From C to Python by Ross Rheingans-Yoo CS50 English Basque

From C to Python by Ross Rheingans-YooYouTube↗ IA↗(long shot)
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ROSS RHEINGANS-YOO: Hi, I'm Ross.

ROSS RHEINGANS-YOO: Kaixo, ni Ross.

And this is a CS50 seminar.

Eta hau CS50 mintegi bat da.

It will take you from programming in C to programming in Python.

Eramango zaitu programazio-tik Python programazio C.

>> Python is a scripting language.

>> Python scripting hizkuntza bat da.

It's largely like C in syntax, though some

Da, neurri handi batean C bezalako sintaxia, batzuk nahiz

of the technical details of how that syntax gets executed

xehetasun tekniko baten nola sintaxia lortzen fusilatu

are slightly different.

zertxobait ezberdinak dira.

It is less powerful than C in some ways.

Nolabait C baino indartsuagoa izango baita.

It is less expressive for where exactly in your computer

Da for adierazkorra gutxiago non zehazki zure ordenagailuan

memory gets laid out, how it gets laid out,

memoria ezarritako aterako, nola lortzen ezarritako hura,

when it gets freedom, and those sorts of things.

askatasuna lortzen denean, eta gauza hauek.

>> It's more useful than C in some ways, because it's easier to program in.

>> C baino gehiago erabilgarria nolabait da, errazagoa da ere programatu delako.

The language is, to some people, more intuitive.

Hizkuntza da, batzuk pertsona, intuitiboagoa.

And really, the goal is for it to be faster to program

Eta benetan, helburua da azkarragoa izan dadin programatu

and potentially slower to execute.

eta potentzialki mantsoagoa da exekutatu.

>> Now if you think about the amount of time

>> Orain pentsatzen baduzu zenbat denbora

you spent on your last problem set writing

Igaro duzu zure azken orrian Arazoa ezarri idatziz

your code against the amount of time you spend

Zure kodea aurka denbora duzun zenbatekoa

on your last problem set executing your code,

Zure azken arazoa ezarri zure exekutatzen kodea,

you'd imagine that the language which was twice as fast to write,

zinela imajinatu hizkuntza dela bertan bi aldiz azkarrago to idatzi zen,

and twice as slow to execute, might be an improvement over C in some ways.

eta, gauzatzeko bi aldiz motela liteke C baino gehiago hobetzea nolabait izan.

Certainly when you're trying to write small programs to do little things,

Zalantzarik idazten saiatzen ari zaren denean gauza gutxi egin programen txikiei,

Python is a useful language of choice.

Python aukeratu hizkuntza erabilgarria da.

>> And at the end of this seminar, I hope you'll

>> Eta honen amaieran Mintegi, espero dut dituzu

be able to make the choice in future projects

izan egiteko gai etorkizuneko proiektuetan aukeratu

about which language is correct to use, not the idea

Hauei buruzko hizkuntza da zuzena erabili, ez ideia

that one language is more correct all the time.

hizkuntza bat gehiago da denbora guztian zuzentzeko.

A few things about what the seminar is.

Mintegian zer den azaltzeko gauza batzuk.

This seminar is not intended to teach you Python from scratch.

Mintegi hau ez da xedea irakasteko Python hutsetik.

Python is very similar to C, and I'm assuming

Python oso antzekoa da C, eta naiz suposatuz

that you're a CS50 student, or someone with a similar familiarity with C.

zarela CS50 ikasle bat, edo norbaitek C. antzeko etxekotasuna batekin

>> If you're CS50 student around problem set 6,

>> Oraindik CS50 ikaslea bazara inguruan arazo multzo 6,

so you've see a lot of things in C, I'll give you

beraz, ikusi asko duzula C gauzak, emango dizut

the major differences, and some of the things

Ezberdintasun handiak, eta gauza batzuk

that make Python different and special and useful,

Hori egiteko Python ezberdinak eta bereziak eta erabilgarriak,

but I'm not going to go for what a programming language is

baina ez dut joan zer programazio lengoaia bat da

and how to write programs.

eta nola programak idazteko.

However, this seminar will teach you to write a Python programs

Hala eta guztiz ere, mintegi honetan izango irakasteko Python programak bat idatzi behar duzu

if you're one of those few groups.

Oraindik bada talde gutxi horietako bat da.

Again we'll look at how you would implement psets--

Berriz ere, nola bilatuko dugu psets-- ezartzea litzateke duzu

that should be 1-6 in Python-- and provide pointers

Hori 1-6 izan beharko luke ere Python-- eta ematen erakusleak

to official documentation for future reference.

erregistro ofizialen kontsultatu ahal izateko.

The other thing that's important about how this talk is assigned,

Hori da garrantzitsuena, beste gauza Hitzaldi honetan, nola esleitzen den moduari buruz,

this video will be online, courtesy of CS50,

Bideo honetan izango da online, CS50 adeitasuna,

so you shouldn't feel like you need to take notes.

beraz, ez behar duzu gogorik ohar hartu behar da.

You can always go back and look at it later as a reference.

Zuk beti atzera egin eta begiratu daiteke egiten geroago erreferentzia bezala.

Additionally the slides are available right now

Gainera diapositibak eskuragarri daude oraintxe

at this site, which should take you do a Google doc.

Gune honetan, eta horrek behar Googlek dok bat egiten duzula hartu.

It's a slightly abridged version of what I'm showing on the screen.

Zertxobait bertsio laburtu bat da pantailaren alde egiten dudana erakusten ari dira.

>> One careful caveat before we jump in, Python 3

>> One kontuz Oharra aurretik salto dugu, Python 3

is a different language from Python 2.

Python 2 beste hizkuntza bat da.

They look a lot the same; there are very slight technical differences

Asko begiratzen dute bera; daude Arazo teknikoak, oso arina

that will cause programs written in Python 2

duten programak eragingo du Python 2 idatzia

not to be able to be executed in the Python 3 environment.

ez ahal izatea exekutatu behar den Python 3 ingurunean.

>> The CS50 appliance comes with Python, by default it uses Python 2.

>> CS50 tresna dator Python, lehenetsita Python 2 erabiltzen du.

You can check this by typing in your command line

Hau egiaztatu ahal izango duzu arabera Idazteko zure komando lerroan

python --version, which should output 2.7.6 on the current appliance.

python --version, horrek behar irteeraren Gaur egungo tresnaren 2.7.6.

Try Python 3, which does work in the appliance,

Saiatu Python 3, horrek esan nahi du Appliance lan,

if Python defaults to 2.X.Y, either on the appliance or on your own machines.

bada Python 2.X.Y lehenetsiak, banatan aparatuaren edo zure makinak kabuz.

You should replace Python 3 anytime in this talk that I write Python.

Ordezkatu zenuke Python 3 anytime eztabaida hori ere Python idatzi dut.

If your machine is running 2 by default, type

Zure makina badago exekutatzen 2 lehenetsita, mota

Python 3 in order to be able to actually follow along and execute these things.

Python 3 ordena gai izan benetan batera jarraitu eta gauza horiek exekutatu.

>> Additionally, I'll point you at official resources now.

>> Gainera, seinalatu dut orain baliabideak ofizialean.

docs.python.org/3-- careful that that's a 3 and not a 2--

docs.python.org/3-- zaindua hori da 3 bat eta ez bat 2--

has useful references.

erreferentziak erabilgarria du.

Tutorial will take you through much of the same things

Tutoretza eramango zaitu bidez Gauza bera askoz

that I'm doing now, except in text form.

Hori orain egiten ari naiz, testu formulario izan ezik.

Reference is useful as a reference for the language,

Erreferentzia da gisa erabilgarria Hizkuntzaren erreferente,

and the Standard Library gives you some of the extensions

eta Standard Liburutegia ematen zenbait luzapen duzu

with additional functionality.

funtzionalitate batzuk batera.

>> So a very first Python program.

>> Beraz, lehenengo Python programa bat.

On the left we have standard C, on the right, we have Python.

Ezkerreko C estandarra dugu On, eskuinaldetik, Python ditugu.

You might have recognized this problem, it's

Zuk aitortu izana Arazo hau, da,

one of the first problem sets in CS50, and these

Lehenengo arazoa bat CS50 multzo, eta horien

solve it using the same solution.

Konponbidea bera erabiliz konpondu.

Now, the reason that we're looking at these side by side

Orain, arrazoi ari garela Bigarren mailako horien aldamenean begira

is so we can look at syntactic differences.

beraz, ez dugu begiratu dezake sintaktikoa ezberdintasunak.

One of the elephants in the room that you might have noticed right

Gelan elefante bat arrazoi duzu nabaritu izan liteke

off the bat, is that Python has no main function wrapping around the code.

bat itzali da, Python hori ez du kodea inguruan funtzio nagusia egokitzerik.

So in C, you write a bunch of files, you link them together,

Beraz, C, mordo bat idatzi duzu fitxategiak, haiekin lotzen elkarrekin,

and the program starts executing at this thing called int main.

eta programa exekutatzean hasten Gauza honetan izeneko int nagusia.

>> In Python, you write a file you, execute the file,

>> Python, idatzi duzun bat fitxategia duzu, fitxategia exekutatu,

the program starts executing at the top of the file.

Programa exekutatu hasten Fitxategiaren goialdean.

So it's going to start at the top of file

Beraz, martxan jarriko fitxategia goialdean

go down until it find something else.

joan behera, beste zerbait aurkitu arte.

If it finds a function definition, it won't actually execute that code,

Funtzioaren definizio bat aurkitzen badio, ezin izango da benetan kodea duten exekutatu,

it will simply define the function.

Besterik gabe, funtzioa definitzen da.

But here, when the first program is n equals 10,

Baina hemen, lehena programa da n berdinen 10,

the first thing that this program will do is take this value of 10

programa hori gauza lehen eginen da 10 balioa hau hartu

and set it into a variable called n.

eta ezarri n izeneko aldagai bat sartu.

>> Speaking of that line, one of other things-- sorry-- this

>> Lerro horretaz ari, bat beste hau barkatu gauza

means that C programs, you'll write them,

esan nahi C programak direla, horiek idazten dituzu,

you'll make them, which will invoke some clang commands,

horiek egin ahal izango duzu, egingo den Danbateko komando batzuk deitzen dioten,

and then you'll run a resulting executable.

eta, ondoren, a abiarazi duzu exekutagarria ondorioz.

Python programs, you run the text file-- this mario.py might

Python programak, exekutatu Testu mario.py honek fitxategi lukeen

be this file that I just showed you-- you'll run that file

Fitxategi hau dela erakutsi besterik ez dut izango Baduzu fitxategi hori abiarazi duzu

and you'll execute, and the contents of it

eta exekutatu ahal izango duzu, eta testua

will be executed by the Python interpreter.

exekutatuko dira Python interpreteak ez du.

You can do this in your IDE.

Hau egin ahal izango duzu zure IDE ere.

>> So if I have a Hello file, which simply has this contents.

>> Beraz Kaixo fitxategi bat badut, hori besterik edukiak hau.

This is actually Python 2, not Python 3, so don't

Hau da, benetan Python 2, ez Python 3, beraz, ez

worry about the syntax for now.

sintaxia kezkatu oraingoz.

But I'll run Python, on hello.py, and it runs.

Baina exekutatu dut Python, on hello.py, eta hark kudeatzen.

>> Another way that I can use Python that I won't deal with so much in this talk,

>> Hori Python erabili ahal izango dut beste modu bat Ez dizut hainbeste aurre eztabaida honetan,

is if I just type Python, it drops me into an environment where

da I Python idatzi besterik ez bada, bertan tanta me ingurune bat non sartu

I can feed it Python line by line.

Egiten dut Python linea elikatzen lerro.

So here, if I type in print space 'hello, world'.

Hortaz, hona hemen, ere badut idatzi inprimatu espazioa 'kaixo, mundua'.

It will spit me that back the results that individual line immediately.

Txu egingo da niretzat emaitzen atzera banakako lerroan berehala.

>> This is might be useful.

>> Hau oso erabilgarria izan daiteke.

In this talk I'll do things on slides.

Hitzaldi honetan diapositibak gauza egin dut.

And so you'll be able to follow along either in here, or by writing

Eta horrela jarraitu behar ahal izango duzu bietan zehar hemen ere, edota arabera

actual files and then executing them.

benetako fitxategiak, eta gero horiek exekutatzean.

>> But, going back to this code, another thing

>> Baina, atzera joan den hau kodea, beste gauza bat

that you might have noticed-- well, there's

duzula izan noticed-- bai, ez da

two things that you might notice about these blocks.

Bi gauza duzula agian bloke horiei buruz nabarituko.

The first, rather more mundane, is that the Python has no trailing semicolon.

Lehena, baizik eta eguneroko gehiago, hori da Python no amaierako semicolon du.

>> Semicolons are optional everywhere and harmless everywhere.

>> Puntuz aukerakoa dira nonahi eta sarraskirik nonahi.

You can add them.

Gehi ditzakezu.

It might make people who write Python for a living snicker at you

Baliteke idatzi duten pertsonek egin da Bizi snicker bat baduzu, for Python

behind your back, because they're not necessary.

zure atzetik, zeren Oraindik ez beharrezkoa dute.

They're often a sign of being held over from C. The designers of the language

Oraindik ere, askotan ari ospatu baino seinale bat C. lengoaia diseinatzaileek

feel that it is more clear this way and that it's not necessary to declare

Sentitzen argiagoa dela modu honetan eta deklaratzen du ez dela beharrezkoa den

every time you end a line.

lerro bat amaitzen den bakoitzean.

>> Another strange thing about this n is it doesn't have a type attached.

>> About n honetan gauza arraro Another da, ez du erantsitako mota bat dute.

One of the magic pieces of Python-- and I'm going to call it magic,

Python-- piezak magia bat eta ez dut magia deitu noa,

but there are very technical reasons why it

baina ez dira oso Arrazoi teknikoak zergatik

works-- one of the magic pieces of Python

works-- bat Python piezak magia

is that variables can expand or shrink to contain whatever data

aldagai hori zabaltzeko edo dezake txikitu edozein dela ere datuak eduki

types you would want them to.

mota dituzu horiek nahi luke.

>> So this is a 10.

>> Beraz, hau da, 10 bat.

If later down I assigned to this n 0.5, it would take that 0.5.

Geroago behera bada esleitutako honetarako I n 0.5, 0.5 hori hartuko luke.

No matter that it's an int here and float there, anything that uses this n

Ez dio axola int bat hemen dela eta flotatzen han, N honetan egunero erabiltzen ezer

will, more or less, be able to chug along if it gets either of those.

izango, gehiago edo gutxiago, izan nahi chug gai horiek bai lortzen bada ere.

Unless there's some very real reason why it can't use the data

Ez batzuek oso erreala izan ezean Arrazoia zergatik ezin datuak erabili

type that n currently has, at which point it'll get

idatzitako n ditu gaur egun, eta amaitzen da lortuko da

wedged and throw an error, and those sorts of things.

hertsatuago eta errore bat bota, eta gauza mota horiek.

>> But here, Python doesn't really care what

>> Baina hemen, Python ez du benetan axola zer

it is that I'm going to stick in this sentence, like, you want this thing?

naiz duten I honetan itsasten joan da sententzia, bezala, hori nahi al duzu?

This thing in that?

Horretan kontu hau?

Yeah, it's kind of a thing.

Bai, gauza baten antzeko zerbait da.

I'll stick it in the end.

Makila dut, azken batean.

It'll be a problem later on, if somebody who wants to use that end

Arazo bat izango da geroago, bada Norbait end hori erabili nahi duenak

can't handle it.

Ezin kudeatuko ditu.

This is one of the major differences between Python and C

Hau da nagusietako bat Python eta C arteko desberdintasunak

that makes it easy to write very large C programs

horri esker, erraza da C programak oso handiak idatzi

and makes it easier to write very small Python program.

Eta egiten errazago idazten da Python Oso txikiak programa.

>> The for syntax is not very different in what it does.

>> The sintaxia ez da oso zer egiten duen ere desberdinak.

It's slightly different in how it's expressed.

Apur bat desberdina da nola ere nik adierazi.

So this is a very, what is called Pythonic, way of writing it.

Beraz, hau da, oso bat, zer deritzo Pythonic, idazteko modu.

for row in range(n), this is the range of numbers from 0 to n,

sorta (n) ilara for, hau da zenbakiak sorta 0tik n,

inclusive on the bottom and exclusive on the top.

behean, biak barne Eta tontorrean esklusiboa.

So it's from 0 to n-1, which is exactly what the C code is doing,

Beraz, 0-tik n-1, hau da, ez da mehatz zer C Kodea egiten da,

except it's a lot easier to look at perhaps.

ezik da asko errazago to agian begiratu.

>> The relevant block is not set off by braces,

>> Blokea garrantzitsua da Ez ezarri off giltza arabera,

instead it's set off by this indentation.

ordez ezarri off koskatzea honen arabera.

So all of these lines are four spaces over to the right,

Beraz, lerro hauek guztiak daude eskubidea baino gehiago, lau espazio,

or like about an elephant width.

edo elefante zabalera bati buruz bezala.

And those are the ones which are going to be executed in this for.

Eta horiek zeintzuk diren joan den honetan fusilatu behar da.

If I mess up the indentation on this and I

Bada dut mezurik sortu du koskatzea hau eta I

push that print back to the original indentation,

bultza inprimatu hori itzuli Jatorrizko koska,

that print will leave the for loop.

inprimatu hori utziko du begizta.

In contrast to C, where here I actually need to move that closed brace around.

C ez bezala, non hemen I actually Inguruan giltza itxia dela mugitu behar.

>> This means that you don't get errors that jump out at you because you

>> Horrek esan nahi du ez duzula akatsak lortu salto zaitu duzulako

put a brace in wrong place.

giltza bat jarri okerreko lekuan.

It does mean that you get errors that jump out at you because you

Esan nahi du akatsak lortu duzula salto zaitu duzulako

indented a line wrong.

lerro oker bat koska.

So it makes indentations super careful.

Beraz, egiten indentations super ibili.

Hopefully you were being super careful with your indentation anyway,

Zorionez super izateaz zinen koskatzea Argi ibili, hala ere,

and so this isn't that much more of a burden.

eta, beraz, hau ez dela askoz zama bat gehiago.

>> But a basic rule for Python, and we'll have a couple of these

>> Baina Python oinarrizko arau bat, eta horiek pare bat izan dugu

that we'll go through through the course of the talk,

garela joango bitartez eztabaida horretan zehar,

is try natural syntax before looking anything up.

sintaxia natural saiatu da ezer bila eman aurretik.

So this syntax, for this number in range,

Beraz, sintaxia hau, alde sorta ere, kopuru hau:

is very distinctive in terms of style.

estilo aldetik oso bereizgarria da.

Lots of things in Python we'll see taking this form.

Python ere gauza asko Ikusiko formulario hau hartzen dugu.

>> And so if you come up with a new object that you

>> Eta hala bada zatoz duten objektu berri batekin

think you should be able to iterate over this, in this format,

pentsatzeko gai izan behar duzu honetan zehar batetik bestera, formatu hau ere,

turns out it probably supports that format.

ziurrenik bihurtzen da formatu hori onartzen.

We're not going to go super deep in the technical reasons why that's true.

Ez gara super sakona joan joan Arrazoi teknikoak zergatik, hori egia da.

>> But it's a useful intuition to have when you're approaching Python programs,

>> Baina intuizioa erabilgarria izan da denean Python programak hurbiltzen zaren,

that this thing is just going to work.

duten gauza hori besterik ez da lanera joan.

Boot up the Command Line Interpreter, see if it works,

Abiarazi komando Interpretea, ikusi lan egiten bada,

move on with things, before you even need to open up Google and say,

aurrera egiteko gauza batera, aurretik nahiz ireki Google, eta esan behar,

what's the syntax for this particular thing?

Zer da sintaxia partikular hori?

Lots of Python you could discover just by trying.

Python asko egin dezakezu ezagutzeko besterik saiatuz.

>> This if is even more similar to C then the fors are.

>> Hau da, nahiz more similar C gero fors daude.

Note that there's no parentheses.

Kontuan izan ez dagoela da parentesi ez.

The parentheses are, again, harmless but unnecessary.

Parentesi dira, berriro, Kalterik baina alferrikako.

There is a colon at the end just like the for loops,

Ez dago bukaeran puntuz da begiztak for bezala,

and again, the relative blocks are indented rather than set off by braces.

eta berriro, bloke erlatiboa dira koska erabili beharrean abiatu giltza arabera.

This else is at the original level of indentation,

Beste hau jatorrizkoa dago koskatze-maila,

and its relevant block indented again.

eta bere blokea garrantzitsuak berriro koska.

Those work exactly as they do in C.

Lan horiek egiten dute C. bezalaxe

>> This is actually very much the same.

>> Hau da, benetan, oso gauza bera.

Again, print loses one character off of printf You pass some strings.

Berriz, inprimatu karaktere bat galtzen du printf off kateak batzuk pasatzeko duzu.

It turns out strings can either be marked off

Kateak Bihurtzen da bai isola dezake

by single quotes or double quotes.

Komatxo edo komatxo arabera.

There's no difference, except that inside

Ez da, aldea ez, Barruan izan ezik

of single quotes you can use double quotes with abandon,

Komatxo erabili ahal izango duzu alde batera utzi komatxoen,

rather than having to escape all of them.

baizik beharrik baino escape horiek guztiak.

And inside of double quotes, you can use single quotes with abandon

Eta komatxo barruan, zuk alde batera utzi Komatxo erabil daiteke

without having to escape them.

horiek ihes egin behar izan gabe.

If you wanted to mix them, you can certainly

Nahastu nahi baduzu horiek, zalantzarik gabe, ahal duzun

look up online how to do that.

itxura eman online nola egiten den.

>> You'll notice that over here, I've passed in end= this thing.

>> Hemen baino gehiago nabarituko duzu, End Nik gauza hori gainditu =.

This is an example of an optional argument, which is one of those things

Aukerako baten adibidea da Argumentu, hau da, gauza bat

that Python supports that makes it quite useful.

Python hori onartzen duen egiten nahiko erabilgarria da.

So print actually has a lot of arguments, which are usually

Beraz, inprimatu benetan asko ditu argumentuak, normalean

set to their default value, but here I've

euren lehenetsi gisa ezarrita balio, baina hemen dizkiat

decided to override the one called end.

end izeneko inork jaramonik erabaki.

The reason that I have to override it with an empty string

Arrazoia dute I jaramonik ez da kate huts bat

is that print in Python, by default, prints out a new line

Python letra hau da, by default, inprimatzen linea berri bat

after the thing that you told it too.

Gauza ondoren dela esan duzu gehiegi.

>> So this hash is actually going to print out a hash in a new line.

>> Beraz hash hau da benetan joan egiaztapen bat inprimatu linea berri bat ere.

And if I don't want hash to print out a new line after it, then I have to say

Eta ez dut nahi bada hash inprimatu linea berri bat da ondoren, eta gero esan behar dut

don't print one.

ez inork inprimatu.

But, yet so, the one last thing that this program is missing that one has is

Baina, oraindik ere, azken batean, gauza bat Programa honen falta du ez duela bat da

an include at the top.

baten goialdean, besteak beste.

Print is baked into Python so basically that there's no header or module

Inprimatu Python sartu labean, beraz, funtsean ez dagoela goiburua edo modulua ez da

that you need to include, though if wanted

behar duzula besteak beste, nahi izanez gero, nahiz eta

to include other things in a Python script,

gauza batzuen besteak beste Python script batean,

I would do it in a very similar format-- the words are just slightly different.

Hala egin behar dut oso antzeko formatu batean Hitzak besterik zertxobait ezberdinak dira.

>> I mentioned that we don't need a main here,

>> Dugu hori aipatu dut ez da beharrezkoa nagusi bat hemen,

because the Python starts executing at the top.

Python hasten delako goialdean exekutatzean.

If I wanted to wrap this in a function, I

Biltzeko papera nahiko banu honek funtzio batean, I

would do it like this-- I would say def function name,

hala egin behar dut honen antzeko funtzioaren izenaren def esango,

arguments might go in here and we'll see some of those later, colon,

Argumentu hemen joan eta dizkizugu Geroago, bi puntu horietako batzuk,

and then again, this entire set off block

eta, ondoren, berriro ere, hau osoan abiatu bloke

is what is the operational block for that function.

horixe da operatiboa Funtzio hori blokeatzeko.

So this is the definition of the function.

Beraz, hau definizioa da funtzioaren.

And there's a declaration, then down here, I can just call the function.

Eta han deklarazio bat da, gero behera Hemen, besterik funtzioa deitu ahal izango dut.

And again, the program interpreter, starting at the top,

Eta berriro ere, programaren interpretatzailea, goialdean hasi,

will see this is the definition.

ikusiko honen definizioa da.

It won't execute this until it get here, and then it's like, oh

Ezin izango da exekutatu hau da, harik iritsi, eta orduan bezala, ai

now you've called it, I guess I should execute it.

orain deitzen duzunean, I Suposatzen da exekutatu beharko nuke.

>> A thing that's very common to see in Python files,

>> Gauza bat oso ohikoa da to Python fitxategiak ikusi,

especially Python files that are released to the public

batez ere, Python fitxategiak dira publikoari kaleratu

and developed by-- and developed and maintained, is something of this form.

eta garatu by-- eta garatu mantendu, inprimaki hau zerbait da.

This is basically-- so because Python, you start at the top

Hau da, funtsean delako orain Python hasteko goialdean duzu

and then you execute down to the bottom, I if I just had Mario called out here,

eta, ondoren, behera exekutatu beheraino, I izan dut besterik ez bada Mario izeneko hemendik,

then any time I included this file in another file, because I wanted to use

gero edonoiz fitxategi honetan sartu nintzen lerroan beste, erabili nahi dudalako

is Mario function, that other file would also have this call to Mario in it.

Mario funtzio da, beste fitxategi hori litzateke halaber, Mario dei hau egiten dute.

And when I ran that file, it would call Mario.

Eta noiz fitxategia ran I, Mario deitu litzateke.

>> So it's possible that I only want to run this if I've actually

>> Beraz, posible da dudala bakarrik exekutatzeko Benetan Nik baduzu

executed this particular file.

fitxategi jakin hau exekutatu.

And so I can wrap this in an idiom like this, where I say,

Eta, beraz, hau bildu ahal izango dut bat ere hau da, non esaten dut atsegin idiom,

if the name of this execution environment is main,

bada exekuzioa honen izena ingurumena nagusia da,

then I want to do these things.

orduan gauza horiek egin nahi dut.

Otherwise somebody else can use-- include my function--

Bestela beste inorekin ahal use-- artean, nire funtzioa

my file, and just to get access to these functions

Nire fitxategia, eta soilik lortu Funtzio horiek sarbidea

without having to run the things that I want to execute in this file.

gauzak egin beharrik izan gabe Fitxategi hau exekutatu nahi dut.

This is, again, optional but very common.

Hau ere, aukerako baina oso ohikoa.

>> These things are entirely-- are exactly the same between C and Python,

>> Gauza hauek dira entirely-- dira zehazki C eta Python arteko bera,

certainly in 3.

I think in 2, the division operator sometimes gives you back floats when

Nik uste dut, 2, banaketa operadoreak ere batzuetan ematen dizu atzera flotatzen

you operated on ints, and either you wanted that or you didn't.

ints ebakuntza duzu, eta bai Hori nahi duzun edo ez zenuen.

But plus, minus, and times work exactly like you'd expect,

Baina plus, ken, eta aldiz zehazki lan espero duzun bezala,

except over slightly more types.

izan ezik- mota apur bat gehiago.

So you can multiply floats by ints, and those sorts of things.

Beraz, karroza biderkatu dezakezu arabera ints, eta gauza hauek.

>> set works exactly the same.

>> multzo lan egiten du bera hain zuzen.

You can use two equal signs.

Bi zeinu berdinak erabili ahal izango duzu.

inequals-- greater than, less than, these sorts of things--

inequals-- baino handiagoa gutxiago, , baino gauza mota horiek

have the meanings that you're familiar with them.

esanahia izango dela Oraindik haiekin ezagutzen.

>> Where C uses these operators, Python uses slightly more English

>> Non C operadore horiek erabiltzen ditu, Python erabiltzen zertxobait gehiago ingelesez

irakurgarri direnak.

So instead of two, ampersands, you literally type the word "and," "or,"

Beraz ordez bi, ampersands, zuk literalki idatzi hitza "eta", "edo,"

Like in your if-- in your conditional statements,

Zure if-- hasi Like zure baldintzapeko adierazpenak,

we saw earlier that this syntax in C corresponds to this syntax in Python.

Lehen ikusi dugun hori C sintaxia hau Python sintaxia hau dagokio.

And there's not a lot different there, except for a little bit

Eta ez da ez asko ezberdinak Han, pixka bat izan ezik

of punctuation around the sides.

alboetan inguruan puntuazio.

Again, where C would else if, Python uses elif,

Berriz ere, non C litzateke beste bada, Python erabiltzen elif,

but these are mostly surface level changes.

baina hauek dira, batez ere, Azalera mailan aldaketak.

>> Iteration like this is often written in this idiom in Python.

>> Hau atsegin Iteration da askotan Python idiom honetan idatzita.

You can manufacture this sort of thing with a while loop on the outside

Moduko hau fabrikatzeko dezakezu kanpoaldean, berriz, begizta bat gauza

if you wanted, but you certainly don't have to.

, nahi baduzu, baina baduzu zalantzarik ez dute.

And again, if you wanted the print out elements in of an array

Eta berriro ere, nahi izanez gero egin array baten elementuen inprimatu

you might do it this way.

ere egin dezakezu hainbat modu hau.

One of the fun things about Python though,

Fun gauza bat da Python buruzko arren,

is that you don't need to use this paradigm,

da ez duzula behar paradigma hau erabiltzeko

and you can use a slightly more elegant one.

eta erabili ahal izango duzu apur bat gehiago dotorea.

You say for a in ary.

Ary ere bat dela diozu.

>> So rather than going here and running over the indices,

>> Beraz, baizik eta hemen baino eta indizeak behera lasterka,

and then pulling out individual elements,

eta orduan atera dio banakako elementuak,

you tell the for to actually just run over the elements themselves.

esango dizu benetan besterik to for elementu beraiek baino gehiago exekutatu.

And then whatever you're doing inside can operate directly

Eta gero, egiten ari zaren edozein dela barruan, zuzenean jardun daitezkeela

on the elements, which is pretty fun.

elementuak, eta horrek nahiko dibertigarria da.

And we'll see-- we'll use that idiom again and again

Eta see-- zaitugu erabiliko dugu idiom, behin eta berriro

as we walk through code.

kodea barrena ibiltzeko dugun bezala.

>> This is, again, an example of something that I'll

>> Hau da, berriro, adibide bat Zerbait duten noa

call Python magic, though there are very technical reasons why it works.

deitu Python magia, daude, nahiz eta arrazoi tekniko zergatik funtzionatzen.

And there are technical things that need to be true about array in order

Eta ez dira gauza teknikoak ordena array buruz egia izan behar

for this to work behind the scenes.

den horretarako atzean lan.

The thing is that most types which you'd expect this to work

Gauza mota gehienak dela bertan espero litzaidake hau da lanera

have had this implemented for you in the built-in language.

izan gaurko hau garatuta dagoen eraiki-hizkuntzan duzu.

>> Another thing that it would be nice if this worked in every language,

>> Beste gauza bat dagoela polita izango litzateke hau hizkuntza guztietan jardungo balute,

but there are some reasons why it can't, print this string times this number.

baina ez dago arrazoi batzuk zergatik ezin dira, inprimatu kate honen aldiz zenbaki hau.

Turns out in Python, this does exactly what you'd like, which is just fun,

Turns Python ere, honek ez du zehazki zer gustatuko litzaidake, hau da, besterik gabe, fun,

and means that we can actually reduce this program, again mario.c.

eta esan ahal izango dugu benetan programa hori murrizteko, berriro mario.c.

Rather than iterating a lot, we can just say, I want some number of spaces,

Baizik asko errepikatzean baino, ahal dugun besterik esateko, espazio kopurua apur bat nahi dut

I want the number of hashes, and some hashes at the end.

Egiaztapenekin kopurua nahi dut, eta amaieran egiaztapenekin batzuk.

And again, we use this format.

Eta berriro ere, formatu hau erabiltzen dugu.

>> Here, we're passing in a variable this way.

>> Hemen, ere ari gara pasatzen aldagai bat modu hau.

Again, we don't need to say what type of variable it is,

Berriz ere, ez dugu behar den esaten zer aldagai mota den, eta

and the only time we'll get errors is at run time.

eta denbora bakarrik zaitugu lortu erroreak exekuzio garaian dago.

When somebody tries to pass something in,

Norbait saiatzen Zerbait gainditu ahal izateko,

it'll come into the function just fine.

funtzioa sartu beharko da, ze ondo etorriko.

If we wedge here because this isn't the thing that you can create ranges over,

Hemen ziri dugu hau ez delako bada duten artean ibiltzen sor dezakezu gauza,

I'll get a runtime error there, and I'll have to debug it that way.

Runtime error bat eskuratu dut, ez dago, eta hura arazteko horrela pentsatzen dut.

But in the meantime, I don't have to be very careful about what

Baina, bien bitartean, ez daukat Oso kontuz zer

gets passed in, so long as in the actual execution it all works very cleanly.

jasotzen gainditu ere, hain luzea benetako parte gisa exekuzioa dena oso garbi du lan.

>> I could even make this a little bit cleaner

>> Nahiz eta ezin nuen egin hau Pixka garbiagoa apur bat

using a particular built-in function on strings, which is Right Justify.

bereziki eraiki-funtzio bat erabiliz kateak, hau da, Lerrokatu Eskuman.

This is just a useful function lying around the library.

Hau funtzio erabilgarria besterik ez da liburutegiaren inguruan etzanda.

It's in the documentation if you go and look for it.

Da dokumentazioa It joan eta bertan bilatzen bada.

And I say, well I'm going to have this string, some number of hashes,

Eta, esan nuen, bai, naiz izan joan kate hau, egiaztapenekin kopurua batzuk,

and I'd like to right justify it-- pad it out with spaces to be this length.

eta izateko eskubidea justifikatzeko it pad nahi nuke luzera hau zela egindako ibilgailuentzako.

>> Again, this is in the documentation, which brings us--

>> Berriz ere, hauxe da dokumentazioa, eta horrek ekartzen us--

I'll actually click through these-- which brings us to our second rule

Actually dut sakatu bidez, horiek horrek garamatza gure bigarren arau

for Python-- standard library function methods are your friends.

Python-- liburutegi estandarra Funtzio metodoak zure lagunak dira.

And it's often worth your while to go looking for I wonder

Eta askotan zure berriz, merezi du bila joan nintzen galdetzen for

if there's a thing that just does this.

ez dagoela besterik ez, hau da gauza bat bada.

There probably is.

If you'd like to pad out a string, if you'd

You like to pad baduzu Kate bat atera zuen, dituzu, bada

like to take the back half of a string, if you'd

bizkarrean hartu nahi kate baten erdia, dituzu, bada

like to search through a string, if you'd like to smash a couple of things

kate bat bilatzeko, bada gustatzen Gauza pare bat apurtu nahi duzuna

together with a string with commas between them,

elkarrekin kate batekin haien artean koma,

there are standard library functions for doing this.

daude liburutegi estandarrak Hori egiteko funtzioak.

>> And it makes your life easier if you use them

>> Eta zure bizitza egiten du errazagoa erabiliz gero

instead of rolling out everything on your own

ordez gogor baten dena norbera

in five lines of code here, five lines of code here.

bost kode lerro hemen ere, bost kode lerro hemen.

That really starts at add up to real time.

Hori benetan abiatzen da gehitu igo denbora errealean emateko.

>> One of the interesting things about how this gets called.

>> Gauza interesgarri bat nola buruz hau deitu zaio.

You'll notice that there's a dot thing.

Nabarituko duzu ez dagoela dot gauza bat da.

I have some object on the left, and then I called a dot a function.

Ezkerrean objektu batzuk ditut, eta, ondoren, funtzio bat puntu bat deitu nuen.

This is one of the paradigms that Python uses for attaching methods to objects.

Hau da paradigma bat duten Python metodo erantsiz objektuei erabili ditu.

We'll talk about what this is very briefly at the end,

Egingo zer honi buruz hitz egin dugu da oso labur amaieran,

but know that we can both operate on things by taking that thing saying dot

baina jakin ahal izango dugu, bai funtzionatzeko hitzik esan dot hori hartuta gauza

whatever, or by calling a function that takes

edozein dela ere, edo telefono honetara deituta duten funtzio bat hartzen du

that object and some other arguments.

objektu hori eta beste argumentu batzuk.

>> So these are both ways that things get done in Python.

>> Beraz, horiek dira bai modu hori gauzak Python ere egin.

And whether a particular functionality is implemented

Eta jakin bat ala funtzionalitate inplementatu

in this style or this style is something that you

estilo hau edo honen style zerbait da duzula

should look up until you get a hang for which one it's likely to fall into.

begiratu behar delta lortu arte bertan Bat seguru asko erori da.

There's a more or less cohesive philosophy behind Python

Ez dago gehiago edo gutxiago kohesionatua filosofia Python atzean

that you absorb mostly by writing a lot in it.

batez ere xurgatzeko duzula asko idatzi bertan arabera.

At some point, which one of these something will be implemented as

Puntu batzuk, eta horietako batean Zerbait honela egingo da

becomes natural.

natural bihurtzen da.

For now, it's just something you learn as you figure out

Oraingoz, besterik zerbait irudikatu ahala ikasten duzu

each individual thing.

banakako gauza bakoitza.

>> So standard library functions are your friends,

>> Liburutegi Beraz estandarra funtzio zure lagunak dira,

and they let you write things that take up this much space really shortly,

eta gauzak idatzi duzula utzi dutela leku handia hartzen dute hau oso gutxira,

really elegantly.

benetan dotorean.

And this is actually probably more legible, I'd say, than the C program

Eta hori da, benetan, seguruenik gehiago irakurgarri, esango nuke, C programaren baino

Not to mention the fact that is so short you can fit a whole elephant

Ez, izan ere, hain da ez aipatzearren labur elefante osotasunean doi dezakezu

in the space that we've saved.

espazio hori ere gorde ditugu.

>> Another thing, this is an implementation of mario that's dot C, which I think

>> Beste gauza bat, hau inplementazio bat da Mario duten dot C, nik uste da

is the shortest you can get it.

laburrena bertan eskuratu ahal izango duzu.

It doesn't have the get int, but it hard codes the value of 10

Ez du zertan get int du, baina egiten kodeak hard 10 balioa

the same way that this one does.

Alde honetan egiten duen modu berean.

Turns out that this one clocks in at 84 characters, whereas Python is 64.

Bihurtzen duten batean erlojuak honetan 84 karaktere, Python, berriz, 64 da.

And this is infinitely more readable than this garbage here.

Eta hau da, askoz ere gehiago Zabor hau hemen baino irakurgarri.

So Python is more efficient in space.

Beraz Python da gehiago espazioan eraginkorra.

It's slightly less efficient in time, but not by much.

Da apur bat gutxiago eraginkorra denboran, baina ez askoz ere.

>> Lists are an important thing in Python.

>> Zerrendak Python gauza garrantzitsu bat dira.

We haven't seen them, but they operate much like arrays do in C.

Ez dugu ikusten horiek, baina ez dute arrayak C. egin funtzionatzeko askoz bezala

So here, you can declare them, you can pass them into a thing.

Beraz, hemen, horietako deklaratu ahal izango da, horiek gainditu ahal izango duzu gauza bat da.

Now squares holds an array of these things.

Orain plazetan dauka bati Gauza horiek sorta.

Again, we haven't declared as type, but if we ever try to use it,

Berriz ere, ez dugu gisa deklaratu mota, baina inoiz saiatu gara, erabili ahal izanez gero,

anything that you'd expect to work on an array of integers

dela espero litzaidake ezer zenbaki osoen array-a egin

is going to work on an array of integers.

da lan egiteko joan zenbaki osoen array bat.

>> This Is a thing which you absolutely can't

>> Hau gauza bat da eta bertan Guztiz ezin duzu

do in C, because the memory it is so hands on,

C egin, zeren memoria, orain dela eskuetan,

but is very easy to do in Python.

baina oso erraza Python egin da.

If I want my array to be larger, I can append an element to it and it's fine.

Nire array handiago izan nahi badut, I can elementu bat gehituko da eta fina da.

>> What's going on behind the scenes?

>> Zer ari da gertatzen eszenak atzean?

The interpreter will go out and get some memory,

Interpreteak joango out eta memoria batzuk lortzeko,

and maybe it'll get a little bit of extra memory,

eta, agian, bat lortuko da memoria estra pixka,

so I don't so I don't have to realloc every time.

beraz, ez dut orain ez daukat aldi bakoitzean idazketa izateko.

But how much have more memory does it need?

Baina zenbat eta gehiago memoria du behar?

This aren't decisions that you have to make,

Hau da, ez dira erabakiak egin behar duzula,

these are decisions that the interpreter is going to do.

horiek erabakiak dira interprete egingo.

>> Here we see range can take two arguments,

>> Hemen ikusten dugun bitartekoa bi argumentu,

but it's still going to be inclusive of the top so we add 1 there.

baina oraindik biak barne izango da gora egin du, beraz, 1 gehitzen badiogu ez.

This is an idiom, which is an even more clever way to write things like this.

Honek hizkera bat, hau da, nahiz bat gehiago da clever honelako gauzak idazteko modurik.

It's called list comprehension, and here what we're saying

Deitzen zerrenda ulermena, eta hemen esaten ari gara

is I'd like to put in i squared for every value of i in this range.

da jarri nahi nuke i karratu tarte honetan i balioa egilea da.

This thing on the right could be another array, and this thing on the left

Eskubideari buruzko gauza hau beste izan liteke array, eta ezkerreko gauza hau

to be any particular function that would take in i as a variable

Bat bereziki funtzio egoteko ni litzateke hartu aldakor gisa

and give me out some result.

Eta eman zidan egindako emaitza batzuk.

>> What I'm going to do is, I'm going to construct

>> Zer egin behar dut da; Eraikitzeko noa

an array that's all of these things for each value in this range.

array bat hori da, gauza horiek guztiak tarte horretako balio bakoitzerako.

And this is super elegant, super short, and it's very clear what it means.

Eta hori da super dotorea, super labur, eta oso argi zer esan nahi da.

This is one of the things-- this is again,

Hau da, bat gauza hau da berriro,

one of-- very emblematic of the reasons that people like Python.

of-- bat oso enblematikoa arrazoi Python bezalako jendeak.

If you like programming like this, then Python

Programazio nahi baldin baduzu Hau atsegin, orduan Python

is a language you might like to learn.

ikasi nahi duzu agian hizkuntza bat da.

>> And again, there are technical reasons why this works.

>> Eta berriro ere, badira teknikoa Zergatik egiten du lan.

But as far as we're concerned, we more or less don't care.

Baina neurrian ari kezkatuta dugun bezala, dugu, gehiago edo gutxiago, ez zaintzeko.

>> So if you want to print out lists, some of the same idioms are useful.

>> Beraz, zerrendak inprimatu nahi izanez gero, hizkerak bera batzuk erabilgarria.

For i in this range, we could index through all the things

Tarte honetan i gero, ezin izan dugu Gauza guztietan zehar indizea

and then print them all out.

eta ondoren, inprimatu zituen guztiak.

And you'll see len here.

Eta hemen duzu len ikusiko.

If you've ever wanted to get the length of the array, that's

Nahi duzun inoiz iritsi bada array luzera du, hori da

very easy in Python, it's very hard in C.

Python ere oso erraz, Oso zaila da C.

This would print out exactly what you'd expect it to.

Hau zehazki litzateke inprimatu zer espero litzaidake duzu.

We could also, as we've seen before, iterate over the elements in array

Halaber, ezin izan dugu, lehenago ikusi dugunez, lerrotan elementu batetik bestera joateko

directly, and then just talk about them, rather than having the index

zuzenean, eta, ondoren, besterik ez buruz hitz egin haiek, baizik indizean edukitzea baino

back into the array every time.

Array aldi bakoitzean sartu.

>> And this is a thing that you can do.

>> Eta hori egin dezakezu gauza bat da.

So in C, if you ask for something like this, print would say,

Beraz, C, zerbait eskatu baduzu hau bezalako, inprimatu, esango nuke,

that's an array of integers.

duten zenbaki osoen array bat da.

That's definitely not a string, I can't print it.

Hori da, zalantzarik gabe, ez bat katea, ezin dut inprimatu.

Python more or less doesn't care.

Python gehiago edo gutxiago ez zaintzeko.

It's like, is there a way that I could turn this in to a string?

Da bezala, ez dago modu bat dudala honek piztu izan ere kate bat?

Yeah, I'll do that.

Bai, hori egin dut.

And so I'll just print that out.

Eta, beraz, besterik ez dut inprimatu dela.

This means that you can do things like-- these

Horrek esan nahi du gero Gauza horiek antzekoak egin

are most of the hard parts of game of fifteen, written

Atal gogor gehienak hamabost joko, idatzizko

very briefly in Python.

Python Oso laburki.

>> You'll see that there's a little bit of-- here

>> Ikusiko duzu, ez dagoela Pixka bat hemen of--

I've cast an integer to a string, and I have to do that manually.

Zenbaki oso bat bota dut, kate bat, eta hori eskuz egin behar dut.

And I'm going to add it to another string,

Eta ez dut gehitu joan Kate bat da:

or otherwise Python gets confused.

edo, bestela, Python erabat nahastu.

But whether when you're adding a string to an integer,

Baina ez zara ala kate bat gehituz zenbaki oso bat,

am I suppose to get an integer back or a string back?

Ni bat lortzeko suposatzen dut osoko zenbakia bizkarrean edo kate bat itzultzen?

But again, if you just call str on a thing,

Baina, berriro ere, nahi izanez gero, besterik gabe, deitu str gauza batean,

and it could in any possible world be converted into a string,

Eta ezin izan duen Posible da Mundu den kate bat bihurtu da,

it will probably be converted into a string.

seguruenik, izango da kate bat bihurtuta.

>> Here, we see use of nested list comprehension

>> Hemen, erabilera ikusiko dugu nested zerrenda ulermena

on the left, some indexing, which is exactly as you'd be used to it,

ezkerretik, indexatzeko batzuk, zein da zehazki zuk erabili behar genuke bezala da,

and some printing out of things.

eta zenbait gauza inprimatzeko.

Again, we've defined some functions and we'll call them down

Berriz ere, definitu dugu batzuk funtzioak eta horiek egingo dugu deitu

in main when we actually get the file.

nagusian benetan fitxategia lortuko dugu.

return works exactly like you'd expect from working with C. Find,

Bueltan lan egiten du, zehatz-mehatz, Nahi C. Aurki lan egitea espero,

we can set up things like this-- here's list comprehension

bezalako gauzak ezarri dugu sortu Halako hona hemen zerrenda ulermena

there's an assignment to a variable, and we can actually do it even easier.

ez, aldagai bat esleitzeko bat da, eta, egia esan, ez dugu egin ahal izango da, nahiz eta errazagoa.

We don't need to write search, because built-in to the language

Ez dugu behar bilaketa idazteko, eraiki-hizkuntzaren delako

is if this thing is in this array.

da gauza hori array honetan bada.

Return true, else return false.

Egia itzuli, beste itzultzeko faltsua.

So that's the entirety of find.

Beraz, hori da bilaketa-osorik da.

>> The entirety of sort involves calling sort,

>> Moduko osoa moduko deituz dakar,

which is-- there are implementations of this built into certain C libraries.

bertan is-- daude inplementazioak Hori C liburutegi jakin barneratzen.

If you'd like this sort of backwards, you

Duzu hau nahi baduzu Sort atzeraka, zuk

can override this optional argument in reverse with a true.

aukerakoa honi jaramonik ez egin dezakete Argumentu egia batekin alderantzizko.

And if you'd like to sort over strings, that's built-in as well.

Eta gehiagoko ordenatzeko nahi baduzu kateak, hori eraiki-baita.

>> So this is not to say these are things that you need to do every day,

>> Beraz, hau ez da horiek direla esatea Egunero egiten behar dituzun gauzak,

but the idea is that this is the philosophy of Python,

baina ideia hori ez dela Python filosofia da,

that all these things which you'd sort of want to do are built-in.

bertan, gauza horiek guztiak duzu litzaidake Sort eraiki-ari egin nahi.

And most standard functions, so sort, length, whatever,

Eta funtzio estandarrak gehien, beraz, ordenatu, luzera, edozein dela ere,

support most logically sensible input.

gehien logikoki sensible sarrerako onartzen.

You call len on an array the same way you call len on a string.

Array bat bera deitu len horrela deitzen duzunean, kate batean len.

You multiply-- you sort strings the same way you sort arrays.

Kateak multiply-- duzu ordenatzean array ordenatzeko modu berean.

>> Most standard functions that people build,

>> Funtzio estandarrak gehien Jende eraiki duten,

and most third-party libraries that people

eta hirugarrenen gehien liburutegiek duten pertsonen

build, because they're emulating the design of the standard library,

eraikitzeko, dute gelara ari delako Liburutegi estandarrak diseinuan,

can be called on everything that you're like, why doesn't this just work,

izango duzu ari dena deitu daiteke bezala, zergatik ez da hau, besterik gabe, lan,

in C. More or less, it will work in Python

C. ere gehiago edo gutxiago, egingo Python arituko da

because people work behind to figure out what a thing is and then operate

Jende zifra atzetik ibiliko Gauza bat da, eta, ondoren, funtzionatzeko

appropriately on it.

egokian gainean.

So again, technical background, but it makes our lives easier as programmers.

Beraz, berriro ere, profil teknikoa, baina Horri esker, gure bizitza programatzaileak gisa errazagoa.

>> So here's file I/O. file I/O has lots of little things that make it complicated,

>> Beraz, hemen fitxategia I / O da. artxibatzen I / O asko ditu konplikatuak egiten duten gauza gutxi,

and so there are resources online, but in a nutshell,

eta beraz, ez dira baliabideak online, baina azken finean,

you call open on a file name with a particular type.

open deitu duzu fitxategi batean mota jakin batekin izendatzeko.

So that's read, read and write, write or append.

Beraz, irakurri, irakurri eta idatzi, idatzi edo erantsi.

You read a certain number of characters out and you print those,

Kopuru jakin bat irakurri pertsonaiak atera eta horiek inprimatu behar dituzu,

you'll get Hello!

jasoko duzu Hello!

I mean, like this file had Hello!

Esan nahi dut, fitxategi hau bezalako izan Hello!

In it, call to read, and what you'll get back

Bertan, deitzeko irakurri, eta zer itzuli jasoko duzu

is a string which has all of the rest of the array,

Horren katea da gainerako array du,

or all of the rest of the file.

edo fitxategi gainerako guztia.

If you call read again, you're at the end of the file,

Berriro duzu irakurri deitzen badu, Oraindik fitxategiaren amaieran duzu,

and so you don't get anything and so you'll close.

eta, beraz, ez duzu lortu ezer eta orain itxi egingo duzu.

Again, this is .close rather than close file, as it would be in C.

Berriz ere, hau da .close beharrean hurbil fitxategia, bertan C. izango litzatekeelako

This is more or less because f is a thing, and you'd like for f to close.

Hau da, gehiago edo gutxiago f delako bat Gauza, eta gustatuko litzaidake zuretzat f ixteko.

But basic file I/O is not particularly complicated.

Baina oinarrizko fitxategia I / O, ez da bereziki zaila.

Again, if you'd like to open a file, if you'd like to read a particular line,

Berriz ere, fitxategi bat ireki nahi izanez gero, bada lerro jakin bat irakurri nahi duzu,

you can get out of particular line-- there's built-ins for that.

Bereziki ateratzeko ditzakezu lerroan ez dagoela eraiki-in da.

If you'd like to write a thing, you can write this.

You bat idatzi nahi baduzu Gauza, hau idatzi ahal izango duzu.

If you'd like to write out individual bites, you can write those.

Banakako egindako idatzi nahi baduzu ziztadak, horiek idatzi ahal izango duzu.

And if you'd like to iterate over the lines of a file

Eta batetik bestera joateko nahi izanez gero fitxategi batean ildo zehar

individually, as we did in a piece from a few weeks ago, you can do that to.

banaka, pieza bat egin genuen bezala Duela aste batzuk, hori egin ahal izango duzu.

Again, most objects that you'd like to be able to iterate over

Berriz ere, objektu gehien duzula litzaidake zehar batetik bestera ahal izatea gustatuko

support iterating over them.

laguntza horien gainetik errepikatzean.

In Pythons, a file is maybe a thing that I'd like to iterate over line by line.

Pythons, fitxategi bat da, agian, gauza bat dela Lerro batetik bestera joateko, lerroz nahi nuke.

If it was a dictionary of words and I was

Hiztegi bat izan zen bada Hitzen, eta nengoen

trying to get those individual words out, then, within this loop,

banakako horiek lortu nahian Hitzak eta, ondoren, begizta honen barruan,

line it's going to be each word in turn and this

lerroa da egin behar izango da txanda eta hau ere, hitz bakoitzaren

is going to be executed for every line in the file until the end of the file.

lerro bakoitzean gauzatu joan fitxategia bukaera arte ere.

And again, if I printed out each line, the lines come with new lines,

Eta berriro ere, inprimatutakoak dut bakoitzak badu lerro, lerro-lerro berriak dakartzate,

so I'm setting the end back to a thing like this.

beraz, azkenean dut ezartzeko honen antzeko gauza bat itzuli.

Then I'd get the contents of my file.

Orduan, nire fitxategiaren edukia nuke.

>> The second thing which operates in some ways like lists, and in some ways

>> Horren bidez funtzionatzen Bigarren gauza zerrendak bezalako Nolabait, eta, nolabait,

as something substantially more powerful,

Zerbait nabarmen gisa ahaltsuagoa,

are dictionaries, which are really cool to use but are basically hash

hiztegien dira, dira benetan cool erabili, baina, funtsean hash

tables in disguise.

mozorro en mahaiak.

You create one using exactly two characters, which is awesome

Bat-mehatz erabiliz zuk Bi pertsonaia, hau da, awesome

if you tried to implement the hash table for your problem set,

ezartzeko ahalegina eginez gero Zure arazo multzo taula hash,

you know much pain that can be.

min ematen duten ahal izango badakizu.

But people have done it, and done it so well,

Baina pertsona batzuk egin da, eta hori egiten da, beraz, bai,

that you don't have to worry about it anymore.

ez duzula behar kezkatu gehiago.

>> Then you can insert individual things.

>> Gero gauzak banakako txerta dezakezu.

Hash tables-- or dictionaries don't particularly

Hash tables-- edo hiztegiak ez da bereziki

care what you're storing in them.

zaintzeko zer haietan duzun gordetzeko ari.

So if some entries are numbers, and some entries are lists,

Beraz diren zenbait zenbakiak badira, eta zenbait sarrera-zerrendak daude,

if some entries are other dictionaries, and some entries are strings,

sarrera batzuk beste hiztegiak badira, eta sarrerak zenbait kateak dira,

Python doesn't much care.

Python ez du axola handirik.

>> Again, if you go into it expecting a string and what you get back

>> Berriz ere, bertara joan behar da espero bada Kate bat, eta zer itzuli duzun

is an array, that's your problem.

Array bat da, hori zure arazoa.

And maybe it's fault of whoever thought it was putting things

Eta agian duenarentzat errua da pentsatu jasotzen ari zen hura

in the dictionary, maybe that was you.

Hiztegian, agian, hori izan zen.

If that was someone else, hopefully they were

Hori izan zen norbait bada Bestela, espero ziren

well behaved about what was going in the dictionary

ondo zertaz portatu zen Hiztegian joan

and didn't leave any pitfalls for you to fall into.

eta ez zuen inolako pitfalls utzi to you erori da.

>> But the standard functions will give you back well-behaved things.

>> Baina funtzio estandarrak izango ematen duzu atzera ondo portatu gauzak.

So they say this returns back a dictionary of strings,

Beraz itzultzen hau esan dute hiztegi bat atzera kateen,

then everything you're going to get out of is a string.

gero, dena bazoazela ra ateratzeko katea da.

If you do some of this and it trips you up, well, that might be on you.

Honen batzuk egin behar duzu, eta hura bidaiak bada nahi izanez gero, bai, baliteke duzu izango.

Python certainly gives you enough rope to hang yourself, if you'd like.

Python zalantzarik ematen dizu enough Soka yourself zintzilikatzeko, gustatuko litzaidake baduzu.

Now we can print out individual elements of this and this returns

Orain banakako inprimatu ahal izango dugu honen elementuak eta itzultzen honetan

exactly what you'd expect.

zehazki zer espero duzun.

Exactly what you'd expect, I guess, is a phrase that I'm using a lot,

Zehazki, zer espero duzun, asmatzen dut, hori asko erabiltzen dut esaldi bat da,

but that's more or less how Python works.

baina hori gehiago edo gutxiago Python eginkizuna.

If you ask for a thing which isn't it, Python will throw out an error

Gauza bat eskatu duzu eta hori ez bada da, Python bota egingo Akats baten

and it will quit you out of whatever program you were in.

eta zuk irten kanpo egingo da programa edozein dela ere zinen.

It'll actually print out more information than that,

Benetan, inprimatu Hori baino informazio gehiago,

it'll point you-- it'll add a line, and so.

seinalatu zu bertan egingo da egingo lerro bat gehitu, eta beraz.

>> And, again, maybe we want to iterate over dictionaries

>> Eta, berriro ere, agian nahi dugu hiztegiak zehar batetik bestera joateko

and find all the things in it.

eta bertan gauza guztiak aurkitu.

Here we are iterating over two things at the same time.

Hemen baino gehiago errepikatzean ari gara Bi gauza aldi berean.

And so we'll do it with a key, value, but then print out all of these.

Eta, beraz, ez dugu gako bat, balio du, Baina gero horiek guztiak inprima daude.

>> And if we wanted to cast-- if we actually ran this,

>> Eta cast-- nahi badugu ran benetan hau bagenu,

we would have some trouble because on-- when we went in with David,

Arazo batzuk duelako izango genuke on-- denean ere joan ginen David batera,

it couldn't add-- if we didn't cast it to a string first,

Ezin izan da add-- ez balu dugu bota zuen kate bat lehenengo,

we couldn't add that array of strings onto a string.

ezin izan dugu array hori gehitu kate baten gainean kateak.

But if we cast it to a string, we get something

Baina Bota bada bat dugu katea, zerbait lortuko dugu

like this, which is maybe what we'd like to read.

Hau atsegin hau da, agian, zer nahi genuke, irakurtzeko.

>> And this is speller.

>> Eta hau Speller da.

We just read in things.

Gauzak ere irakurri besterik ez dugu.

So we can read in individual words as lines.

Beraz, irakurri ahal izango dugu Hitz eta lerro gisa.

We chop off the last thing, so colon minus 1

Off txikitu dugu azkenekoak gauza, beraz colon ken 1

chomps off the last thing that we-- the last character of a string.

badugu duten azken gauza chomps off kate baten azken pertsonaia.

Egingo dela esan genezake.

OK, each one of those gets inserted into this dictionary,

Ados, horietako bakoitza lortzen Hiztegi hau txertatzen

mapping to a value of 1.

1 balioa emateko kartografikoa.

We don't particularly care about that one,

Ez dugu bereziki inork guri,

but it's just there to say, oh well, this thing I'll put in the dictionary.

baina besterik ez da esaten, oi bai, gauza hori izango hiztegian jarri dut.

Because later what we're going to do is we're

Geroago garelako joan egin da gaude

going to say, well, if it's in the dictionary at all.

erran nahi baita, Balitz joan Hiztegian batere.

>> Again, this check for membership is up operating

>> Berriz ere, kontrol-honentzako Funtzionamendu da ireki

using a completely different algorithm than it will in a list,

guztiz desberdinak erabiliz algoritmoa zerrenda batean baino,

but we call it the same way, which is some of that Python sugar coating

baina, modu berean, dei egiten dugu eta horrek Python Grageak duten batzuk

things so that they're easier to use.

Gauza da, beraz, errazago erabili dira.

And again, we've seen things like this before.

Eta berriro ere, ikusi dugu hau bezalako gauzak aurretik.

This is basically find, or it's exactly the same syntax

Hau da, funtsean, aurkitu da, edo zehazki sintaxia bera da

as find, but is operating over a completely different structure.

aurkituko, baina ez dago bat baino jarduten egitura erabat desberdina.

And we don't particularly care.

Eta ez da bereziki zaintzen dugu.

So those are the things that you were asked to implement for speller.

Beraz, horiek dira gauzak zuek eskatu zitzaien Speller ezartzeko.

At this rate, we're going to get more or less all of the psets done.

Tasa hori, zu iritsi garen gehiago edo gutxiago egin Psets.

>> AUDIENCE: So that basically just comes back

>> Ikusleak: Beraz, funtsean, besterik gabe bueltatzen

as incorrectly spelled if it doesn't match something in the dictionary?

bezain gaizki idatzita ez bada Hiztegian zerbait etortzeko?

ROSS RHEINGANS-YOO: Yes, yes.

ROSS RHEINGANS-YOO: Bai, bai.

And so, this is an adaptation of a problem set

Eta, beraz, hau da Arazo baten egokitzapena ezarri

which asks you to do exactly that.

bertan, zehazki horretarako eskatuko du.

>> AUDIENCE: Why is the line minus 1 there?

>> Ikusleak: Zergatik ken 1 han lerroan?

ROSS RHEINGANS-YOO: So when you're iterating

ROSS RHEINGANS-YOO: So denean errepikatzean zu

over a file asking for by lines, the lines

fitxategi bat eskatuz baino gehiago lerro moduan, lerroak

come with a new line character at the end of it-- the minus 1

lerro pertsonaia berri bat etorriko it minus 1 errepidea bukaeran

is just to shop those off.

da besterik horiek erosteko asmotan.

And this is a particularly flexible way of indexing into things.

Eta hau da, batez ere malgu bat Gauzak sartu indexatzeko modu.

So if you have a string, and you'd like, well I'm

Beraz, kate bat baduzu, eta gustatuko litzaidake, ondo nago

going to start at character three and I'm going to go to the end.

den pertsonaia hiruretan hasiko da eta amaieran joan noa.

3 colon will do that for you.

3 colon hori egin ahal izango duzu.

If you're like, I want to start at the beginning and go to the last minus 1

Oraindik bezalakoa bada, hemen hasi nahi dut hasita eta azken ken 1 joan

character, colon minus 1.

pertsonaia, bi puntu ken 1.

And if you wanted to go from the third to the minus first,

Eta aurrera joan nahi baduzu ken hirugarren lehen,

then you'd say 3 minus 1.

gero esango zenuke 3 ken 1.

>> Additionally, if you want to index into things counting from the back,

>> Gainera, indize nahi baduzu Gauzak atzera hasita sartu,

you just index in with minus numbers.

indizea besterik ez duzu ere ken zenbakiekin.

And because, where C would explode or maybe

Eta, izan ere, non C lehertzen ziren edo, agian

feed you other memory you didn't have access to, hear you can say minus 1

beste memoria ez duzu behar elikatzeko , entzuten sarbidea esan dezakezu ken 1

means the last but 1 character in a string.

azken baina 1 esan kate bateko pertsonaia.

>> Modules are version-- are analogs to libraries in C

>> Moduluak dira version-- dira C liburutegiak to analogs

and are useful for a lot of things.

eta gauza asko erabilgarriak dira.

A lot of things you'd like to do in Python,

Gauza asko dituzu to Python egin nahi,

besides simple manipulation of variables,

simple gain aldagai manipulazioa,

you want to hook into the larger libraries with larger

ra sartu lotu nahi dituzun handiago batera liburutegiak handiago

interfaces and more capabilities for interacting

interfazeen eta gehiago elkarreraginean gaitasuna

with other parts of the world.

munduko beste leku batzuetan.

sys is one of those with a bunch of tools

sys horietakoa da Tresna sorta batekin

that are useful for interacting with the system itself

Hori elkarreraginean erabilgarriak dira sistema bera

and will import it like import sys.

eta inporta izango inportazio sys bezala.

>> There's more documentation from that, which you could go here,

>> Ez da, dokumentazio gehiago , hots, hemen joan izan,

or you could find on Google by googling Python sys.

edo Google aurkitu ahal izango duzu Python sys googling arabera.

You type in enter.

Idatzi duzu sartu.

The first link is going to be the documentation in Python 2,

Lehenengo lotura izango da Python 2 dokumentazioa,

the second link is going to be the documentation Python 3.

Bigarren lotura da joan dokumentazio Python 3 izan.

>> And if we wrote out a file that looked like this-- If in particular, we're

>> Eta bada hori begiratu fitxategi batean egindako idatzi dugu Halako bereziki bada bezalakoa, ez gara

looking at operating on command line arguments,

eragilean begira komando lerroko argumentuak,

like we learned to do very early on in this class.

atsegin Oso egiten ikasi dugu goiz saio hauetan.

This isn't difficult. You can get out argv,

Hau ez da zaila. Ateratzeko dezakezu argv,

which is one of those things which is implemented by sys.

hau da, gauza bat hau da sys ezarri.

It's not built-in to the base package, but again, you

Ez da eraiki-to oinarri paketea, baina berriro ere,

can extend it by importing that functionality from sys.

luzatu ahal inportatuz funtzionalitate sys from.

You'll call it sys.

Izango da sys deitu.

edozein dela ere.

Here there's argv.

Hemen ez dago argv.

There's actually no argc in sys, because you

Ez, egia esan ez argc sys ere, duzulako

can get it so easily by calling len.

hain erraz lortu len deituta.

We then printed that out, then we ran on our terminal echo-args.py.

Gero inprimatutako dugu horretaz, orduan dugu Gure terminal echo-args.py ran.

We get back an array, which is this first argument.

Itzuliko gara array bat, eta horrek Lehen argumentua hau da.

Again, this is argv 0, which is the name of the thing that got called.

Berriz ere, hau da, argv 0, hau da, izeneko got gauzaren izena.

If we called it with additional arguments, we'd get those back.

Guk deitu gehiagoarekin bada argumentuak, horiek lortuko genuke atzera.

This is one way of getting command line arguments.

Hau lortzeko modu bat da komando lerroko argumentuak.

If you want flags where you turn particular things on or override

Non piztu duzu banderak nahi baduzu edo ezeztatu gauza partikularrak

a particular default, argparse is your friend.

default jakin bat, argparse zure laguna da.

And again you find that online at python argparse at Google.

Eta berriro online duten aurkituko duzu python at Google at argparse.

>> There are a couple of utility modules that you find yourself using

>> Ez dago utility pare bat erabiliz, zeure burua aurkituko duzu moduluak

and again, if you spend any time of this language importing jsons

eta berriro, edonoiz pasatzeko baduzu hizkuntzan hau jsons inportatzean

for reading in and out of json files, not that complicated.

eta irakurtzen json kanpo fitxategiak, ez dela zaila.

You open up a file, you called json.load on that file and you get back a thing.

Ireki fitxategia, json.load izeneko duzu fitxategia hartan eta itzuli duzun gauza bat.

What is that thing?

Zer da gauza hori?

It's a json object.

Json objektu bat da.

Where that json has array, the Python has arrays.

Non json array ditu, Python du array du.

Where that json has associative arrays, Python's

Non json duela elkarte multzo, Python-en

dictionaries, strings, and numbers, and so on.

hiztegiak, kateak, eta zenbakiak, eta abar.

You want to dump that out, you open up a new file, you call dump,

Hori irauli out, zuk nahi duzuna ireki, fitxategi berri bat, dump deitu,

and loads and dumps to go in and out of strings.

eta karga eta zabortegiak den joan eta kateak daudelarik.

>> Similarly, pickle gets called in basically the same interface.

>> Era berean, pickle lortzen izeneko funtsean interfaze berean.

It's slightly more useful if you're dumping Python objects.

Da erabilgarriago bada Python objektu botatzen aritu zaren.

So if you've ever wanted to save a version of the current status

Beraz Nahi duzun inoiz bada gorde Gaur egungo status bertsio bat

of a variable for a future run of your program,

Etorkizun bat aldagai baten zure programa exekutatu,

pickle is Python's library for doing that.

pickle da Python-en hori egiteko liburutegian.

>> If you have any sort of variable that can be written out

>> Edozein moduko badaukazu idatzi dezaketen egindako aldakorra

in like words and characters and bytes-- like this dictionary,

bezalako hitzak eta pertsonaiak eta in byte hiztegi hau bezala,

we could write down, we could write it down as

idazteko genezake, dugu bertan idatzi ahal behera

like a json object, which was literally these characters.

json objektu bat, izan zen bezalakoa Pertsonaia horiek literalki.

And then it would be very easy for a human to open it up-- open up

Eta gero, oso erraza izango litzateke Giza a up-- zabalduko da ireki

If we didn't particularly care about humans reading it,

Ez genuen bada bereziki gizakiok irakurtzen zaintzeko,

we could package even more efficiently into forms that could later be unpacked

gehiago eraginkortasunez nahiz pakete genezake zezakeen geroago deskonprimituta inprimakietan

or that could later be inflated.

edo geroago puztu daiteke.

And this saves 80% of the space that your objects might

Eta honen guztiaren% 80 aurrezten Espazio zure objektu agian hori

take if you wrote them out longhand.

hartu itzazu idatzitako egindako longhand bada.

>> You call pickle very much the same way-- dump, load,

>> Pickle deitu asko Horrekin Modu iraulketa, karga,

and then you get your things back.

eta, ondoren, zure gauzak jasotzen da trukean.

So if you are writing very short Python programs that

Beraz, zuk oso idazten ari bada Python programak laburrak

want to save state, and then read them back later, things like this

Estatuko gorde nahi, eta gero irakurri atzera horiek geroago, honelako gauzak

are your friends.

Zure lagunak dira.

That you could very easily dump them as json.

Oso ditzaketen duzu erraz irauli horiek json bezala.

Most Python objects can dump out the json

Python objektu bota dezake json du

if there's any hope that structurally they could be represented that way.

Ba al dago itxaropenik bada egituraz dute irudikatzen litezke era horretan.

>> These are just the tip of the iceberg on modules that are useful.

>> Hauek dira, punta iceberg baliagarriak diren moduluak on.

So sys, os, multiprocessing, are sort of basic workhorses for things

Beraz sys, os, multiprozesu, dira Gauzak egiteko oinarrizko workhorses moduko

we need to interact with the file system os.,

elkarreragin behar dugu fitxategi-sistema os.,

like os.isfile, os.isdirectory, os.makefile, these are your friends.

atsegin os.isfile, os.isdirectory, os.makefile, horiek zure lagunak dira.

If you want to interact with a particular file type,

Elkarreragin nahi baduzu Aukera hori fitxategi mota jakin batekin,

json, pickle, csv.

json, pickle, csv.

If you want to interact with web pages, the urllib for getting http

Batera web elkarreragin nahi baduzu orriak, lortzean urllib http

pages. bs4-- BeautifulSoup-- it's a wonderful parser for html.

orrietan. bs4-- BeautifulSoup-- html for parser zoragarri bat da.

You run it on an html and you get this nested array object now,

Egiten itsatsi eta zuk exekutatu duzu lortu nested array objektu hau orain,

which you can traverse over lookin, with like just looking for

horren gainean zeharkatuko ditzakezu Lookin, esate baterako besterik bila

if, is, in, which is fantastic.

da, eta hori zoragarria da, bada.

>> There's a bunch of packages for running--

>> Ez dago sorta bat da running-- paketeak

for doing particularly mathy things.

mathy gauzak bereziki egiten da.

So if you want to multiply, invert, transform matrices,

Beraz biderkatu nahi baduzu, inbertsiorako, matrizeak eraldatu,

numpy is used by people all over the world for that.

numpy jende guztia erabiltzen dute horretarako, mundu osoko.

scipy is even more useful tools in that direction.

scipy are gehiago erabilgarria da norabide horretan tresnak.

sklearn-- machine learning, natural language processing,

sklearn-- ikasketa automatikoa, Hizkuntza naturala prozesatzeko,

super useful stuff, gets implemented in Python all the time.

super gauza erabilgarri, lortzen Python-en garatuta denbora guztian.

>> And again, takes slightly longer to write-- sorry,

>> Eta berriro ere, hartzen du apur bat luzeagoak Sentitzen write-- den,

takes slightly longer to run, but the reason that real engineers tend

hartzen apur bat luzeagoa da exekutatu, baina Arrazoia benetako ingeniari joera

use Python is because you tend to be blocked on you writing the code, rather

erabilera Python da izan ohi duzulako you blokeatu Kodea idazten, baizik eta

than your computer running the code.

Zure ordenagailua baino Kodea martxan.

So if you're going to write a program, which lots of other people

Beraz, zu bat idatzi nahi izanez gero programa, beste pertsona asko

are going to use forever, like Linux, you

erabili duzuen betiko, Linux, zu bezalako

might write it in C. If you were going to write a computation engine,

bertan idatzi liteke C. bazina konputazio motor bat idazteko joan,

you might write in Python if you needed to change it every couple months.

Python dezakezu idaztea beharrezkoa denean dela hilabete pare guztietan aldatzeko.

Some people would write it in C because they're like that.

Batzuek idatzi litzateke C horrelako ari delako.

>> So we've seen import sys as a way of getting things

>> Beraz, inportazio sys ikusi dugu Gauzak lortzeko modu bat bezala

of getting module into your program.

zure programa modulu lortzean.

You can also import it as a nickname, if you'd like.

Ere egin dezakezu bezala inportatu goitizena, baduzu gustatuko litzaidake.

Again multiprocessing is a pain to type out every time, so import as mp

Berriz multiprozesu mina da Idazten egindako aldi bakoitzean, beraz, diputatu inportatu

and then anytime you use it in the program,

eta, ondoren, edonoiz duzu erabili da programan,

you'll say mp.process, or what have you.

mp.process esango duzu, edo zer egin behar duzu.

If you'd like import only a single thing,

Nahi baduzu inportazio soilik gauza bakar bat,

so urllib has a thing called request, so you can just import that.

beraz izeneko gauza bat urllib ditu eskaera, eta, beraz, besterik gabe dezakezu inporta duten.

Later on, you won't invoke it as urllib.request, but just as request

Geroago, ez duzu deitzen dioten bezala urllib.request, baina besterik eskaera

>> And you can import everything from a module if you'd like.

>> Eta dena inporta dezakezu modulu bat nahi izanez gero.

This is occasionally not a good idea-- this usually not a good idea, actually.

Hau da, noizean behin, ez ideia ona Normalean ez da ideia ona da hau, egia esan.

Because you very-- because if anything in that module has a name that you

Very-- ezer bada duzulako delako modulu hori beste izen bat duzula

wanted to use somewhere else in your program, you can't.

beste nonbait erabili nahi programan, ezin duzu.

>> And it is not always obvious that that's the case.

>> Eta ez da beti begi-bistakoa hori, eta gertatzen da.

In order to make sure that what you were doing was safe,

Ordena ziur ere seguru zer egiten ari zinen zen,

you need to open up the module and see all

ireki behar duzu modulua eta ikusi guztiak

of the names that end up in there-- all of the functions,

izenak amaituko in osatzen duten han funtzio guztiak,

all of the variables that live in that module,

aldagai guztiak modulu horretan bizi,

because you're bringing all of them into your local namespace.

guztia ekartzen ari duzulako Zure tokiko Izen-tarte horiek.

>> So people do this.

>> Beraz, pertsona hori egin.

It is generally recommended that you don't do this.

Gomendatzen da ez duzula egin.

But people do this all the time because they're

Baina jendea ez da hori guztia denboraren dira ari delako

lazy and don't want to type out mp.

alferrak eta ez idatzi behar izan mp nahi.

anything, ever.

>> All this talk about modules bring me around to a short talk

>> Moduluak buruz hizketan ekarri nire inguruan eztabaida labur bat

on how you design programs in Python.

Python programak diseinatzeko duzun.

The first step is to check to see if anyone else has already done the thing,

Lehen urratsa da bada ikusteko egiaztatzeko beste edonork egin du dagoeneko gauza,

or done 90% of the thing.

edo gauza guztien% 90 egin.

Chances are they probably have, and you should go get their thing and run that.

Aukerak dira ziurrenik dute, eta zuk bere gauza eta ihes egin duten joan behar.

Or write a wrapper around it to adapt it to your purpose.

Edo idatzi bere inguruan Wrapper egokitzeko Zure helburua da.

It's only after that has failed that you'd then

Besterik ez da hori du ondoren Huts egin du gero litzaidake duzula

go on and write-- begin thinking about how you would put this thing together.

joan eta write-- pentsatzen hasten Gauza hau nola jarri nahi duzun elkarrekin.

There's lots of stuff out there, and that's

Ez da gauza asko daude, eta hori da,

one of the most useful things about Python.

erabilgarrienetako bat Python buruzko gauza.

Like the language is elegant, the language

Like Hizkuntza dotore, hizkuntzaren

is easy to use, but also because it's so elegant and easy to use,

erabiltzeko erraza da, baina, aldi berean, zeren hain dotore eta erabiltzeko erraza da,

people have been using it for a long time and there's a lot of stuff

pertsona izan dira erabiliz batentzat luze denbora eta ez dago gauza asko da

out there that you can harness for your own use.

han ahal duzun, zure erabilera propioa ustiatzeko.

>> So last rule of Python is, somebody else has already probably written

>> Beraz Python azken arau, norbaiti da bestela dagoeneko ziurrenik idatzi du

a module for that, somebody else has already

Hori modulua, beste norbaitek ere dagoeneko

probably written a library for that.

seguruenik liburutegi batean idatzita dagoela da.

Before you try to do a thing, look to see if it's been implemented.

Gauza bat egin aurretik, begiratu Honez aplikatzen ote diren ikusi.

It's not that hard.

Ez da zaila dela.

All of the modules that I put up before, with perhaps one exception,

Moduluak berriro ireki jarri nuen guztia aurretik, agian, salbuespen batekin,

come pre-installed in every standard Python installation.

Heldu guztietan aurrez instalatutako Python instalazio estandar.

And so with a call to import whatever, you

Eta dei batekin orain inporta edozein izanda ere, zuk

have all of that functionality at your fingertips.

funtzionalitate guztiak izan zure esku.

>> Beginning to wrap up this talk, there are a few things

>> Itzulbiratu honen hasieran eztabaida, badira zenbait gauza bat

that I've left as black boxes and sort of glossed over,

kutxa beltzak bezala dudala utzi ditiat Eta Sort glossed,

and there's a few white lies that I've told that for the sake of honesty,

eta ez da gutxi zuri bat dago dut hori esan zintzotasuna mesedetan dela,

I'll at least point at here, even if I won't

Gutxienez puntutan egingo dut Hemen, ez dut, nahiz eta

go super deep into all of them and their technical explanations.

joan super sakona horiek guztiak sartu eta beraien azalpenak teknikoa.

>> A lot of the things that I've called magic

>> Gauza asko duten magia deitzen dut

is what other people would call object oriented programming.

zer beste pertsona deitu litzateke objektu bideratutako programazioa.

So there are lots of things-- so variables are very often not

Beraz, ez dira gauza asko beraz, aldagai oso sarritan ez dira

simple bytes sitting in, memory, but are very complicated

byte simple eserita, memoria, baina ez dira oso konplikatuak

objects that have internal state about functions and lots

barneko objektu funtzio eta asko inguruko egoera

of hidden variables, lots of hidden functionality, which

aldagai ezkutuak, asko ezkutuko funtzionaltasuna

lets you turn them into strings, which lets you iterate over them.

uzten ez dieten buelta kateak sartu behar dituzu, horrek aukera ematen dizu, haien gainean batetik bestera joateko.

And if you're writing-- and the reason that they

Eta zuk writing-- ari bada dituela eta arrazoia

have all of this rich functionality is because the people--

funtzionalitate aberatsa hori guztia dute jende delako

the architects of the language-- have gone

arkitekto Hizkuntza joan dira

through and for every standard object, put in the functionality

bidez eta estandar bakoitzean objektu, funtzionalitate jarri

to say this is how this is how this is going to operate

hau da, nola hau da esatea nola hau da, funtzionatu ahal izateko joan

if someone wants to iterate over it.

Norbaitek nahi da batetik bestera joateko, nahi badu.

>> So everything that somebody might possibly want to iterate over,

>> Beraz, dena dela, norbaitek agian seguru zehar batetik bestera nahi,

has logic written in manually on how you're

ha logika idatzizko eskuz nola ari zaren

supposed to iterate over that object.

ustezko objektu hori baino gehiago batetik bestera.

Everything that you might possibly want dumped into a string has logic written.

Seguru baliteke den guztia Kate bat isurtzen ditu logika idatzita.

This is the function that you call if you want to dump this out to a string.

Hau deitzen baduzu duten funtzioa da hau irauli out kate bat egin nahi duzu.

This is why you can call len on things, this

Hori dela eta, ezin duzu deitu len gauza on, hau

is why you can call for in, this is why you can call if in on everything

eta horregatik eman dezakezu deitu, hau da zergatia bada ere dena deitu ahal izango duzu

that you'd want to, because those all are carrying with them,

duzula litzaidake nahi, zeren guztiak dira haiekin liburuetako horiek,

the technical know-how to do that.

diren ezagutza teknikoak egin ahal izateko.

>> This is something that I'm super not going to go into.

>> Hau dela naiz zerbait da super ez den sartzen joan.

But for thing in list is subtly different from C style for loops,

Baina zerrendan gauza bakarra da fin C begiztak estilo desberdinak,

and you can read all about that on the internet if you're interested.

eta on guztiak horri buruz irakurri dezakezu Interneten interesatuta bazaude.

There is a dark side to all of this, that I mentioned,

Ez dago alde iluna da guztientzat hau da, aipatu dut,

so there's two things.

beraz, bi gauza egin.

The first is that this object oriented programming adds a lot of overhead

Lehenengoa da objektu hori bideratutako programazioa gardenki asko gehitzen

to random things, so you end up using a lot more memory;

ausazko gauzak, eta, beraz, azkenean duzu eman memoria askoz gehiago erabiltzen;

you end up using a little more time than you would otherwise.

azkenean, gehiago apur bat erabiliz bestela egiten duzun baino denbora.

The other-- but the more insidious dark side to this

Other-- The baina gehiago Maltzurrak honen alde iluna

is, if things just act like you want them to

da, gauzak besterik jokatu behar badu atsegin horiek nahi duzun

without you having to think super hard about whether this should be an int

gabe super gogor pentsatu beharrik duzu hau int bat izan ala ez

or whether there should be a float, it might be that over here

edo ba ote bat izan behar du karroza, hemen baino gehiago izan daitezkeela da

you produce an int but over here you think but they'll always-- sorry,

Int bat sortzen duzu haatik, hemen duzu Uste baina barkatu, beti egingo dute,

it might be that here you produce a float,

Hemen ere izan liteke mugikor bat sortzen duzunean,

but when you get to the second part of your program, you're thinking,

baina denean lortu du bigarren zatian duzu Zure programa, pentsatzen ari zaren,

oh well, but they'll always pass me an int.

oi bai, baina egingo dute Beti pasatzen me int bat.

And if they don't, it's possible that you wedged somewhere,

Eta ez badute, posible da nonbait hertsatuago duzun hori,

if you try to use that to index into an array, or what have you.

hori erabili indizea saiatzen bazara array batean, edo zer egin behar duzu.

>> So one of the real useful things about C is

>> Beraz, benetako bat erabilgarria gauza C ingurukoa da

it forces you to think really hard before you make any--

behartzen du benetan pentsatzea any-- egiteko gogor aurretik

before you bring any variable into existence, like what

Edozein aldakorra ekarri aurretik existentzia sartu, like zer

is the type of this variable.

aldagai horren mota da.

And it's going to have that type for all time.

Eta hori da egin behar joan garai guztietako mota hori.

>> This is not true Python, and in fact, you

>> Hau ez da egia Python, eta hain zuzen ere, zuk

can-- if you're just sort of going by ear,

can-- ari bazina Sort belarrian by joan

and you make some decisions one way in one place,

eta erabaki batzuk egin behar dituzu Modu batean, leku batean,

and some decisions one way in the other place

eta erabaki batzuk bat Beste leku era

without putting enough stuff behind the scenes in the other place

nahikoa stuff atzean jarri gabe Beste leku eszenak

to catch things properly, you can get some very strange errors.

Gauzak behar bezala harrapatzeko, zuk errores oso arraro batzuk.

And the program can keep running for a very long time, because it's

Eta programa martxan gorde dezake oso denbora luzez, delako

doing a lot of work to say, well this thing could operate this way,

lan asko egiten ari, esan nahi baita Gauza hau era honetan jarduten du,

so I'm going to run that way.

beraz, naiz, era horretan korrika noa.

>> And in fact, the fact that it pushes forward through a lot of small errors

>> Eta hain zuzen ere, izan ere, bultzada akatsak txikiak asko baten bidez helaraziko

means that, often when an error is actually bad

esan nahi du, askotan denean akats bat dela benetan txarra

and you do actually want to fix it, it ends up miles away-- the program

eta ez benetan konpondu nahi duzu, eta ondorioz mila programaren away--

ends up stopping miles away from when you had your error.

ondorioz sortu mila gelditu kanpoan zure error izan duzu.

And so one thing that we would like programs to do, sometimes-- one thing

Eta beraz, gauza bat nahi genuke egin programak, batzuetan gauza bat

that we would like programs to do when we're debugging

duten programak nahi genuke arazketa ari gara egin

is fail loudly and fail very quickly when something goes wrong.

da huts egiten ozen eta huts oso Azkar zerbait oker.

>> Python is very bad at that.

>> Python dela oso txarra.

Python is very good at not failing and rolling forward

Python da oso, ez da batere ona Huts egin du eta aurrera gogor

through unexpected things.

ustegabeko gauza bidez.

So this is useful for when you're writing small programs.

Beraz, hau da, baliagarriak programa txikiak idazten dituen.

When you get complicated bugs it sometimes

When konplikatuak lortuko duzu bugs, batzuetan

takes a long time to tease them out.

Denbora luzez, horiek aurre egiteko hartzen.

>> So there's a dark side to all of this, like it just works.

>> Beraz, ez dago alde iluna da dena hau da, funtzionatzen duen bezalaxe.

It just works like you'd expect it to.

Lan egiten du, besterik ez da zuk espero litzaidake bezalakoa da.

Except that when it doesn't, you end up in a completely different place

Hori gertatzen ez denean, amaituko duzu ezik erabat ezberdin leku eman

and trying to figure out where it was that you went wrong.

eta irudikatu non saiatzen Oker joan zena izan zen.

>> Garbage collection is-- so one thing that you will notice

>> Zabor bilketa is-- orain Gauza bat dela nabarituko duzu

is that any of these things that I've brought into existence--

da gauza horietako edozein dela Existence-- Nik ekarri

these arrays, these dictionaries, these objects, these files-- never get freed.

sorta hauek, hiztegiak horiek, horiek objektuak, horiek files-- inoiz libratuko.

There was no call to free in any of this talk.

Ez zegoen dei no Hitzaldi honen edozein ere doan.

And that was on the C-side, because we never got into those things.

Eta hori da C-aldean izan zen, izan ere, Gauza horiek sartu inoiz ez dugu lortu.

>> But in Python-side, there isn't a free.

>> Baina Python-albo batean, ez dago ertzean.

Things get automatically freed when Python

Gauzak automatikoki lortu libratuko denean Python

thinks you're not looking at them.

pentsatzen ez duzu horiek ikusten ari zara.

It's really good not freeing things that you might still possibly be looking at,

Ez da benetan ona gauza askatzeaz dagoela duzu agian oraindik seguru egon begira,

but this means that if you were going to allocate this big thing,

baina horrek esan nahi du ez bazina gauza handi hau esleitu joan,

and you're like, oh I'm done with it now,

eta ari, adibidez, ai duzu Harekin egiten dut orain,

it's difficult to tell Python that you're done with it now.

zaila da Python kontatzeko Berarekin duzula Bukatutakoan orain.

>> You can sometimes set that variable to be none,

>> Batzuetan ezar daiteke aldagai hori ere ez izan,

and then hope that eventually the garbage collector

eta, ondoren, espero azkenerako zabor biltzaileak

comes through and cleans it out.

bidez dator eta garbitzen dira.

But again, you don't have control over that.

Baina, berriro ere, ez duzu Hori gaineko kontrola.

And one of the reasons that people use C for really performance critical things,

Eta arrazoi bat pertsona erabiltzen duten C benetan performance gauza kritikoa,

is this ability to really know when memory is allocated

gaitasun hori dela benetan Badakizu memoria esleitu denean

and when it's freed, and have a lot of control over saying,

Eta noiz egin askatua da, eta behar kontrol asko esaten duena baino gehiago,

I'm using no more memory than I need.

Erabiltzen dut memoria gehiago ez behar baino nuen.

Which is something that Python is not that great at.

Zein zerbait dela Python ez da handia at.

AUDIENCE: Can I ask you a question?

Publikoa: Ezin duzu galdera bat egin dut?

What did you mean by fail loudly?

Zer egin zuen huts egin ozen esan nahi duzu?

>> ROSS RHEINGANS-YOO: So if something's going wrong

>> ROSS RHEINGANS-YOO: Beraz, zerbait gaizki joan

and you're in debugging mode, you would very often

eta ari arazketa duzun modua, oso maiz egiten duzun

want your program to tell you where exactly it's gone wrong,

Nahi zure programa esango dizu non zehazki, joan oker,

and not just quietly stop running.

eta ez besterik gabe, lasai gelditu martxan.

But you'd actually it to print out all sorts of information about

Baina, egia esan duzuna inprimatu Informazio mota guztietako buruz egindako

like, here was this.

bezala, hemen izan zen hau.

This thing happened If you're printing a wen-- if you're running a web server--

Gauza hau gertatu inprimatzeko ari bada duzun web zerbitzari bat exekutatzen ari bazara wen-- bat

>> AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]

>> Ikusleak: [INAUDIBLE]

>> ROSS RHEINGANS-YOO: Yeah, if you're running a web server,

>> ROSS RHEINGANS-YOO: Bai, bada Web zerbitzari bat exekutatzen ari bazara,

it's sometimes bad if you're always discarding errors,

batzuetan txarra da bazaude Beti-akatsak baztertuz,

and you're saying, well that didn't work.

eta, esaten ari zaren bai, ez zuen ondo funtzionatu.

I'm going to stop.

Gelditzeko noa.

I'm just going to ignore it and keep going on.

Besterik ez naiz ez ikusi joan on da eta mantendu egingo da.

Because then you can get in hundreds of these errors and not see them.

Izan ere, orduan ere ehunka lortu dezakezu Akats horien eta ez ikusi.

>> It would certainly be useful for debugging purposes

>> Zalantzarik gabe, izango litzateke baliagarria helburuetarako arazteko

if every time your web server made an error, you had durable records of that.

aldi bakoitzean zure web zerbitzaria egin bada bat error, hori erregistro iraunkorrak izan duzu.

Maybe you even want the program to stop, so that those records

Agian, nahiz eta programa nahi duzu gelditzeko, eta, beraz, erregistro horiek

don't get buried under things.

ez get gauzak azpian.

But again, that's in debugging mode.

Baina, berriro ere, arazketa modua ere ez da.

>> Often in production mode, the world is a little different.

>> Askotan ekoizpen moduan, Mundu apur bat desberdina da.

And in tiny scripts that I'm running, where the thing that I said to do

Eta hori exekutatzen ari naiz gidoiak txiki-txiki batean, non gauza egin esan nion

might be only a little bit off from what I would like it to do,

Pixka bat bakarrik off izan liteke zer egin ezazu nahi dut,

then sort of pushing through errors is something you might want.

Orduz Sort bultzaka bidez erroreak agian nahi duzun zerbait da.

And in those cases, certainly Python really earns its starts.

Eta, kasu horietan, zalantzarik Python benetan bere hasten irabazten.

>> The last thing that I didn't talk in this-- that I didn't talk about

>> Azken gauza, baina ez dut hitz egin Halako hartan ez nuen buruz hitz egin

but can be really infuriating the first time you have one of these errors,

baina benetan lehena infuriating izan daiteke denbora, akats horietako bat egin behar duzu,

and the second and third and fourth time you have one these errors.

eta bigarren eta hirugarren eta laugarren time akats hauek bat behar duzu.

Python, I mentioned that it uses white space

Python, aipatu dudan espazio zuria erabiltzen du

to tell you what level of indentation and what functional block you're in,

duzu zer koska maila kontatzeko eta zer funtzionala bloke Oraindik ere,

it treats tabs and spaces differently.

fitxak eta espazio tratatzen da ezberdina.

So if you tab over four, and then the next line has four spaces,

Beraz, zuk fitxan lau baino gehiago izanez gero, eta, ondoren, hurrengo lerroan lau espazio ditu,

even if they show up as the same amount in your editor,

agertuko dute gisa bada ere Editoreak ere kopuru bera,

Python doesn't treat them the same.

Python ez du horiek tratatzeko bera.

>> In fact, Python treats tabs and spaces like oil and water.

>> Izan ere, Python tratatzen tabs eta olioa, eta ura bezalako espazio.

They are just different things.

Gauza ezberdinak dira.

There is no particular length that a tab is,

Ez dago bereziki no luzera fitxa bat da,

so it's not like a tab equals 8 spaces, and so you would get around it

beraz, ez da bezalako fitxa bat berdinen 8 espazioak, eta beraz, bere inguruan lortuko lituzke

Like, when it says, what level of white space I'm at,

Atsegin dut, esaten denean, zer espazio zuriak at nago maila,

it is actually looking for a pattern of spaces and tabs.

benetan da baten bila espazio eta fitxak eredua.

And so, the best way to deal with this is to always use spaces all the time.

Eta beraz, modurik onena horri aurre da espazio beti erabili denbora guztian.

>> And in fact, in the Cloud9 IDE and the CS50 IDE,

>> Eta hain zuzen ere, Cloud9 batean IDE eta CS50 IDE,

your Tab key inserts four spaces in instead

Zure tabuladorea txertatzen Lau espazio ordez batean

of a tab, which is super useful.

fitxa bat, hau da, super baliagarri.

Though again, if you wrote a Python program with tabs that would be fine,

Berriro arren, Python sarrera bat idatzi baduzu ondo egongo litzateke fitxa dituen programa,

it's just if somebody went in and tried to add

da bakarrik bada norbaiti joan eta saiatu gehitu

a single line to your program that had four spaces for every tab,

Zure programara lerro bakar bat dagoela lau espazio izan fitxan bakoitzean,

it would break.

hautsi egingo zela.

And it would break in a way that really isn't visible.

Eta bide batez luke hautsi benetan ez da ikusgai.

Though the actual error message that it throws

Benetako error nahiz Mezuaren botatzen duten

has to do with new indent not expected here,

berriak egin ditu koska, ez hemen espero,

or-- if it's talking about indents and it looks like it's wrong,

or-- da koskak buruz hitz egiten ari bada eta badirudi oker bezalakoa da,

it's probably because there's a tab-space problem.

seguruenik ez delako tab-espazioa arazo bat da.

They're still infuriating to debug.

Debug oraindik ere infuriating ari.

The biggest whole in this talk, which I didn't

Osoan Handiena Hitzaldi honetan, horrek ez nuen

get to because it's really a complicated, subtle topic,

da benetan delako lortu korapilatsu bat, sotila gaia,

and wasn't necessary to do any of the things we've done so far,

eta ez zen edozein egiteko beharrezkoa orain arte egin dugun gauzetako,

are a concept called tuples.

tuplen izeneko kontzeptu bat dira.

They are there much like the arrays that you can't modify.

Ez askoz bezala dira Hori ezin duzu aldatu array.

They get used all over the place because they are useful for lots of things

Delako leku baino gehiago eskuratzeko erabiltzen ziren denak erabilgarriak dira gauza asko egiteko

that arrays are not useful for.

hori array ez dira baliagarriak.

>> But if you'd like to make an array, and then promise the interpreter that you

>> Baina nahi izanez gero array bat egiteko, eta orduan agintzen interpreteak ez duzula

are never going to want to modify that thing-- in fact, if you want to modify,

ez dira inoiz hori aldatu nahi joan hain zuzen ere gauza, aldatu nahi izanez gero,

you'll make a new one with the new values in it-- those are tuples.

berriarekin batera, beste bat egin duzu it horietan balioak tuplen dira.

Rather than producing them with square brackets,

Baizik ekoizten baino horiek parentesi karratu,

you produce them with round brackets.

horiek sortzen parentesi txandan.

Why you would use these things, is a little bit of a question. .

Zergatik gauza horiek erabili beharko duzu, Galdera bat pixka bat da. .

The only thing that I'll say about that is you

Hori ez dut bakarrik Gauza esatera dela zuretzat

can use tuples as indices for dictionaries.

tuplen gisa erabili ahal hiztegiak indizeak.

You can't use arrays as indices for dictionaries.

Ezin duzu bezala array erabiltzea hiztegiak indizeak.

And why is, again, technical and I'm not going to run into it.

Eta zergatik ez da, berriz ere, tekniko eta Ez dut sartu exekutatu.

>> The pset that I haven't touched on in this talk is pset6.

>> Pset dela ez dut tocado eztabaida honetan on pset6 da.

So here's how you 'd implement a-- here's

Hortaz, hona hemen nola 'd duzu ezartzeko a-- hona hemen

how you would implement pset6 in Python.

pset6 zenbat ezartzea litzateke Python ere.

Keeping in mind the Python design cycle, the first thing

Kontuan Python mantentzea diseinu zikloa, lehenengo gauza

that you do when you're writing programs is check

egiten duzula zaudenean Programak check da

to see if somebody's done it already.

Norbait Jadanik da bada ikusteko.

>> In fact, if you want to serve-- Apache 50

>> Izan ere, hala nahi baduzu Apache 50 serve-- den

does approximately this, except it doesn't come

duela gutxi gorabehera hau, ezik ez da etorri

standard installed on Linux machines.

standard Linux makinak instalatu.

Python does, and the Python simple http server does as well.

Python egiten du, eta Python http simple zerbitzariak hau baita.

If you're ever on a Linux machine, or the Cloud9 IDE outside of CS50

Oraindik duzu inoiz bada Linux makina batean, edo Cloud9 IDE CS50 kanpoaldean

and you'd like to serve this current directory to a particular port,

eta egungo honetako zerbitzatzeko nahi duzuna portu jakin batera direktorioa,

python-m SimpleHTTPServer port serves that.

python-m SimpleHTTPServer portuan jarduten duten.

You can also import the simple http server

Zuk ere inporta dezakezu http simple zerbitzari

and it's got a lot of functionality if you want to customize it, or change it,

eta funtzio asko bada lortu da pertsonalizatzeko, edo aldatu nahi baduzu,

or are run it-- harness it to run your own server services.

edo exekutatu it it ustiatzeko Egin zure zerbitzari zerbitzuak exekutatu.

>> So that's Python in a nutshell.

>> Beraz, hori da Python Hitz batean.

And this has been CS50.

Eta hau CS50 izan da.

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