great

Great. >> Ados, beraz gara, apur bat hitz egin dugu zerrendak lotuta sakonera gehiago

okay so we're going to talk a bit more

dute oso, oso baliagarria izan dugu aste honetan zehar ematen da zuretzat

in depth about linked lists because they'll be very very valuable for you in

the course of this week's p-sets linked

Lotuta zerrendak, bezala you guys gogoratzen, guztiak dira

list as you guys can remember all they

duten zenbait nodoetan dira nodoak bai balio bat eta erakuslea balioak

are are nodes that are nodes of certain values of both a value and a pointer

elkarrekin lotuta daude erakusle horien arabera. Eta hala nola, egiturari sortu dugu nodo bat da hemen dugu

that are linked together by those pointers and so the struct on how we

int n dute, hau da, edozein dela ere denda edo kate n a balioa

create a node here is we have int n which is whatever the value will in a

edo nahi duzun char izar n deitzen da.

store or string in and whatever you want

Egitura nodo izar, erakuslea da nodo bakoitzean izan nahi duzula,

to call it char star n struct node star which is the pointer that you want to have in each node next you're going to

duten joan zaren hurrengo bidean erakuslea puntu.

have that point your point towards next

Buruan izan dituzu lotutako zerrenda bat hori da of

you'll have the head of a linked list

den gainerako apuntatzen joan abar eta abar balioak

that's going to point to the rest of the values so on and so forth until you

Azkenean duzu amaieran iritsi arte.

eventually reach the end and this last

Eta azken nodo hau besterik ez da ez dute erakuslea joan.

node is just going to not have a pointer

Honez da seinalatu nulua, eta hori da

it's going to point to no and that's

hit duzun baldin badakizu Zure zerrendan lotuta amaieran

when you know you've hit the end of your

da zure azken erakuslea ez du ezer puntu.

linked list is when your last pointer

>> Beraz, pixka bat gehiago joan joan buruzko sakoneran nola seguru litzateke bat

doesn't point to anything so we're going to go a bit more in-depth regarding how

bilaketa lotuta zerrenda.

one would possibly search a linked list

Gogoratu zer dira batzuk loturiko zerrendak desabantaila

right remember what are some of the drawbacks of a linked list versus an

bilaketak buruzko array bat bertsotan.

array regarding searches an array you can

Array bat egin ahal izango dituzu, bilaketa bitarra, baina zergatik ezin lotuta zerrenda bat egin duzu?

binary search but why can't you do that

>> Ikusleak: guztiak ari dira konektatutako delako, baina ez daki oso ondo non [INAUDIBLE].

in the linked lists yeah exactly so

>> ANDI Peng: Bai, hain zuzen, orain gogoratzen matrize distira

remember the the brilliance of an array

Izan ere izan genuen ausaz erreproduzitu non

was the fact that we had random access

Indize balioa nahiko banu sei, besterik gabe, ezin esan nion indizea sei,

memory or if I wanted the value from index 6 I can just say index 8 6 give me

ematen dit balio hori.

that value and that's because arrays are

Eta hori da, arrayak ordenatuko dira delako Memorian gune Alboko batean

stored in a contiguous space of memory

leku batean, berriz, zerrendak lotutako mota

in one place whereas kind of linked

dira ausaz tarteka guztien inguruan, eta modu bakarra aurkitu ahal izango duzu

lists are randomly interspersed all around and they're the only way you can

esaten dizu erakuslea bidez non hurrengo nodo hori da helbidea.

find one is through a pointer that tells you the address of where that next note

>> Eta beraz, horren ondorioz, bide bakarra lotuta zerrenda bidez bilatu

is and so as a result the only way to

bilaketa lineala.

search through a linked list is linear

I ez dakit zehazki delako non lotuta zerrendan 12an balioa da,

search because I don't exactly know where like the twelfth value in the

Osotasunean zeharkatzeko behar dut lotuta zerrenda bat

linked list is I have to traverse the entirety of the linked list one by one

lehen nodo buru-banan, Bigarren nodo hirugarren nodo,

from the head to the first node to the

Bidean behera guztiak, azkenean lortu nuen arte non nodo hori Bila nabil da.

second node to the third note all the way down until I finally get to where that know what I'm looking for is and so

Eta, beraz, zentzu honetan, bilaketa- lotutako zerrenda batean n beti.

in this sense search on a linked list is always n log it's always n it's always

Beti da n. Beti da denbora lineala.

in linear time and so the code in which

>> Eta horrela kodea horretan hau martxan jarri dugu, eta hau

we would implement this and this is a

da berria pixka bat mutil zenuenetik zuretzat mutilak ez dute benetan buruz edo inoiz hitz egin

bit new for you guys since you guys haven't really talked about or ever seen

ikusi nola erakusleak bilatu erakusleak bidez,

pointers and how to search through

beraz, oinez egingo dugu bitartez hau oso, oso poliki. Beraz bool bilaketa, eskuineko, dezagun nahi dugu

pointers so we'll walk through this very very slowly so we'll search right let's

izeneko funtzio bat sortzeko bilaketa hori egiazkoa itzultzen

imagine we want to create a function called search that returns true if you

Lotuta barruan balio bat topatu baduzu zerrendatu, eta faltsua itzultzen du bestela.

found a value inside the linked list and it returns false otherwise notes to our

Nodo izar zerrenda da Une erakuslea besterik

list is certaintly just the pointer to

zure zerrenda lotuta lehen elementua da.

the first item in your linked list and n

int n balioa you ari da Zerrenda horretan bilatuta.

is the value that you're searching for in that list so node star pointer equals

>> Beraz, nodo izar erakuslea berdinen zerrenda.

list that means we're setting and

Horrek esan nahi du ezartzeko ari gara eta erakuslea sortzeko

creating a pointer to that first node

Zerrendaren barruan lehen nodo hori.

inside of the list everyone with me so

Nirekin orok? Beraz, joan bagenitu Atzera hemen, nahi dut

for to go back here I would have

Hori puntu erakuslea hasieratu Buruan edozein izanda zerrenda dela. >> Eta gero, behin behera lortuko duzu hemen, erakuslea ez berdinak NULL bitartean,

initialized a counter or sorry a pointer that points to the head of whatever that list is and then once you get down here while pointer does not equal no so that

beraz, amaitzen da eta bertan gauden da Geroago zeharkatzen izango da

is the loop in which we are going to be subsequently traversing the rest of our

Gure zerrendan zer delako gainerako Gertatzen erakuslea berdinen nulua denean?

list because what happens when pointer

Badakigu have-- garela

equals no we know that we have exactly

>> Ikusleak: [INAUDIBLE] >> ANDI Peng: Zehazki, beraz, ezagutzen dugun Nik zerrendaren amaieran, eskuineko iritsi gara?

so we know that we've reached the end of

Atzera egin ezkero, nodo bakoitzeko nodo beste behar dela seinalatuz

the list right if you go back here each note should be

eta abar eta abar Azkenean sakatzen duzun arte

pointing to another note and so on and so forth until you hit eventually the

Zure zerrendan lotuta buztana, bertan erakuslea besterik ez dela

tail of your linked list which has no point sorry which has a pointer that

horrek ez du ezertarako balio salbu.

does doesn't put anywhere other than no

Eta orain badakit funtsean duzun hori Zure zerrendan oraindik ez da sortu

and so you basically know that your list is still there up until pointer does not

erakuslea ez da berdina arte null behin null berdinen delako,

equal null because once it equals null

Dakizuenez, hori da gehiago stuff ez.

you know that there's no more stuff so

>> Beraz, hori begizta horretan ari gara, uneko bilaketa izan da joan.

that is the loop in which we're going to

Eta erakuslea ikusten duzu egiten bada gezi funtzioa ez-mota hori?

have the actual search and if the pointer do you see that that kind of arrow function there

Beraz, erakuslea puntu bada n, bada erakusleak n berdin berdin n,

so if pointer points to n that if the pointer at N equals equals n so that

beraz, horrek esan nahi duela Erakuslea duzu zarela

means that if the pointer that you're

bilatuta bakoitzaren bukaeran nodo da benetan balio berdina

searching for on the end of each note is actually equal to the value you're

Bila zabiltzan, orduan egia itzuli nahi duzu.

looking for then you want to return true

Beraz, funtsean, Oraindik nodo bat hartuz gero, duzula bilatzen ari balio du,

so basically if you're at a node that has the value that you're looking for

Nik hori egon zaren ez badakizu Arrakastaz bilatu gai.

you know that you've got you know you've been able to successfully search

>> Bestela, ezarri nahi duzun erakuslea hurrengo nodo.

otherwise you want to set your pointer to the next node that is what that line

Hori da lerro hori hemen zer egiten ari den.

here is doing point your equals pointer

Erakuslea berdinen hurrengo erakuslea.

next everyone see how that's working and

Denek ikusi nola hori lan?

essentially you're going to just

>> Eta, funtsean, joan zaren besterik zeharkatuko zerrendan osotasunean,

traverse the entirety of the list

erakuslea aldi bakoitzean arte berrezartzea Azkenean hit duzu, zerrendaren amaieran.

resetting your pointer each time until you eventually hit the end of the node and then you are at the end of the list

Eta badakizu ez daudela nodo gehiago bilatu dute eskubiderik;

and you know that there is no more there are no more nodes to search through and

eta orduan faltsua itzuli ahal izango duzu badakizu delako Oh, bai, hori,

then you can return false because you

bilatu ahal izan naiz bada Zerrendaren osotasunean bidez.

know that oh well if I've been able to search through the entirety of the list

Adibide honetan bada, nahi nuen bada Eta 10 balioa begiratu,

if in this example if I wanted to look for the value of 10 and I started at the

eta hasi nintzen buruan, eta Modu guztiak bilatu dut behera,

head and I searched all the way down and

eta, azkenik, hau lortu dut, eta horrek hori null erakuslea puntu bat,

I eventually got to this which a pointer

Hori, kaka, asmatzen dut 10 ez da ezagutzen dut Zerrenda honek ezin izan dut aurkitu dituelako.

that points to null I know that crap I guess 10 isn't in this list because I

Eta naiz zerrendaren amaieran dut.

couldn't find it and I'm at the end of the list in which case you know I'm

Eta kasu horretan, badakizu Faltsua itzuli noa.

going to return false let that soak in

>> Utzi duten busti pixka bat egiteko. Hau nahiko izango da Zure pset garrantzitsua.

for a little bit this will be pretty important for your pset the logic of it

Haren logika oso sinplea da, agian sintaktikoki besterik bera gauzatzeko.

is very simple perhaps syntactically

Zaudete egin nahi Ziur ulertzen duzu.

just implementing it you guys want to make sure that you understand cool

Cool. >> Ados, beraz, nola litzateke izango dugu nodes txertatzeak, eskuinera,

ok so how we would be inserting nodes

Zerrenda bat sartu delako gogoratzen Zein dira onurak zer of

right into a list because remember what

ren lotutako zerrenda bat versus beharrik biltegiratze dagokionez array bat?

are the one of the benefits of having a linked list versus a an array in terms

>> Ikusleak: It dinamikoa da, beraz, errazagoa da zaie

of storage exactly

>> ANDI Peng: Zehazki, beraz, dinamikoa da, eta horrek

so it's dynamic which means that a

Horregatik, zabaldu eta txikitu daiteke erabiltzailearen beharren arabera.

connects and shrink depending on the users needs

Eta, beraz, zentzu honetan, ez dugu behar alferrikako memoria alferrik dudalako

and so in this sense we don't need to waste unnecessary memory because if I like know I need to have I don't know sorry

Ez dakit bada zenbat balio nahi dut denda, ez du zentzurik niretzat

other way around if I don't know how many values I want to store it doesn't

delako array bat sortzeko 10 balioak gorde nahi badut

make sense for me to create an array right because if I want to store ten

eta sortu nuen 1.000 array, hori da alferrik galtzen memoria asko, emandako.

values and I create an array of a thousand that's a lot of wasted memory

Hori dela eta, bat lotuta erabili nahi dugu Zerrenda hau egin ahal izateko dinamikoki

lotted that's why we want to use a linked list to be able to dynamically

aldatu edo gure tamaina txikitu.

change your shrink our size and so that

>> Eta orain dela-sartzeak egiten pixka bat zailagoa da.

makes insertion a bit more complicated

Geroztik ezin dugu elementu ausaz sartzeko Bide hori array baten genuke.

since we can't randomly access elements the way that we would have an array an

Elementu bat sartu nahi dut bada Zazpigarren indizean sartu,

array if I want to insert an element and element it to like the seventh index I

Besterik ez da I txertatu ahal Zazpigarren indizean sartu.

just can insert it into the seventh

Lotutako zerrenda baten gainean, ez du nahiko lan bezain erraz,

index on a linked list it doesn't quite work as easily and so if we wanted to

eta beraz, txertatu nahi badugu hemen zerrenda lotuta,

insert the one here in the linked list

ikusmen, oso erraz ikusten da.

visually it's very easy to see we just

Besterik txertatzeko nahi dugu bertan, eskubidea zerrendaren hasieran,

want to insert it right there right at the beginning a list right right after

buruan ondoren.

head but the way in which we have to

>> Baina, modu horretan, dugu nahi berriro ezar erakusle da pixka bat bilbatzen

reassign the pointers is a bit

edo, logikoki, zentzuzkoa da, baina Ziur baduzula egin nahi duzu

convoluted or logically it makes sense

erabat behera delako Nahi duzun azken gauza

but you want to make sure that you have it's completely down because the last

da erakuslea berriro ezar ditzakezu Bide hori hemen egiten ari garen.

thing you want is to reassign a pointer the way that we're doing here if you d

Baduzu dereference burua erakuslea 1,

decrement if you dereference the pointer from head to one then all of a sudden

ondoren, bat-bateko guztiak Zure zerrendan lotutako gainerako

the rest of your linked list is lost

galtzen da, ez dute benetan delako Aldi baterako ezer sortu.

right because you haven't actually created a temporary anything that's

Hori da, 2 seinalatu zuen.

pointed to the - if you reassign the

Erakuslea eta, ondoren, berriro ezar baduzu Zure zerrendan gainerako erabat galtzen da.

pointer then the rest of your list is

Beraz izan nahi duzu Oso, oso zaindua hemen lehen esleitu du duzuna erakuslea

totally lost so you want to be very very careful here to first assign the pointer

lekuan sartu txertatu nahi , nahi duzu, eta gero zuk

from whatever you want to insert into wherever you want and then you can

Ahal zure zerrenda gainerako erreferentzia kenduta.

dereference the rest of your list so

>> Beraz, hau tokian aplikatzen to txertatzeko saiatzen ari zaren.

this applies for wherever you're trying

To txertatzeko nahi baduzu Burua, hemen erantzun nahi izan ezkero,

to insert into if you want to insert at the head if you want to insert here if

to txertatzeko nahi baduzu Amaieran, bai, azkenean dut

you want to start at the end well at the

asmatzen besterik ez litzateke izango duzu izan erakuslea ez, baina zuk

end I guess you would just have no

ez duzula ziurtatu nahi Zure zerrendan gainerako galtzen.

pointer but you want to make sure that you don't lose the rest of your list you

Beti ziurtatu egin nahi duzu zure nodo seinalatuz

always want to make sure your new node

edozein izanda ere bidean ra sartu txertatu nahi,

is pointing towards whatever you want to

eta, ondoren, kateatzea on gehi ditzakezu.

insert into and then you can add the

chaining on everyone clear this is going

>> Hau izango da benetako gai bat.

to be one of the real issues like one of

Gai nagusiak gehien bat Zure pset izan zaren joan

the most major issues you're going to

da zarela Sortuko saiatzeko joan lotutako zerrenda bat eta gauzak sartzea

have on your pset is that you're going to try to create a linked list and

baina, ondoren, besterik gabe galduko du Zure zerrendan lotutako gainerako.

insert things but then just lose the

Eta ari den bezala joan zara, I ez dakit zergatik gertatzen ari da?

rest of your linked list and you look I

Eta mina bat pasatzen da eta bilatu zure erakusleak guztiak.

don't know why this is happening and it's a pain to go through and search all

>> Eta pset honetan bermatzen dut, idazten eta marrazten nodo horiek egindako

of your pointers and I guarantee you on this pset writing

Oso, oso lagungarria izango da.

and drawing these nodes out will be very

Beraz, erabat mantentzeko pista non zure erakusleak guztiak dira,

very helpful so you can completely keep track of where all your pointers are

Zer gertatzen da, non zure nodo guztiak dira,

what's going wrong where like all your

zer den sartzeko zer egin behar duzun edo txertatu edo ezabatzeko edo horietako edozein.

nodes are what you need to do to access or insert or delete or any of them

Guztiek horrekin ona? Cool.

everyone good with that cool so if we

>> Beraz, kodea begiratu nahi badugu?

wanted to look at the code oh no no if

Oh, ez dakit badugu OK the-- ikusi ahal izango da, beraz,

you can see this okay so at the top all

goialdean guztia da funtzio bat da txertatze izeneko non nahi dugu

it is is a function named insert where

txertatzeko lotuta zerrenda, int n.

we want to insert and n into the linked

Honen bidez, oinez goaz.

list we're going to walk through this

Kode asko, sintaxia berri asko da.

it's a lot of code a lot of new syntax

OK izango dugu.

will be okay so up at the top whenever

>> Beraz, goian, betiere, aldi berean ireki ezer sortu nahi dugu

we want to create anything what do we

zer egin behar dugu, batez ere baduzu nahi hori ez da pilaketan gordeta

need to do especially if you want it to

baina zeure en?

not be stored on the stack but in the

Go malloc bat gara, ezta?

heap blue no malloc right so we're going

Beraz, erakuslea bat sortu nahi du. Nodoaren, erakusle, berdinen berria nodo baten tamaina malloc

to create a pointer node pointer new equals malloc the size of a node because

nahi dugulako nodo hori sortu behar dira.

we want that node to be created we want

Zenbatekoa nahi dugu nodo bat hartzen memoria

the amount of memory that a node takes

beharreko emandako nodo berria sortzea.

up to be allotted for the creation of

>> Eta gero ari gara egiaztatu du ikusi berdinen berria berdinen null bada.

the new node and then we're going to check to see if new equals equals null

Gogoratu zer esan dugu?

remember what we said

Whatever you malloc, nik beti egin behar duzu?

whenever you malloc what must do you always do you must always check to see

Beti egiaztatu behar duzu ikusteko nulua duten ala ez.

whether or not that is null for example

>> Adibidez, zure ustiapen bada sistema erabat beterik zegoen,

if you if your operating system was

Izan duzu memoria gehiago ez badu guztiak eta saiatu malloc duzu,

completely full if you had no more memory at all and you tried to malloc it

null itzuliko litzateke zuretzat.

would return null for you and so if you

Eta beraz, erabili nahi izanez gero denean null seinalatuz zen,

try to use it when it was pointing to no

Ez bazara gai joan Informazio hori eskuratu.

you're not gonna be able to access that

Eta orain, esate baterako, egin nahi dugu Ziur mallocing betiere zu,

information and so as such we wanted to make sure that whenever your malloc and

beti ari den ala ez ikusteko egiaztapena memoria duten jakin nahi baduzu, nulua da.

you're always checking to see if that memory given to you is null and if it's

Eta ez da, bada, ondoren, mugitu ahal izango dugu gure gainerako arauen gainean.

not then we can move on with the rest of

>> Beraz, goaz nodo berria abiarazi.

our code so we're going to initialize

N berria berdinen n egin goaz.

the new node we're going to do new n equals N and then we're going to set new

Eta gero ari gara egiten joan ezarri berrietan erakuslea berria

the pointer on new to null because

nulua delako oraintxe ez egiten dugu ezer nahi seinalatu behar da.

that's right now we don't want anything

Auskalo non daukagu nik zuk jarri nahi dut,

for it to point to we have no idea where

eta, gero, bada, nahi dugu sar ezazu buruan,

it's going to point to and then if we

gero berriro ezar dezakegu burua erakuslea.

want to insert it at the head then we can reassign the pointer to the head

Denek jarraitzen logika non gertatzen da?

does everyone see follow the logic of where that's happening all we're doing

>> Guztiak egiten ari garen berri bat sortzeko node, erakuslea ezarriz null,

is creating a new node setting the

eta gero kentzea burua da bagenu

pointer to null and then reassigning it

Badakizu txertatzeko buruan egotea nahi dugu.

to the head if we know we want to insert

Eta gero, burua da joan berriak nodo dela diote.

it at the head and then the head is going to point towards that new node

Guztiek horrekin OK?

everyone okay with that so it's a

>> Beraz, bi urratseko prozesu bat da.

two-step process

Lehen esleitu nahi duzun got edozein dela sortzen ari zara.

you got to first assign whatever you're

Ezarri erakuslea duten erreferentzia, eta, ondoren,

creating set that pointer to the reference and then you can kind of

Ahal dereference mota Lehenengo erakuslea

dereference the first pointer and point

eta seinalatu da nodo berria bidean.

it towards the new note wherever you

Lekuan bertan txertatu nahi duzun, logika hori egiazkoa izaten da.

want to insert it that logic is going to

>> Mota da haren esleitzea bezala aldi baterako aldagaiak.

hold true it's kind of like a signing

Gogoratu, lortu duzun Ziur dagoela

temporary variables remember you got to

ez duzu aldaketa bazabiltza pista galtzen.

make sure that you don't lose track of

Ziur bat duzula egin nahi duzu Aldi baterako aldagai mota horretako mantentzen

if you're swapping you want to make sure that you have a temporary variable that

non gauza jarraipena dago, beraz, gordetako duzu

kind of likes like keeps track of where that thing is stored so that you don't

ez inolako baliorik galtzen ikastaroa ren inguruan aldatzeari harekin bezala.

lose anything any value in the course of like messing around with it

>> Ados, beraz, kode hemen izango da.

okay so code will be here you guys take

Zaudete atala ondoren begirada bat hartu.

a take a look after section it will be

there so how I guess how does this

>> Beraz, nola ez asmatu dut hau ez etortzea nahi badugu

differ if we wanted to insert into the

erditik edo amaieran txertatzeko?

middle or the end does anyone have an

Norbaitek dute zer da ideia bat pseudocode erreferentziazko logikoa gisa

idea of what's the pseudo code of Jurga

Hori hartuko genuke nahi badugu txertatzeko erdian?

as like the logical reference that we would take we wanted to answer it in the

Beraz, bada txertatzeko at nahi dugu Burua, egiten dugun guztia da nodo berri bat sortzeko.

middle so if we want to insert at the head all we do is create a new node we

Horren erakuslea dugu edozein dela burua nodo berria,

set the pointer of that new node to

eta gero, burua ezarri dugu nodo berria, ezta?

whatever the head was and then we set

Txertatzeko erdian nahi badugu Zerrendaren, zer egin behar dugu? >> Ikusleak: oraindik litzateke antzeko prozesua izan erakuslea esleitzea atsegin eta ondoren, erakuslea esleitzea,

the head to the new node right if we want to insert in the middle of the list what would have to do

baina han kokatu nahi genuke.

but we would have to locate exactly so

>> ANDI Peng: Zehazki, zehazki orain prozesua bera izan ezik

exactly the same process except you have

zehazki non kokatu behar duzu erakuslea berrira sartu nahi,

to locate war exactly you want that new pointer to go into right so if I wanted

beraz txertatzeko nahi badut erdian lotuta list-- OK,

to insert into like the middle of linked list okay let's say that's our linked

demagun gure lotutako zerrenda da.

list if we want to insert it right here

Txertatzeko hementxe nahi badugu, nodo berri bat sortu nahi dugu.

we're going to create a new node right

Ari gara malloc joan.

we're going to malloc we're going to

Nodo berri bat sortu behar izan dugu.

create a new node we're going to assign

Esleitu goaz nodo honetan hemen erakuslea.

the pointer of this node here right but

>> Baina arazoa desberdina non burua da bertatik

the problem that differs from where the

da hain zuzen ere bazekien dugun non burua da.

head is is that we knew exactly where

Eskuinetik lehena izan zen, ezta?

the head is it was right at the first

Baina hemen lortu dugu segimendua ari gara, non of txertatzeak sartu.

right but here we got to keep track of where we're inserting into for inserting

Txertatzeak bagara gure nodo hemen, lortu dugu

our node here we got to make sure that

ziur du nodo bat aurreko

this the one previous to this node is

Erakuslea reassigns duena.

the one that reassigns the pointer so

Beraz, ondoren, mota horretako duzu Bi gauza segimendua.

then you have to kind of keep track of

Non honen segimendua baduzu nodo ari da sartu tartekatuz.

two things you have to keep track of where this node currently is inserted

Horrez gain, duzu non segimendua egiteko aurreko nodoa ari zaren

into you also to keep track of where the previous node that you're looking at was

han ere izan zen. Guztiek horrekin ona?

also there everyone go to fat okay how

ONDO DA. >> Nola amaieran sartu txertatzeak buruz?

about inserting into the end if I wanted

Horri gehitu nahi izan dut hemen bada nahiko banu Nodo berria gehitzeko zerrenda baten amaieran,

to add it here if I wanted to add a new node to the end of a list how might I go

Nola liteke hori egiten al dut? IKUSLEEN: Gaur egun, Norberaren azken null adierazi. ANDI Peng: Bai.

about doing that yeah exactly so this

Zehazki, beraz, hau Une adierazi da jakin,

one currently is pointed to null and so

eta beraz, uste dut, zentzu honetan, ez da Oso erraza gehitu zerrenda bat amaierara arte.

I guess in this sense it's very easy to

Guztia egin behar duzun da ezarri berdina null eta ondoren, boom.

add at the end of a list right all you have to do is set it equal to null and then boom right there very easy very

Bertan, oso erraza da. Oso erraza da. >> Oso antzekoa buru zutela, baina zuk

simple very similar to the head but

Ziur urrats hori egin nahi hartu duzu hau burututa bidean,

logically you want to make sure that the steps you take towards doing any of this

Honakoa batera ari zaren.

you're following along it's easy to it's

Da oso erraza da, erdian Zure kodea, harrapatuta on,

like very easy to win the middle of your

oh, lortu dut erakusleak hainbeste.

code get caught up on oh I've so many

Ez dakit non ezer seinalatuz.

pointers I don't know where anything's

I ez dakite zein nodo naiz.

pointing to I don't even know which note

Zer gertatzen ari da?

I'm on what's going on relax calm down

>> Relax, lasaitu, arnasa hartu.

take a deep breath

Berdindu zure zerrenda lotuta.

draw out your linked list if you say I

Esaten baduzu, badakit non zehazki Hau txertatzeko sartu behar dut

know where exactly I need to insert this

eta zehazki ezagutzen dut nire nola berriro ezar erakusleak, askoz errazagoa da argazki

into and I know exactly how to reassign my pointers much much easier to picture

out-- askoz, ez askoz errazagoa zure kodea bugs galdu.

out much much easier to not get lost in the bugs of your code everyone okay with

Guztiek horrekin OK? ONDO DA.

>> Beraz, hori ez dugun kontzeptu bat asmatu dut benetan orain aurretik hitz egin du,

so I guess a concept that we haven't really talked about before now and I

eta uste dut seguruenik ez da askoz yet-- topo

guess you you probably want to encounter

concept-- aurreratu bat mota da benetan duten datu bat dugu

much yet it's kind of an advanced concept is that we actually have a data

Bi aldiz lotuta zerrenda bat izeneko egitura.

structure called a doubly linked list so

Beraz Ikus dezakezuenez bezala, guztiak egiten ari garen bezalako sortzeko

as you guys can see all we're doing is

benetako balioa bada, gehigarri bat erakuslea gure nodo bakoitzari buruzko

creating an extra value an extra pointer on each of our nodes that also points to

hori ere, aurreko nodo seinalatzen. Beraz, ez bakarrik gure daukagu nodo hurrengo bat seinalatu.

the previous node so not only do we have our nodes points to the next one they

Halaber, aurreko bat seinalatuko dute.

also point to the previous one I'm gonna

Bi horiek alde batetara utzi oraintxe noa.

ignore these two right now so then you

>> Beraz, ondoren, kate bat behar duzu Hori bai modu mugitu ahal izango du,

have a chain that can move both ways and

eta orduan da apur bat errazagoa logikoki jarraitu batera.

then it's a bit easier to logically

Hemen bezala, ordez jarraipena, ai, I

follow along like here instead of

nodo hori ez dela jakin behar ko duten to berriro ezar daukat,

keeping track of oh I have to know that this node is the one that I have to

Hemen besterik ez dut joan daiteke eta tira aurreko.

reassign I can just go here and just

Gero jakin nuen zehazki non hau da, eta, ondoren,

pull the previous then I know exactly

ez dute zeharkatuko du lotuta zerrendaren osotasunean.

where that is and then you don't have to

Pixka bat errazagoa da.

traverse the entirety of the linked list

>> Baina, esate baterako, bi aldiz egin behar duzu erakusleak zenbatekoa,

it's a bit easier but as such you have EE the amount of pointers that's double

duten memoria kopurua bikoitza da.

the amount of memory it's a lot of

Erakusleak asko segimendua egiteko garaia da.

pointers to keep track of it's a bit

Pixka bat konplexuagoa da, baina pixka bat gehiago lagungarri arabera

more complex but it's a bit more user

zer lortzeko saiatzen ari zaren.

friendly depending on what you're trying

>> Beraz, datu-mota honetan egitura guztiz existitzen,

to accomplish so this type of data structure totally exists and the struct

eta egitura oso da, oso simple ezik badituzu guztia da,

for it is very very simple

Horren ordez, besterik gabe, hurrengo erakuslea da, halaber, aurreko erakuslea izan duzu.

except all you're having is instead of just a pointer to next you also have a

Hori da aldea izan zen.

pointer to previous that's all the difference was everyone get off that

Guztiek horrekin ona? Cool.

Michael all right so now I'm going to

>> Ondo da, beraz, orain ez dut benetan gastatu ziurrenik

really spend probably like 15 to 20

15 eta 20 minutu edo gehiena bezala atalean gainerako denbora egin du

minutes or the bulk of the rest of the

hash taulak buruz hitz egiten.

time in section talking about hash

Nola duzu guys asko Irakurri egin pset5 zehaztapenak? Ondo da, ona.

tables how many of you guys have read pset 5 spec alright good that's higher

Hori normalean% 50 baino handiagoa da. Ondo da.

than the 50% of normally it's okay so as

>> Beraz, ahalik you guys ikusiko, Oraindik pset5 erronka

you guys will see your challenge in pset

hiztegi bat martxan jartzea izango da non gorako 140.000 hitz kargatu

5 will be to implement a dictionary where you load over 140,000 words that

zuk ematen dugun eta ortografia Testuaren guztien kontra egiten.

we give you and spellcheck it against

Ematen dizugu ausazko literatura pieza.

all of the text we'll give you random

Emango dugu Odisea.

pieces of literature we'll give you like

Emango dugu Iliadan.

The Odyssey we'll give you the Iliad

Emango dugu Austin Powers.

we'll give you Austin Powers and your

>> Eta zure erronka check ortografia izango

challenge will be to spellcheck every

guztiak ere hitz bakoitzak bakarrean hiztegiak horietako

single word and all those dictionaries

Gure zuzentzaileari batera funtsean.

essentially with our spell checker and

Eta beraz, zati batzuk ez da pset hau sortzeko,

so there's a few parts of creating this

Lehenengo izan nahi duzu benetan kargatu ahal

pset first you want to be able to actually load all the words into your

Hitzak guztiak zure hiztegia, eta, ondoren,

dictionary and then you want to be able

gai izan nahi Zuzenketa ortografikoa horiek guztiak.

to spell check all of them

Eta orain, esate baterako, ari den behar zoazen Datu-egitura hori, azkar hau egin ahal

and so as such you're going to require a data structure that can do this fast and

eta modu eraginkorrean eta azkar egitea.

efficiently and dynamically so I suppose

>> Beraz errazena suposatzen dut Bide hori egin ahal izateko, zuk

the easiest way to do this you can

ziurrenik array bat sortuko da, ezta?

probably create an array right the

Biltegiratze modu errazena da duzu 140.000 hitz sorta bat sortu ahal

easiest way of storage is you can create an array of 140,000 words and just place

eta besterik jarri itzazu guztiak han eta Orduz zeharkatuko horiek bilaketa bitarra arabera

them all there and then traverse them by

edo Aukeraketa by edo egun ez Sentitzen hori sailkatzeko.

binary search or by selections or not

Antola dezakezu eta ondoren zeharkatuko horiek bilaketa bitarra edo bilaketa besterik lineal arabera

sorry the sorting you can sort them and then traverse them by binary search or

eta besterik final hitz egiteko, baina hori memoria kopuru handi bat hartzen du,

just linear search and just find all the words right but that takes a huge amount of memory

eta ez da oso eraginkorra.

and it's not very efficient and so we're

>> Eta beraz ari gara martxan jarriko egiteko moduak buruz hitz egiten

going to start talking about ways of

gure denborak eraginkorragoa.

making our running time more efficient

Eta gure helburua da iritsi etengabeko denbora non

and our goal is to get constant time

Ia arrayak, non bezalakoa da berehalako sarbidea izango duzu.

where it's almost like a razor you have instantaneous access if I wanted to

Bilatu ezer egin nahi nuen, bada, Ahal izateko besterik nahi dut,

search for anything I want to be able to

boom, aurkitu, zehazki, eta, atera.

boom find it exactly in pull it out and

Eta beraz, egitura bat zeinetan oso hurbil egon gara bihurtzen egingo

so a structure in which will be be coming will be coming very close to be

etengabeko sartzeko gai izan denbora, Grial santua hau

able to access constant time this this

konstanteen programazioan denbora hash taula bat deitzen da.

grand this holy grail and programming of constant time is called a hash table and

Eta beraz, David aipatu [INAUDIBLE] hitzaldian pixka bat,

so David previously mentioned the fashion shape a little bit in lecture

Baina ari gara benetan joan sakona aste honetan murgiltzeko

but we're going to really dive in deep this week on our pset regarding how a

hori buruzko pieza bat nola hash taula bat egiten du lan.

hash table works so the way that hash

>> Beraz, modu hash bat mahai lanak, adibidez,

table works for example if I wanted to

hitz mordo bat gorde nahi nuen, a ingelesez hitz-sorta,

store a bunch of words a bunch of words in the English language right I could

Teorikoki izan dut jarri banana, sagarra, kiwi, mango, bikotea,

theoretically put banana Apple Kiwi

eta guztiak besterik array batean cantaloupe.

mango pear and cantaloupe all understand

Guztiak zezaketen moldatzen eta ahal aurkitu.

right right they could all fit in

Mina baten antzeko zerbait egongo zela izateko bilatu eta sarbidea bidez,

I'd be fine it'd be kind of a pain to

baina errazagoa da hori egiteko modu da hori sortu ahal izango dugu benetan egitura bat

search through and access but the easier way of doing this is that we can create

hash taula bat non hash ditugu deitzen.

actually a structure called a hash table where you we hash we run all of our keys

Gure gako guztietan burutuko dugun bitartez hash funtzio bat, berdinketa bat sortuko du,

through a hash function and equation

Arazo latz horiek guztiak sartu balio bat nolabaiteko

that turns them all into some sort of a

hori gero guk kalera gorde ahal izateko funtsean zerrenda lotuta array bat.

value that then we can store on to a and essentially an array of length lists and

>> Eta beraz, hemen, nahi badugu English hitzak gordetzeko,

so here if we wanted to store English

potentzialki besterik ezin dugu, ez dut Badakizu, lehenengo letra guztiak piztu

words we could potentially just I don't know like turn all the first letters

Zenbaki bat nolabaiteko sartu.

into some sort of a number and so for

Eta horrela, adibidez, nahiko banu A apple-- sinonimoa da

example if I wanted a to be synonymous

edo 0 indizea batera, eta B 1 sinonimoa da,

with Apple or with the index of 0 and B to be synonymous with 1 we can have you

26 sarrera izan dezakegu Hori besterik gorde ahal izateko

know 26 entries that can just store all

hizkiak guztia alfabetoa dugula hasiko gara.

the letters of the alphabet that word

Eta gero izan dezakegu 0 indizea at sagarra.

start with and then we can have Apple at

Platano izan dezakegu indizea hartu du 1, 2 indizea at cantaloupe,

the index of zero we could have banana and the end is one cantaloupe or the

eta abar eta abar.

index two and so on and so forth and thus if I

Eta horrela, bilatu nahi nuen nire hash taula eta sarbide sagarra,

wanted to search my hash table and

Badakit sagar batekin hasten A, eta zehazki ezagutzen dut

access Apple I know Apple starts with an A and I know

Hash izan behar du, eta indizea 0 delako mahaia

exactly that it must be in the hash table at index zero because of the

funtzioaren Aurretik esleitutako.

function of previously signed so I don't

>> Ez dut ezagutzen, gauden Erabiltzaile programa bat non

know we are you you as a programmer will

zuk egingo duzun kobratuko Ez arbitrarily-- edonola,

be charged of arbitrarily not

pentsakor saiatzen dituzten equations ona dela uste du

arbitrarily with trying to thoughtfully think of good equations to be able to

zabaldu ahal izateko Zure balioen guztiak atera

spread out all of your values in a way

modu batean erraz sartzeko geroago on da ekuazio bat bezala

that can easily access it later on with

Zu zara, zeure burua, jakin.

like an equation that you yourself know

Beraz, zentzu batean joan nahi nuen mango, badakit, ai, m batekin hasten da.

so in this sense if I wanted to go to mango I know oh it serves if n it must

12 indizea at izan behar da.

be at the index of 12 I don't I don't

Nik ez dut ezer bidez bilatzeko.

have to search through anything I know

Badakit exactly-- besterik ezin dut joan 12 eta indize tira izarrekin.

exactly I can just go to the index of 12

>> Denek nola baten gainean argi Hash taula funtzioa egiten du lan?

and pull that up everyone clear on how a hash tables function works it's kind of

Array konplexuago bat besterik mota da.

just a more complex array that's all it

Hori guztia da. ONDO DA.

is okay so I guess we run into this

>> Beraz, uste dut exekutatu sartu dugu ale honetan zer Gertatzen gauza anitz baldin baduzu hori ematen duzu indize bera? Beraz, gure funtzioa esan, guztiak ere egin zen lehenengo letra hori hartu

issue of what happens if you have multiple things that give you the same index right so say our function all I did was take that first letter and turn

eta buelta bat sartu dela Dagozkien 0 25 bidez indizea.

that into a respective 0 there 25 index

Hori guztiz fina bada bakarra bakoitzak bat behar duzu.

that's totally fine if you only have one

Baina bigarren hasten zarenean gehiago izatea, zaren

of each but the second you start having

zer ari talka bat deitu dute joatea.

more you're going to have what's called

>> Beraz txertatzeko saiatzen naiz bada hash bat sartu lurperatu mahai dagoeneko platano ditu on,

a collision right so if I try to insert berry into a hash table that already has

zer gertatuko denean joan Hori txertatzeko saiatzen zara?

banana on it what's going to happen when you try to insert that bad things right

Gauza txarrak delako platano Dagoeneko indizea barruan existitzen

because banana already exists within the

gorde nahi duzula.

index that you want to store it in very

Berry mota, atsegin ah, zer egin dezaket da?

kind of as a cob what do I do I don't

Ez dakit nora joan.

know where to go how do I resolve this

Zelan konpondu dut? >> Eta, beraz, mutil mota egingo da ikusi gauza delikatua hau egiten dugu

and so you guys will kind of see we do

non ahal dugun motatako benetan lotuta gure array zerrenda sortzeko.

this tricky thing where we can kind of actually create linked list in our

Eta beraz, modurik errazena honi buruz pentsatzeko,

arrays and so the easiest way to think

Hash taula guztiak da zerrendak lotuta array. Eta, beraz, zentzu horretan, behar duzu erakusleak sorta eder hau,

about this all hash table is is an array of linked lists and so in that sense you have this beautiful array with pointers

eta orduan ere erakuslea bakoitzeko balio hori, indize horretan,

and then each pointer in that value can

Egia esan, beste gauza batzuk seinalatu dezake.

end that index can actually point to

Eta beraz, horiek guztiak bereizi behar duzu array handi bat off datozen kateak.

other things and so you have like all these separate chains coming off of one big array and so here if I wanted to

>> Eta beraz, hemen, badut txarrak sartu nahi izan, , Ezagutzen dut Ados, sarrerako noa da nire hash funtzioa bidez.

insert berry I know okay I'm going to input it through my hash function I'm

Amaituko den indizea batera noa 1, eta ondoren, naiz izan gai izango

going to end up with the index of one and then I'm going to be able to

hau azpimultzo txikiagoa besterik erraldoiak 140.000 hitzeko hiztegia.

have just a smaller subset of this giant you know 140,000 word dictionary and

Eta gero, besterik ez dut begiratu daiteke horren 1/26 bidez.

then I can just look through 20 r126 of

>> Eta, beraz, ondoren, besterik ez dut txertatu ahal txarrak aurretik edo platano ondoren

that and so then I can just insert bury either before or after banana in this

kasu honetan? Ondoren, ezta?

case after right and so you're going to

Eta beraz, zu nahi joan nodo hau txertatu platano ondoren,

want to insert this node after banana

eta beraz, zu txertatu joan lotzen zerrenda buztana at.

and so you're going to insert it at the tail of that linked list I'm going to go

Atzera egin noa Aurreko diapositiba honetarako,

back to this previous slide so you guys

beraz Ikus dezakezuenez nola hash funtzioa egiten du lan.

kind of see how hash function works so

>> Beraz hash funtzioa ekuazio hau da Hori zure sarrera mota exekutatzen ari zaren

hash function is this equation that you're running kind of like your input

iristeko edozein dela indizea bidez aurreratzen hasi esleitu nahi duzun.

through to get whatever index you want

Eta, beraz, adibide honetan, nahi dugun guztiak egin zen lehen gutuna hartu,

to assign it towards and so in this example all we wanted to do was take the

piztu duten indize bat sartu, orduan dugu gordetzeko gure hash funtzioa ere. Guztiak hemen egiten ari garen bezalako gaude Lehenengo letra bihurtzeko.

first letter turn that into a and index then we can store that in our hash function all we're doing here is we're converting the first letter so key

Beraz keykey [0] besterik ez da lehenengo letra edozein dela kateari ari, izatea dugu

bracket 0 is just the first letter of whatever string we're having we're

ere ari gara pasatzen.

passing in we're converting that to

Hori bihurtzeko gara ari goiko, eta maiuskulaz A arabera ari gara kenduz,

upper and we're subtracting by uppercase

beraz, zertan ari den guztia zenbaki bat emango digu

a so all that is doing is giving us a

bertan, gure balioak hash dezakegu kalera.

number in which we can hash our values

>> Eta gero ari gara joan itzultzeko hash modulua SIZE.

onto and they're going to return hash modulus size be very very careful

Kontuz, oso kontuz , zeren teorikoki, hemen

because theoretically here your hash

Zure hash balioa infinitua izan daiteke.

value could be infinite right it could

Besterik ez du joan eta on.

just go on and on and on it could be

Batzuk izan liteke benetan, benetan balio handiek,

some like really really large value but

baina zure hash taula hori delako zuk sortutako 26 indizeak besterik ez ditu,

because your hash table that you've created only has 26 indexes you want to

Ziur egin nahi duzu zure modulusing, beraz,

make sure your modulus e so that you

ez run bera da Gauza zure Ilara gisa

don't run it's the same thing as your Q

beraz, ez duzula exekutatu off the Hash funtzioa behealdean.

so you don't run off the bottom of your

>> Inguruan biltzeko itzuli nahi duzu [INAUDIBLE] denean ere modu berean

hash function you want to wrap it back around the same way in Visionnaire when

Izan oso baten antzera, Gutun oso handiak, zuk

you had like a very very large letter

maitatu ez den besterik exekutatu amaieran off.

you didn't want that to just run off the

Gauza bera hemen, ziur egin nahi duzu Ez du exekutatu off biltzeko amaieran

end same thing here you want to make sure just run off the end by wrapping it

taula gainean jartzen da eta.

around to the top of the the table so

Oso Beraz baino ez da hash funtzio sinple.

this is just a very simple hash function

Guztiak hori egin zen, hartu lehenengoa Gure sarrera edozein dela gutunean zen

all what that did was take the first letter of whatever our input was and

eta piztu duten indize bat sartu dela gure hash taula sartu dugu jarri daiteke. >> Bai, eta, beraz, lehen esan dudan bezala, modu horretan talkak konpontzeko dugu

turn that into an index that we can put into our hash table yeah and so as I said before the way that we resolve

Gure hash ere, mahaiak izaten ari , zer deitzen dugun kateatzea.

collisions in our hash tables are having

Beraz anitz sartzen saiatzen bazara Gauza bera hasi duten hitzak,

what we call chaining so if you try to insert multiple words that start with

egiaztapen balio bat izan da joan zaren.

the same thing you're going to have one

Avocados eta sagarra, dut ez baduzu exekutatu gure hash funtzioa bidez,

hash value right avocado and Apple if

ari zaren emateko joan kopuru bera, 0-kopurua.

you've run it through our hash function are going to give you the same number the number of zero and so the way we

Eta beraz, modu konpontzeko dugun ezin dugula benetan mota horiek lotzeko

resolve that is that we can actually

Elkarrekin lotuta zerrendak bidez.

kind of link them together via linked

>> Eta, beraz, zentzu honetan, you guys mota ikusiko

lists and so in this sense you guys can see

ren datuen egitura zein dagoela izan dugu aldez aurretik ezartzeko

kind of how data structures that we've

lotuta raisin zerrenda bailitzan elkarrekin etorri ahal bakar batean.

been studying previously like arrays and linked lists kind of can come together

Eta gero, orain arte sor dezakezu Datu-egitura eraginkorragoa

into one and then you can create far more efficient data structures that can

Hori kopuru handiagoa kudea dezake datuak, hori dinamikoki tamainaz arabera

handle larger amounts of data that dynamically resize depending on your

everyone clear everyone kind of clear on

Guztiek argi mota zer gertatzen da hemen?

what happens here if I wanted to insert

>> To insert-- nahi nuen zer da bat hori, ez dakit batekin hasten fruta, B, txarrak baino beste, banana.

what's the fruit that starts with I don't know be other than berry banana

>> Ikusleak: Blackberry. >> ANDI Peng: Blackberry, masusta.

blackberry blackberry weirdest

Non dugu masusta hemen?

Blackberry go here what we actually

Beno, ez dugu benetan ez ordenatuko hala ere, hau, baina teorikoki

haven't sorted this yet but theoretically where would blackberry if

hori izatea nahi badugu alfabetoaren ordenan,

we wanted to have this in alphabetical

non joan Blackberry behar?

order which should book where we go

>> Ikusleak: [INAUDIBLE] >> ANDI Peng: Zehazki, hemen gaude, ezta?

exactly after here right but since it's

Baina oso zaila da geroztik reorder-- asmatzen dut you guys gehienez.

very difficult to reorder I guess it's

Zaudete ahal erabat ezartzea nahi duzuna.

up to you guys you guys can totally implement whatever you want the more

Modu eraginkorragoa Hori egitean, beharbada

efficient way of doing this perhaps

Zure lotuta ordenatzeko litzateke alfabetoaren ordenan sartu zerrendatu,

would be to sort your linked list into

eta, beraz, ez zara Gauzak sartuko, nahi duzun

alphabetical order and so when you're

Ziur horiek txertatu ahal izateko alfabetoaren ordenan sartu

inserting things you want to be sure to insert them into alphabetical order so

beraz, gero zaudenean Horietako bilatu nahian,

that then when you're trying to search

ez duzu guztia zeharkatzeko.

them you don't have to traverse

Zehazki non Badakizu da, eta errazagoa da. >> Baina ez baduzu, mota horretako Gauzak ausaz tarteka,

everything right you know exactly where it is and it's easier but if you kind of have things interspersed randomly you're

Oraindik behar joan egiten Mediaz zeharkatzeko.

still gonna have to traverse it anyways

Eta, beraz, nahi izanez gero, besterik gabe, masusta hemen txertatu

right and so if I wanted to just insert blackberry here and then I wanted to

eta bilatu nahi dut , da, badakit, ai, masusta

search for it I know a blackberry must

1. indizea batekin hasi behar du, beraz, I Badakizu berehala 1 bakarrik bilatu.

start with the index of one so I know against aeneas lis just search at one

Eta gero, mota ezin dut Zerrenda lotuta zeharkatuko

and then I can kind of traverse the

Blackberry lortu arte, Eta gero bai?

linked list until I get to blackberry

>> Ikusleak: nahi create-- saiatzen ari bazara Suposatzen dut horrelako hash oso erraza da funtzioa.

and then yeah we wanted to do like

Eta egin nahi badugu atsegin duten geruza bat baino gehiago,

multiple layers of that yeah okay like

Ados, to banatu nahi dugu alfabetikoan letrak guztiak bezala

we want to separate into like all the

eta, ondoren, berriro beste multzo gustatzen horren barruan letrak alfabetikoa,

alphabetical letters down then again to like another set up little letters

ari jarriz hash bat bezala dugu hash taula bat barruan mahai,

within that yep like are we putting like

edo funtzio baten barruan funtzio bat bezala?

a hash evil within

Edo da -bere >> ANDI Peng: Beraz, zure hash funtzio hash taula

is that so your hash function your hash

handiak bezala izan daiteke, nahi duzun bezala.

table can be as large as you wanted to

Beraz, zentzu honetan, pentsatu nuen Oso erraza izan da, oso

right so in the sense I thought it was

Niretzat erraza da, besterik gabe, ordenatu oinarritutako lehen hitza hizkiak orrian.

very easy very simple for me to just sort based on letters of the first word

Eta beraz, aukera ez da bakarrik 26.

and so there's only 26 options right

26 Aukera bakarra dut ahal 0 eta 25 bakarrik ezin dutelako

I can only get 26 options from here 25

A-tik Z hasten Baina nahi baduzu gehitu, agian, konplexutasun gehiago

because they can only start from A to Z right but if you wanted to add perhaps

denbora edo azkarragoa zure Hash taula, erabat

more complexity or faster runtime to

gauza mota guztiak egin dezake.

your hash table you absolutely you can

Zeure egin dezakezu hori ematen dizu ekuazioa

do all sorts of things you can make your own equation that gives you more

in banaketa gehiago zure Hitzak, orduan duzunean bilaketa,

distribution in your words then when you

Da azkarragoa izango da.

search it's going to be faster um it's

>> Da erabat mutil eman nola hori martxan jarri ahal izateko nahi duzun.

totally up to you guys how you want to

Pentsa kuboak bezalaxe.

implement that um think of it as think

Izan banu 26 ontzi daude, noa

of it as just buckets if I wanted to have 26 buckets I'm going to sort things

kuboak horietan sartu gauzak ordenatzeko.

into those buckets but and if I'm going

Baina ez naiz mordo bat izan behar da ontzi bakoitzean, gauza,

to have a bunch of stuff in each bucket

egin nahi izanez gero, beraz, azkarragoa eta eraginkorragoa,

right so if you want to make it faster

utzi dute me, ehun ontzi daude.

and more efficient let me have a hundred

>> Baina orduan irudikatu nahi bat duzu horrela gauzak ordenatzeko beraz diren

buckets but then you have to figure out

egoki ontzi batean izan beharko lukete.

a way to sort things so that they're in the proper bucket they should be in but

Baina orduan, benetan ontzi hori begiratu nahi,

then when you actually want to look at

da asko azkarrago ez delako ontzi bakoitzean gauza gutxiago.

that bucket it's a lot faster because there's less stuff in each bucket right

Eta, beraz, bai, hori da benetan pset5 mutilak duzu trikimailu

and so yeah that's actually the trick for you guys and pset five is that

dela zaizu Zalantzan jarri besterik sortu nahi

you're you'll be challenged to just

edozein dela ere, eraginkorrenak Funtzio dezakezu uste izan

create whatever is the most efficient efficient function you can think of to

gordetzeko eta balio horiek egiaztatu ahal.

be able to store and check these values

>> Guztiz duzu mutil eman Hala ere egin nahi duzu,

totally up to you guys however you want

baina hori puntu bat oso ona da.

to do it but that's a really good point

Hori logika mota duzu pentsatzen hasi nahi

that that's the kind of logic you want

da, bai, zergatik ez kuboak gehiago egin nuen.

to start thinking about is well why

Eta gero, bilatu behar dut Gauza gutxiago, eta, ondoren, agian I

don't I make more buckets and then I have to search less things and then

ezberdinak hash funtzio bat izan.

maybe I have a different hash function

>> Bai, ez dago hau egiteko modu asko dago pset, batzuk besteak baino azkarrago.

yeah there's a lot of ways to do this pset some were faster than others I'm

Naiz erabat besterik ikusi nola joan azkarrena you guys zen azkarra izango

totally going to just see how fast was

izan zure funtzio lortzeko lan egiteko gai.

the fastest you guys will be able to get your functions to work yeah okay

Ados, guztiontzat ona kateatzea eta hash taulak?

everyone good on chaining and hash

Egia esan, oso sinple bat bezala Kontzeptu horri buruz uste duzu bada.

tables it's actually like a very simple concept if you think about it all it is

Guztiak den da banantzen edozein dela Zure sarrera kuboak sartu dira,

is separating whatever your inputs are into buckets sorting them and then

horiek ordenatzeko, eta orduan bilatzen Hori ez da lotutako zerrendak. >> Cool. Ondo da, orain, beste mota bat behar dugu Datuen egitura zuhaitz bat deitzen.

searching the lists that they're associated with cool all right now we have a different sort of data structure that's called a trie we'll go on and

Goazen, eta saiatzen buruz hitz egin Zein dira desberdinak,

talk about tries which are distinctly

baina kategoria berean.

different but in the same category

Funtsean, zuhaitz bat guztien ordez datu antolatzeko modu lineal batean

essentially all the tree is is instead of order or order organizing data in the linear way that a hash table

hash taula bat dagoela honek, zuk ezagutzen, baina da goiko eta beheko bat

does you know it's got you know a top

eta gero, mota horretako lotzen it bat off zuhaitz erro deitu gora ditu,

and a bottom and then you kind of link off of it a tree has a top which you

eta, ondoren, guztiak bere inguruan hosto ditu.

call the root and then it has Leafs all

>> Eta orain guztia hemen duzu besterik goiko nodoa

around it and so all you have here is

puntu beste nodoak, puntu hori nodo gehiago izateko, eta abar eta abar.

just the top node that points to other nodes that points to more nodes and so

Eta, beraz, besterik ez duzu splitting adarretan.

on and so forth and so you kind of just

Ezberdinak antolatzeko modu bat besterik ez da datuak, eta zuhaitz baten deitzen duguna delako,

have splitting branches it's just the different way of organizing data and the way that because we call it a tree you

just you guys besterik ez da modelatu egindako zuhaitz baten itxura.

guys can just it's just modeled out to

Hori dela eta, zuhaitzak deitu dugun.

look like a tree that's why we call it

>> Hash taula mahai baten itxura du.

Ruiz hash table looks like a table a

Zuhaitz bat besterik zuhaitz baten itxura.

tree just looks like a tree oh it is a

Guztiak den da bereizi bat nodes antolatzeko modu

separate way of organizing nose

zein den zure beharrak kontuan hartuta. >> Beraz, erro bat duzu, eta ondoren, hostoak duzu.

depending on what your needs are so you have a rut and then you have leaves the

Bide batez, bereziki, ahal dugun Uste buruz zuhaitz bitar bat da,

way that we can particularly think about

Zuhaitz bitar bat besterik ez da Zuhaitz baten mota jakin

it is a binary tree a binary tree is just a specific type of a tree that

Nodo bakoitzak puntu bakarra ra, gehienez ere, beste bi nodo.

where each node only points to at max

Eta beraz, hemen desberdin izan duzu Zure zuhaitz batean simetria

two other nodes and so here you have distinct symmetry in your tree that

horri esker, errazagoa da, mota horretako begiratu da zer baloratzen at dira, ondoren duzulako

makes it easier to kind of look at what

dute beti ezkerreko edo eskuineko bat.

values you are because then you have

Ez da inoiz ezkerretik hirugarren bat bezala ezkerrera edo ezkerretik hasita laugarren bat.

always a left or right there's never like a left third from the left or four

Besterik ezkerreko eta eskuineko bat duzu eta bi horiek bai, bilatu dezakezu.

from the left it's just you have a left and a right and you can search either of

Eta beraz, zergatik da erabilgarria?

those two and so why is this useful the

Bide batez, hori da, erabilgarria da bilatzen ari zaren bada

way that this is useful is if you're

balioen bidez bilatu, ezta?

looking to search through values right

Baizik binary gauzatzeko baino bilatu error array batean,

rather than implementing binary search

nodes txertatu ahal izatea nahi izanez gero eta kentzen nodes borondatea eta, era berean,

in an array if you wanted to be able to insert nodes and take away nodes at will

Bilaketa zaintzeko bilaketa bitarra arteko ahalmena.

and also preserve the search capacities

Beraz, modu honetan, ez gara motatako tricking-- gogoratzen dugunean

of binary search so in this way we're

esan lotuta zerrendak ezin bilaketa bitarra?

kind of tricking remember when we said linked lists can't binary search we're

Oraindik datu-egitura bat motatako sortzeko dugu trikimailuak hori sartu lanean.

kind of creating a data structure that tricks that into working and so because

>> Eta beraz, lotuta baitago zerrendak lineala, bakarrik bata bestearen atzetik lotzen dute.

linked lists are linear they only link

Mota ahal izan dugu erakusleak moduko ezberdinak

one after the other we can kind of have

nodo ezberdinak puntu horretan duten lagun diezaguke bilaketa batera.

different sort of pointers that point to different nodes that can help us of

Eta beraz, hemen, nahi izanez gero binary bilaketa zuhaitz bat dute,

search and so here if I wanted to have a

Badakit 55 bada nire erdiko dagoela.

binary search tree I know that my middle

Besterik ez naiz hori sortzen joan nire erdiko gisa, nire root bezala,

is 55 I'm just to create that as my middle as my root and then I'm going to

eta ondoren, naiz izan joan balioak hortik spin off.

have values spin off of it so here if

>> Hortaz, hona hemen, naiz bilatu asmoa izanez gero 66 balioa, 55 etan ezin dut hasteko.

I'm going to search for the value of 66 I can start at 55 is 66 greater than 55

Da 55 baino 66 handiagoa? Bai, hain Mus bilatu dut ezagutzen dut i n Zuhaitz hau erakuslea eskubidea.

as it is so I know I must search in the right pointer of this tree I go to 77

Go 77ra dut. Ados, 66 baino gutxiago edo 77 baino handiagoa?

okay it's 66 less than or greater than

It baino gutxiago, beraz, badakizu, oi, duela ezker nodo izan nahi du.

77 it's less than so you know oh that

>> Eta beraz, hemen zu mota kontserbatzeko dugu Array buruz gauza handia guztia,

has to be the left node and so here we're kind of preserving all the great

beraz, tamaina aldaketa dinamikoak bezala objektuen, baloia

things better raise so like dynamic resizing of

txertatzeko eta borondate ezaba ditzake, finkatuta kezkatu beharrik gabe

objects being able to insert an X and insert and delete at will having to

espazioaren zenbatekoa.

worry about the fixed amount of space we

Oraindik guztia gorde dugu Gauza horiek zoragarriak

still preserve all of those wonderful

halaber zaintzeko gai izan bitartean saioa eta bilatu bilaketa bitarra ordua

things we'll also be able to preserve the log and search time of binary search

bakarrik izan ginen aurrez Esaldi bat lortzeko gai. >> Cool datu-egitura, mota , ezartzea konplexua den nodoaren.

that we were only previously able to get a phrase cool data structure kind of kind of complex to implement the node as

Ikusten duzun bezala, dena nodoaren struct da

you can see all it is the struct of the

da ezker baduzula eta eskuineko erakuslea.

node is that you have a left in a right

Hori guztia da.

pointer that's all it is so rather than

Beraz, baizik eta, besterik gabe, baino x batekin edo aurreko bat izatea.

just having an X or a previous you have

Ezker edo eskuineko bat, eta gero egin behar duzu mota dezakezu, lotu itzazu elkarrekin

a left or right and then you can kind of

Hala eta guztiz ere, orain aukeratu duzu.

link them together however you so choose

>> Ados, benetan ari gara joan besterik minutu batzuk hartu.

okay we're actually going to just take a

Beraz, hemen itzuli egingo da.

few minutes so we're to go back here as

Aurretik esan dudan bezala, Motatako azaldu nuen

I said previously I kind of explained

Nola egiten dugu atzean logika honen bitartez bilatu litzateke.

the logic behind how we would search

Saiatu goaz out hau pseudocoding ikusi mota ezin dugu bada aplikatzen du bilaketa bitarra logika horren

through this we're going to try to decoding this out to see if we can kind of apply the same logic of binary search

Datuen egitura mota desberdin bat da.

to a different type of data structure if

Zuk mutil pare bat bezala hartu nahi baduzu minutu besterik hau pentsatzen.

you guys want to take like a couple minutes to just think about this

Ondo da, ez dut joan benetan besterik eman ez the-- duzu,

all right this next I'm going to actually just give you the now we'll

pseudocode buruz hitz egingo dugu lehenengo.

talk about the student first so does

Beraz, ez du inor nahi labankada bat eman nahi zer

anyone want to give a stab at what the

egiten denean nahi duzun lehenengo gauza hasten zaren bilatzen da?

first thing you want to do when you're starting out searching is if we're

Guk nahi baduzu 66 balioa, zer da

looking for the value of 66 what's the

Lehenengo eta behin, bada egin nahi dugu bilatu zuhaitz bitar honetatik nahi dugu? >> Ikusleak: eskuinera begiratu nahi duzun eta begiratu ezker eta ikusi [INAUDIBLE]

first thing you want to do if you want to binary search this tree yeah exactly

kopuru handiagoa. >> ANDI Peng: Bai, hain zuzen. Beraz, behar duzu zure erro begiratu joan zaitezke.

so you're going to look at your your rut

Ez da modu dei dezakezu asko bertan, zure nodo nagusi jendeak esaten.

right your what do you there's lots of ways you can call your parent node

Erro esan nahi duelako gustatzen zait zuhaitzaren erroa bezalakoa da.

people say I like to say root because it's like the root of the tree you're

Begiratzen ari zara Zure root node, eta zauden

going to look at your root node you're

ikusi behar da 66 handiagoa edo baino 55 baino gutxiago.

gonna see is 66 greater than or less than 55 right and if it's greater than

Eta baino handiagoa da, bada, ondo, hau da baino handiagoa, nora begiratu nahi dugu?

well it is greater than where do we want

Orain, nora bilatu, eskubidea nahi dugu?

to look where do we want to search now

Bilaketa egin nahi dugu eskuineko zuhaitz horren erdia.

right when it starts the right half of

>> Beraz, ez dugu izan, modu eroso batean erakuslea duten eskubidea darama.

this tree so we have conveniently a pointer that points to the right and so

Eta, beraz, ondoren, ezarri ahal izango dugu gure erro berria 77 izango da.

then we can go to we can set our new root to be 77 right we can just go to

Bakarrik joan ahal lekuan erakuslea norabidean.

wherever the pointer is pointing well

Beno, ai, hemen hasten ari gara 77 etan, eta besterik ezin dugu

here we're starting at 77 and we can

Horretarako errekurtsiboki behin eta berriro.

just do this recursively again and again

Modu honetan, mota duzu izan funtzio bat.

right in this way you kind of have a

Duzun hori bilatzen modu bat duzu errepikatu ahal baino gehiago eta gehiagoko baino gehiago,

function you have a way of searching that you can just repeat over and over

non begiratu nahi duzun arabera Azkenean duzun balioa lortu arte

and over depending on where you want to do where you want to look until you

Bilatzen ari zaren hori.

eventually get to the value that you're searching for make sense I'm about to

Zentzurik? >> Erakutsiko benetako behar banintz kodea, eta kode asko da.

show you the actual code and it's a lot

Freak Ez da beharrezkoa.

of code no need to freak out we'll talk

Bidez hitz egingo dugu.

through it actually no that was just

>> Egia esan, ez.

pseudocode okay that was just the

Hori besterik pseudocode zen. Ados, hori besterik pseudocode zen, horrek apur bat konplexua da,

pseudocode which is a bit complex but

baina guztiz fina da.

it's totally fine everyone following

Guztiek batera jarraituz hemen? Erro null bada, itzulera faltsua bitarteko hori delako

along here if the root is null return false right because that means you don't

Are gehiago, ez duzu ezer ez. >> Erro n balioa, hala bada baldin bada Gertatzen bat bilatzen ari zaren izan nahi du,

even have anything there if root is the value so if it happens to be the one

orduan goazen egia itzuli badakizu delako aurkitu duzu.

you're looking at then you're going to return true because you know you found

Baina balioa da gutxiago bada n erro baino, zaren

but if the value is less than root of n

ezkerreko bilatu joan Seme-alaba edo ezkerreko hosto,

you're going to search the left child or

deitu nahi duzuna.

the left leaf whatever you want to call

Eta balio du erro baino handiagoa bada, eskuineko zuhaitz bilatu joan zaren,

it and if the value is greater than root

orduan besterik funtzioa exekutatu bilaketa bidez berriro. >> Eta erro null bada, hori dela esan nahi du iritsi amaieran?

you're going to search the right tree then just run the function through search again and if root is null that that means you've reached the end right

Horrek esan nahi al du hostoak gehiago bilatu,

that means you have no more leaves to

gero, badakizu, ai, I asmatzen ez da hemen ere

search then you know oh I guess it's not

bidez begiratu nuen nik ondoren delako gauza osoa eta ez da hemen,

any here because I've sort of looked through the whole thing it's not here

agian besterik ez izatea hemen.

just might not be here does that make

>> Ez duela zentzurik denek nahi?

sense everybody so it's like binary

Beraz, bilaketa bitarra kontserbatzeko bezala zerrendak lotutako gaitasunak. Cool, eta, beraz, bigarren mota Datuen egitura you guys

search preserving the capabilities linguists cool and so the second type of

Zure pset ezartzeko dastatu ahal izango, Metodo bat aukeratu besterik ez duzu.

data structure you guys can try implementing on your pset you only have to choose one method but perhaps a

Baina agian, metodo alternatibo bat Hash taula zer trie bat deitzen duguna.

alternative method to the hash table is what we call a try all a try is is a

>> Trie bat All da bat zuhaitz-mota berezi horretan

certain specific type of tree that has

beste balio joaten diren balioak ditu.

values that go to other values so

Beraz bitar bat izan beharrean Zentzu zuhaitz bat besterik ez

instead of having a binary tree in the

Gauza bi seinalatu, eduki ditzakezu askotan, gauza asko, gauza bat puntu.

sense that only one thing can point to two you can have one thing point to many

Funtsean, arrayak horietatik gordetzeko duzu barruan

many two things you essentially have a raise inside of which you store pointers

beste arrayak apuntatzen dituzten erakusleak.

that point to other arrays so the node

>> Beraz, nola dugu nodoa trie bat definitzen litzateke

of how we would define a try is we want

da bat izatea nahi dugu Boolean, c hitza, ezta?

to have a boolean is word right so the

Beraz nodoaren Boolean da egia edo gezurra bezala,

node is boolean like true or false first

lehenik eta behin buru da Array horretan, hau da, hitz bat?

of all at the head of that array is this

Bigarrenik, erakusle izan nahi al duzu edozein dela ere, gainontzekoek dira.

award secondly you want to have pointers to whatever the rest of them are bit

Pixka konplexua da, abstraktu samarra da, baina Azalduko dut zer esan nahi duen guztiak.

complex a bit abstract but I will explain what that all means

>> Hortaz, hona hemen, goiko aldean, baduzu array bat deklaratu dute dagoeneko,

so here right if you have at the top if you have an array declared already a

Nodo bat non boolear bat behar duzu aurrealdean gordetako balioa

node where you have a boolean value

Hori kontatzen hau da, hitz bat?

stored at the front that tells you is

Hau al da hitzik ez?

this a word is this not a word and then

Eta gero etorri behar duzu Zure array gainerako dagoela

you have the rest of your array that

benetan gordetzen guztiek du zer izan zitekeen posibilitatea.

actually stores all the possibilities

Beraz, adibidez, bezalako goialdean duzu

what it could be some example like at

esaten duen egia edo lehenengo gauza faltsua, bai edo ez, hau hitz bat da.

the top you have the first thing that says true or false yes or no this is a

>> Eta orduan duzu 0tik 26 bidez Letrak gorde ahal izango duzu.

word and then you have 0 through 2026 of the letters that you can store

Hemen bilatu nahi badut Bat, joan goian dut eta B. begiratu nuen B aurkitu dut nire array, eta beraz, badakit, OK, B hitz bat da?

if I wanted to search here for bat I go to the top and I look for B I find B in my array and so I know okay is this as B

B ez da hitz bat, beraz, beraz, Irizpide horiek mantendu behar dut.

a word B is not a word so thus I must keep searching

Go B dut, eta begiratu behar dut erakuslea B bidean puntu

I go from B and I look to the pointer

eta informazio-sorta bat ikusi nuen, egitura bera dela aurretik izan genuen.

that B points towards and I see another array of information the same structure

>> Eta hemen ai, hurrengoan [INAUDIBLE] letra A. da

that we had before and here oh the next letter in B at bat is a so we look in

Beraz, array hori ere aztertuko dugu. Zortzigarren balio aurkituko dugu, eta, ondoren, ikusi dugu, ai,

that array we find the 8th value and then we look to see oh hey is that a

beno, ez da hitz bat, hitz bat B-A da?

word is BA Award it is not a word you

Ez da hitz bat.

got to keep looking

Lortu dugu bila mantentzeko. >> Eta, beraz, ondoren, begiratu nora dugu puntu A erakuslea,

and so then we look to where the pointer

zioan beste modu bat da haren balio gehiago gordetzen ditugu.

of a points and it points to another array in which we have more value stored

Eta azkenean, iritsi garen B-A-T, bertan hitz bat da.

and eventually we get to be 80 which is

Eta, beraz, hurrengo aldian begiratuz, bazoazela

a word so the next time you look you're

ren, bai txeke hori izatea, funtzio boolear hori egia da.

going to have that check of yes this boolean function is true and so in the

Eta beraz zentzuan nolako gaude array zuhaitz bat izatea.

sense we're kind of having a tree with a

>> Beraz, ondoren, mota horretako bilatu dezakezu behera.

raise so then you can have essentially you can kind of search down rather than

Baizik funtzio bat osatzerakoan baino eta balioen zerrenda lotuta arabera esleitzea,

Fasching a function and assigning values

besterik dezakezu ezartzea a trie duten downwords bilatzen ditu.

by linked list you can just implement a try that searches downwards really

Benetan, oso konplikatua stuff.

really complicated stuff not easy to

Naiz bezalakoa delako pentsatu ez erraza Datu egiturak hainbeste tu egindako

think about because why I'm like

at, baina denek ez motatako honen logikak nola funtzionatzen duen ulertzeko? >> Ados, cool.

spitting so many data structures out at you but does everyone kind of understand how the logic of this works okay cool

Beraz, B-A-T, eta, ondoren, bilatu joan zaren.

yeah so be a tea and then you're going

Ari zaren hurrengo aldian ikusi, oh, beno, egia da,

to search the next time you're going to see oh hey it's true

beraz, ezagutzen dut hitz bat izan behar du.

thus I know this must be a word same

>> Zoologiko gauza bera.

thing for zoo so here's the thing right

Beraz, hemen gauza da oraintxe, badugu bilatu zoo, oraintxe nahi,

now if we wanted to search for zoo right

Une zoologiko ez da Gure hiztegian hitza

now currently zoo is not a word in our

, zeren Ikus dezakezuenez bezala, Hori boolear bat behar dugu lehen postua

dictionary because as you guys can see the first place that we have a boolean

zoom bukaeran itzuliko da egia.

return true is at the end of zoo right

Z-O-O-M daukagu. >> Eta beraz, hemen, ez dugu benetan dute hitza, zoologiko, gure hiztegian

we have zero om and so here we don't actually have the word zoo in our

Kontrol-lauki hau ez bada markatzen duelako.

dictionary because this check box is not

Beraz, ordenagailua ez du Badakizu zoologiko Hitza da

checked so the computer doesn't know that Zoo is a word because the way that

delako modu hori dugu gorde zuen, zoom bat bakarrik hemen

we've sorted only zoom here actually has

benetan balio boolear bat badu hori aktibatuta egia.

a boolean value that's been turned true

Beraz txertatu nahi badugu hitza, zoologiko, gure dictionary sartu,

so if we wanted to insert the word zoo into our dictionary how would we go

nola litzateke hori egiten al dugu?

about doing that

Zer ez ziurtatu egin behar dugu gure ordenagailua daki Z-O-O Hitza da

what do we have to do to make sure a computer knows that zero is a word and

eta ez lehen hitza Z-O-O-M da? >> Ikusleak: [INAUDIBLE]

not the first word is zero M exactly we

>> ANDI Peng: Zehazki, dugu Ziur hori egin nahi

want to make sure that this here that

Hemen, balio boolearrak dela hautatuta off egia dela. Z-O-O, ondoren, goazen dela egiaztatu egingo, beraz, badakigu zehazki, beno, zoologiko hitz bat da.

boolean value is checked off that it's true zero then we're going to check that so we know exactly hey zoo is a word I'm going to tell the

Kontatzeko noa ordenagailua hitz bat da, beraz,

computer that is award so that when the

denean ordenagailu egiaztapen hori, zoologiko duten hitza da daki.

computer checks and knows that Zoo is it

>> Delako gogoratzen datu horiek guztiak egiturak, guretzat oso erraza da

word because remember like all these data structures it's very easy for us to

, esan oi, bat hitz bat da.

say oh bats aboard zoos or what zooms a

Zoo hitz bat da. Zoom hitz bat da.

word but when you're building it the

Baina, noiz eraikitzen ari bazara, Ordenagailua ez daki.

computer has no idea and so you have to

>> Beraz, zehazki esan behar duzu zer puntutan dagoen honetan hitz bat?

tell exactly at what point is this a

Zer amaitzen ez da hitz bat?

at what point isn't not a word and at

Eta zer puntutan egin nuen gauzak bilatu behar,

what point do I need to search things at

eta zer puntutan egin hurrengo joan behar dut?

at what point do I need to go next

Guztiek horren argi? Cool. >> Eta, beraz, ondoren datorren arazoa nola genuke

everyone clear of that cool and so then

Zerbait txertatzeak buruz joan Hori da benetan ez dago?

comes the problem if how would we go about inserting something that's

Hargatik, besterik gabe esan txertatu nahi dugu hitza, bainu, gure trie sartu.

actually not there so let's just say we want to insert the word bath and to our

You guys Une bezala ikusi daitekeen bezala guztiak orain dugu B-A-T,

try as you guys can see like currently all we have now is BA T and this new

eta datu-egitura berri hau ez pinta bat izan dela

data structure there how to point to

null adierazi dugu suposatuko duelako , oh, ez dago B-A-T ondoren hitzik,

that point internal because we assume that Oh eat there's no words after that

zergatik mantendu behar dugu T. horren ondoren gauza izatea

why do we need to keep having things

>> Baina arazoa sortzen duzu egiten badugu horren ondoren dator hitz bat izan nahi

after that T but the problem arises if we do want to have a word that comes

after the T if we want to have bath

Bainu bat baduzu, Oraindik H eskuineko bat nahi du.

you're going to want an H right and so

Eta beraz, modu hori egin behar dugu, Aparteko nodo bat sortu behar dugu.

the way we're going to do that is we're going to create a separate node we're

Ez dugu edozein dela ere zenbatekoa allot array berri honen oroimenaren,

going to lot whatever amount of memory for this new array and we're going to

eta horretan ari gara erakusleak berriro ezar joan.

reassign pointers we're going to assign

>> Esleitu goaz H, ezer baino lehen, null honetan,

the H first of all this null we're going

to kentzeko goaz.

to get rid of we're going to have the H

Izan goaz H puntu behera. H bat ikusten badugu, nahi dugun nonbait joan.

point downwards if we see an H we want it to go to somewhere else and here we

>> Hemen ere, dugu, ondoren, egiaztatu off bai daiteke.

can then check off yes if we hit an H

H hit badiogu T ondoren, ai, orduan jakin dugu hori hitz bat da.

after the T oh then we know that this is

Boolean da egia itzuli.

the word the boolean is going to return true everyone clear on how that happened

Denek nola gertatu zen, argi eta garbi? ONDO DA. >> Beraz, funtsean, guztiek Datu-egitura horiek

okay so essentially all of these data

Gaur bertan izango dugu desagertu dut, Dut horien gainetik joan da benetan, oso azkar

structures that we've gone over today

eta ez da hainbeste urtean Zehatz-mehatz, eta hori ondo dago.

I've gone over them really really quickly and not in too much detail and

Aldatzeari hasten zarenean horrekin batera, izango izango duzu

that's okay once you start messing with

jarraipena non erakusleak guztiak dira,

it you'll be keeping track of where all

zer gertatzen den zure Datu-egitura, eta abar.

the pointers are what's going on in your data structures etc they'll be very

Oso erabilgarria izango dute, eta sortu nahi da

useful and it's up to you guys to

mutil erabat irudikatu nola Gauzak martxan nahi duzun. >> Eta beraz pset4, of 5-- ai, hori ez da zuzena.

totally figure out how you want implement things and so peace at four five oh that is wrong peace at five is

Pset5 Akatsik da.

misspellings as I said before you're

Lehen esan dudan bezala, joan zaren, behin Berriro, deskargatu kodea gugandik.

going to once again download source code

Badira hiru nagusia izango da Gauza deskargatzen ari zara.

from us there's going to be three main

Hiztegiak deskargatuko duzu, elebakarrak, eta testuak.

things you'll be downloading your download dictionaries keys and texts all

>> Gauza horiek guztiak dira edo hitzen hiztegiak

those things are are either dictionaries

den egiaztatu nahi dugun edo informazio proba

of words that we want you to check or texts of information that we want you to

check ortografia duzu nahi dugula. Eta orain hiztegiak du zoazen gehiago

spellcheck and so the dictionaries we

zuk nahi dugun benetako hitzak emateko nolabait gordetzeko modu bat da hori ere

give you are going to give you actual words that we want you to store somehow

array bat baino gehiago eraginkorra.

in a way that's more efficient than an

Eta gero, testuak dira zer ari gara izango da

array and then the texts are going to be

zuk galdetzen ortografia egiaztatu ziur hitz hauek guztiak ez dira benetako hitzak dira. >> Eta beraz, hiru bloke hori ematen dizugu programak

what we're asking you to spell check to make sure all of the words there are real our real worlds and so the three blocks

dictionary.c deitzen dira, dictionary.h, eta estrategia.

of programs that we'll give you our called Dictionary dot C dictionary and

Eta beraz dictionary.c guztia egiten ari da zer eskatuko zaizu ezartzea.

speller dot C and so all dictionary dot C does is what you're asked to implement

Hitz kargatzen da.

it loads words it spell checks them and

Egiaztapen ortografia horiek, eta ziur egiten du Dena behar bezala sartuta dagoela.

it makes sure that everything is

>> diction.h liburutegia fitxategi bat besterik ez da duten funtzio horiek guztiak adierazi du.

inserted properly dictionary dot H is just a library file that declares all

Eta estrategia, gaude emateko egingo.

those functions and speller dot C we're

Zuk ez duzu ezer aldatzeko.

going to give you you don't need to

Estrategia All du hartzen da, karga ezazu, abiadura egiaztatzen,

modify any of it Auto speller dot C does is take that loads it checks the speed of it test the

nola bezalako erreferentzia probak Azkar gauzak egiteko gai bazara.

benchmark of like how quickly you're able to do things and so speller just

>> Speller bat da. Just ez nahastea da, baina egin Ziur zer egiten ari da ulertu behar dituzu.

don't mess with it but make sure you understand what it's doing we use a

Izeneko funtzio getrusage erabiltzen ditugu Zure sorginkeria errendimendua probak

function called get our usage that tests

the performance of your spell checker

Guztiak egiten ari da, batez ere probatu du Hiztegi guztia ordua,

all does is basically test the time of everything in your dictionary so make

beraz, ziurtatu ulertzen.

sure you understand it be careful to not

Kontuz ibili nahaspila ez berarekin edo beste gauza ez da ondo exekutatu.

mess with it or else things will not run

properly and the bulk of this challenge

>> Eta erronka horri ontziratu da you guys benetan dictionary.c aldatzeko.

is for you guys to really modify dictionary dot C we're going to give you

Ematen goaz 140.000 hitz hiztegi batean.

140 thousand words in a dictionary right

Duzun testu bat eman goaz fitxategi hori hitz horiek ditu,

we're going to give you a text file that

eta antolatzeko gai izan nahi dugu hash taula bat edo trie bat sartu horiek

has those words and we want you to be able to organize them into a hash table

duzunean ortografia eskatu dugulako imajinatu check Oraindik sorginkeria bada

or a try because when we ask you to spellcheck imagine if your spell of checking like

Homeroren Odisea bezala egiaztatuz.

Homer's Odyssey it's like this huge huge

Da, test handi handi hau bezalakoa da. >> Single guztietan bada Imajinatu begiratu izan duzun hitza

text imagine if every single word you

140.000 balioen sorta baten bidez.

had to look through an array of 140

Betiko hartuko luke zure makina exekutatu.

thousand values that would take forever for your machine to run that is why we

Horregatik, gure antolatu nahi dugu Datu-egitura eraginkorragoa datuak

want to organize our data into more efficient data structures such as a data

hala nola hash taula bat edo trie bat bezala.

such as a hash table or a try and then

Eta gero uzten dizuegu mota Sarbide bilatu zuetako

you guys can kind of when you search

Gauzak errazago eta azkarrago.

access things more easily and more

>> Eta beraz, kontuz ibili talkak konpontzeko.

quickly and so be careful to resolve

Mordo bat eskuratu behar duzu A. batekin hasten hitzetan

collisions you're going to get a bunch of words of a that's sort of a you're

Tropela hitz bat lortzeko ari zara Hori B. batekin hasi Up duzu

going to get a bunch of words that sort

nola nahi duzun mutil hura konpontzeko.

of be up to you guys how you want to

Agian ez da gehiago hash funtzioa eraginkorra

resolve it perhaps you there's more

besterik lehenengo letra baino zerbait, eta, beraz, hori eman nahi

efficient hash functions than just the first letter of something and so that's

mota egin guys nahi duzuna.

up to you guys to kind of do whatever

>> Agian gehitu nahi duzun Hizki guztiak elkarrekin.

you want maybe you want to add all the

Agian atsegin gauza bitxi egin nahi duzu letren kopurua kontuan,

letters together maybe you want to like do you we're things to account the

edozein dela ere.

number of letters whatever up to you

Nola egin nahi duzu guys sortu nahi duzun.

guys how you want to do that if you want

Hash taula bat egin, nahi izanez gero, nahi baduzu trie bat saiatzeko, erabat sortu nahi.

to do a hash table if you want to try a try totally up to you I will warn you

Ohartu egingo dizut aurretik denbora hori du trie da normalean apur bat zailagoa

ahead of time that the try is typically

Han asko da, besterik ez delako erakusleak gehiago segimendua egiteko.

a bit more difficult just because there's a lot more pointers to keep

Baina erabat mutil eman.

track of but totally up to you guys it's

Da askoz eraginkorragoak instantzia gehienetan.

far more efficient in most instances you want to

Benetan izan eusteko gai nahi duzu Zure erakusleak guztien jarraipena.

really be able to keep track of all your

Like gauza bera egin Hemen egiten zidaten.

pointers like do the same thing that I

Sartu saiatzen ari denean hash taula batean balio edo ezabatu

was doing here when you're trying to insert values into a hash table or

ziurtatu zarela Pista benetan mantenduz

delete make sure that you're really

non dena delako da benetan ari naiz, bada, erraza izango da

keeping track of where everything is because it's really easy for if I'm

hitza, Andy bezalako txertatu nahian.

trying to insert like the word Andy

Dezagun esan hori bat benetako hitza, hitza, Andy,

let's just say that's real word the word

Hitzak A zerrenda erraldoi batean.

Andy into like a giant list of a words

>> Gertatuko dut besterik bada berriro ezar erakuslea oker bat, trabatzen,

if I just happen to reassign a point

ez osorik doa nire zerrenda lotutako gainerako.

you're wrong oops there goes the entirety rest of my linked list now the

Orain hitz bakarra dut izan andy da, eta, orain,

only word I have is Andy and now all the

beste hitz guztia hiztegi galdu egin dira.

other words in dictionary have been lost

Eta beraz, ziurtatu egin nahi duzu Zure erakusleak guztien segimendua

and so you want to make sure you keep

edo, bestela, lortu duzu Zure kodea arazoak handi.

track of all of your pointers or also you get huge problems in your code draw

Marraztu gauzak arretaz pausoz pauso.

things out carefully step by step it

Errazagoa asko pentsatu egiten du.

makes it a lot easier to think of and

>> Eta, azkenik, gai izan nahi duzun Zure programaren performance probatzeko

lastly you want to be able to test your

performance of your program on the big

You guys hartu bada CS50 begiratzen oraintxe,

board if you guys take a look at cs50

zer ari handi taula deitzen dugun.

right now we have what's called the big

Puntuazio azkarrena maindirea da ortografia egiaztatzen aldiz CS50 guztietan

board it is the score sheet of the fastest spell-checking times across all

oraintxe, 10 bezalako goian uste dut aldiz, uste dut horietako zortzi langile daude.

of cs50 right now I think the top like ten times out of like the top ten I think eight of them our staff would

Benetan duzu guys gurekin beat nahi dugu.

really want you guys to beat us right

>> Guztiok ezartzea ziren, dudarik gabe Kodea azkarrena ahalik.

all of us we're trying to implement the fastest code as possible we want you

Zuk mutil erronka saiatu nahi dugu gu eta gu guztiok baino azkarrago ezartzeko

guys to try to challenge us and implement faster than all of us can and

ahal. Eta, beraz, hau da benetan Oraindik dugun lehen aldia

so this is the really the first time

you guys eskatuz pset bat egin nahi duten benetan ahal izango duzuna metodoa egin

that we're asking you guys to do a piece it that you can really do in whatever

method you want right all we always say

>> Nik beti esaten dut, hau da, gehiago Akin benetako bizitza irtenbide bat da, ezta?

this is more akin to like a real real-life solution right I say hey I

Lehen esan dizudan beno, hori egiteko behar dut.

need you to do this build a program that

Eraiki egiten duen hori niretzat programa bat.

does this for me do it however you want

Egizu Hala ere nahi duzun. Ezagutzen dut azkar nahi dut.

I just know that I want it fast that's

Hori da zure erronka aste honetan.

your challenge for this week you guys

Zaudete, goazen egiteko batean emateko.

we're going to give you a task or to

Erronka bat ematen ari gara.

give you a challenge and you guys want

Eta gero, you guys da besterik erabat irudikatu

it's up to you as to compute you just

Zer da azkarrena eta gehien hau ezartzeko modu eraginkorra.

figure out what's the quickest and most

efficient way to implement this yeah if

>> Ikusleak: dugu onartzen dira nahi izanez gero modu azkarrago ikertu nahi izan

we wanted to like research like faster

hash taulak egin online, egin dezakegu hori eta aipatu norbaiten kodea?

ways to do do that site tomorrow Cisco yeah totally

ANDI Peng: Bai, guztiz fina.

fine so if you guys read the spec

Beraz, you guys irakurri du zehaztapenak, lerro bat

there's a line in the spec that says you

zehaztapenak you guys dela dio dira guztiz doan hash ikertzeko

guys are totally free to research hash

zer dira zenbait funtzio hash funtzio azkarrago

functions on what are some of the

bezala bidez gauzak exekutatu luze kodea duten aipatu duzun bezala.

quicker hash functions to run things through as long as you cite that code um

Beraz, pertsona batzuk jada hurrena modu azkarra

so some people have already figured out

sorginkeria zuzentzaileak egiten, azkar Informazio gordetzeko modu.

fast ways of doing spell checkers have fast means of storing information

Guztiz duzu mutil bat ireki nahi izanez gero besterik hartu duten nahi, ezta?

totally up to you guys if you want to

Ziurtatu aipatuta zaren.

just take that right make sure you're

Erronka hemen benetan Hori probatzeko saiatzen ari gara

citing the challenge here really that

da ziur badakiela egiteko Zure bide erakusleak inguruan.

we're trying to test is making sure that you know like your way around pointers

Orain arte bezala, zuk ezartzea benetako hash funtzioa

as far as like you implementing the

eta datozen bezalako math hori egin ahal izateko,

actual hash function and coming up with like the math to do that

you guys ikertu ahal whatever metodo online duzu guys nahi.

you guys can research whatever methods

Bai? >> IKUSLEEN: besterik ez dugu aipatuko [INAUDIBLE] erabiliz?

online you guys won yeah yeah you can

>> ANDI Peng: Bai. Besterik dezakezu, zure iruzkina, bezala, oh aipatu ahal izango dituzu,

just in your comment you can just cite

Yada tomado, Yada, Yada, hash funtzioa.

like oh taken from yada yada yada hash function yeah anyone have any questions

Edonork edozein galdera?

we actually breezed through section

Benetan breezed dugu atal bidez gaur.

today I will be up here to answer your

Eman hemen izango dut galderei erantzungo baita. >> Era berean, esan dudan bezala, bulego orduz gauean eta bihar.

questions as well also as I said office hours tonight and tomorrow the spec this

Zehaztapenak aste honetan benetan super erraza eta super laburrak irakurtzeko.

week is actually like super easy and

Begirada bat hartu nuke, besterik ez da oso-osorik irakurri.

super short to read like I would suggest taking a look just read through the

>> Eta Zamyla benetan ibiltzen funtzio bakoitzaren bidez

entirety of it and samaya actually walks you through each of the functions you

ezartzea behar duzu, eta beraz, oso, oso argi dena nola egin.

need to implement and so it's very very clear how to do everything just make

Just ziur zaudenean egiteko erakusleak jarraipena.

sure you're keeping track of pointers

Hau oso erronka pset bat da.

this is a very challenging pset

>> Ez da delako erronka bezala, Oh, kontzeptuak hain dira askoz gehiago

it's not challenging because like oh the

zaila, edo ikasi behar duzun Hainbeste berria sintaxia modu

concepts are so much more difficult or

azken pset egin duzula.

you have to learn so much new syntax the way that you different the last pset

Pset hau zaila delako daude erakusleak hainbeste,

this pset is difficult because there's

eta, ondoren, oso, oso erraza da behin zure kodea akats bat dute gai ez izatea

so many pointers and that it's very very easy to once you have a bug in your code

non akatsa da aurkitu.

not be able to find where that bug is

>> Eta beraz, oso eta zuk fedea utter Mutil gure [INAUDIBLE] gainditzeko gai izango den

and so complete and utter faith and you guys to be able to beat our Smith

Spelling's I actually have any written

Egia esan, ez daukat inolako idatzitako mine oraindik, baina nirea idatzi behar banintz.

mine yet but I'm about to write mine so

Beraz, idazten ari zaren bitartean handiz, idaztea dut nirea.

while you're writing yours I'll be

Saiatuko noa Nirea zurea baino azkarrago.

writing mine I'm going to try to make mine faster than yours we'll see who has

Ikusiko dugu nor azkarrena ditu.

the fastest one and yeah I will see all

>> Eta bai, guztiak ikusteko aukera izango dut Hemen asteartean mutil duzu.

of you guys here on Tuesday we'll run a

Pset tailer bat bezala mota bat egingo dut.

kind of like a pset workshop all of the

Atal guztiak hau Aste pset tailerrak dira,

sections this week our pset workshops so

beraz, aukera asko duzu guys laguntza, bulego orduetan, beti bezala, eta benetan begiratu dut aurrera Zure mutil 'kode guztia irakurtzen. Galdetegiak daukat up gero hemen Mutil lortu dutenentzat etorri nahi.

you guys have lots of opportunities for help office hours as always and I really look forward to reading all of you guys this code yeah I have quizzes up here if

you guys want to come get those as well

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