Why must the Multiverse exist?YouTube↗  IA↗(long shot)
Science & Technology  18.3K views 291 likes 22 dislikes   29 Aug 2020
Khoa Học và Khám Phá 128K subscribers Vietnam YouTube↗


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Welcome back to channel science and discovery.
チャネルサイエンスと発見へようこそ。
In this video, let's find out,
このビデオでは、調べてみましょう、
Why the Multiverse must exist,
多元宇宙が存在しなければならない理由、
And our universe is just a small universe in it?
そして、私たちの宇宙はその中のほんの小さな宇宙ですか？
As you all know, among the things that scientists have discovered, perhaps quantum mechanics is the most mysterious.
ご存じのとおり、科学者が発見したものの中で、おそらく量子力学が最も神秘的です。
It opens up the possibilities of time travel, and multi-world existence, but we have yet to fully grasp these concepts,
それはタイムトラベルの可能性とマルチワールドの存在の可能性を切り開きますが、これらの概念を完全に把握することはまだです。
with your present understanding of spacetime.
時空の現在の理解と。
If you look out into the Universe, with all the most powerful technology available to mankind, you will never find its frontier.
宇宙に目を向けると、人類が利用できる最も強力なテクノロジーがすべてそろっていれば、そのフロンティアを見つけることはできません。
The space continues to stretch endlessly, and we only see the same things,
空間は限りなく広がり続け、同じものだけが見えます、
as matter and radiation.
物質と放射線として。
But is the Universe just that?
しかし、宇宙はそれだけですか？
In all directions we will see only the same identifying signs, of an expanding Universe, thanks to residual radiation.
すべての方向で、残留放射線のおかげで、拡大する宇宙の同じ識別記号のみが表示されます。
from the hot, dense state of the Big Bang, galaxies increase in size, mass and number,
ビッグバンの熱く密な状態から、銀河はサイズ、質量、数が増加し、
Factors that change as the stars live and die.
星が生きて死ぬにつれて変化する要因。
But what is beyond our observable universe?
しかし、私たちの観測可能な宇宙の向こうには何がありますか？
Is there anything but light signals,
光信号以外はありますか、
Can we reach us, since the Big Bang?
ビッグバン以来、私たちに到達することはできますか？
Are there as many universes as ours out there that transcend the limit of our observation ?,
私たちの観測の限界を超える宇宙は、私たちの宇宙ほど多くありますか？、
Or is there a mysterious Multiverse in nature,
それとも、神秘的なマルチバースが自然の中にあるのか、
and forever we can't see?
そして永遠に私たちは見ることができませんか？
Unless something is seriously wrong,
深刻な問題でない限り、
with our understanding of the Universe, and the Multiverse must be the answers to all of those questions.
宇宙についての理解をもって、そして多元宇宙はそれらすべての質問に対する答えでなければなりません。
The multiverse is an extremely controversial idea, but at its core is a very simple concept.
マルチバースは非常に物議を醸すアイデアですが、その中心には非常にシンプルなコンセプトがあります。
Just as the Earth does not occupy a special place in the Universe, nor does the Sun, the Milky Way or any other entity, the Multiverse goes a step further and declares,
地球が宇宙の特別な場所を占めておらず、太陽、天の川、その他の実体も占めていないように、多元宇宙はさらに一歩進んで宣言します、
The visible universe has nothing special in the Multiverse.
目に見える宇宙は多元宇宙で特別なものは何もありません。
Multiverse is the idea that,
マルチバースとは、
Our universe is just a small part, in a larger structure, that goes beyond the limits of our observation.
私たちの宇宙は、私たちの観測の限界を超えた、より大きな構造のほんの一部です。
That whole structure, the Invisible Universe, could be part of a larger spacetime, comprised of many other unconnected universes that may or may not be the same as the one in which we live. .
その構造全体である「見えない宇宙」は、私たちが住んでいるものと同じであるかどうかに関係なく、接続されていない他の多くの宇宙で構成されるより大きな時空の一部である可能性があります。 。
If this were the idea of ​​the Multiverse, many would have doubts that,
これがマルチバースのアイデアである場合、多くの人はそれを疑っています、
how can we know if they exist or not.
それらが存在するかどうかをどのようにして知ることができますか。
After all, physics and astronomy,
結局のところ、物理学と天文学は、
are sciences based on the validation of things that can be measured,
測定可能なものの検証に基づく科学であり、
through experimentation or another.
実験や別のものを通して。
If we were looking for evidence, of something that exists outside of our visible Universe,
目に見える宇宙の外に存在する何かの証拠を探していたなら、
and leaves no trace inside it,
その中に痕跡を残しません、
it looks like the idea of ​​the Multiverse is basically,
マルチバースの考え方は基本的には、
is not verifiable.
検証できません。
But there are so many things that we cannot observe,
しかし、私たちが観察できないことはたくさんあります。
and we still know they exist.
私たちはまだそれらが存在することを知っています。
Decades ago,
数十年前、
when we do not directly detect gravitational waves,
重力波を直接検出しない場合、
we already know that they must exist.
私たちはすでにそれらが存在しなければならないことを知っています。
We have observed their consequences.
その結果を観察しました。
Binary pulsars,
バイナリパルサー、
neutron stars orbit each other,
中性子星は互いに軌道を回っています
must emit something that has to carry energy, and that fits the prediction of gravitational waves.
エネルギーを運ばなければならない何かを放出しなければならず、それは重力波の予測に適合します。
So if we cannot observe the Multiverse directly,
したがって、マルチバースを直接観測できない場合、
Do we have any indirect evidence for its existence?
その存在を示す間接的な証拠はありますか？
How do we know that there are so many unobservable universes out there,
そこには観測できない宇宙がたくさんあることをどうやって知るのですか、
And how do we know that our Universe could be one, of many sub-universes embedded in the Multiverse?
そして、私たちの宇宙が、多元宇宙に埋め込まれた多くのサブ宇宙の1つである可能性があることをどのようにして知っていますか？
We can draw conclusions about the nature of the Universe, based on what observations it reveals.
宇宙が明らかにする観察結果に基づいて、宇宙の性質について結論を出すことができます。
When we look at the edge of the observable Universe,
観測可能な宇宙の端を見ると、
We see that the light rays emitted from the earliest period, from the Cosmic Microwave Background,
宇宙のマイクロ波背景から、最も早い時期に放射された光線が、
Create special patterns in the sky.
空に特別なパターンを作成します。
These patterns don't just reveal density,
これらのパターンは密度を明らかにするだけでなく、
and the fluctuation in the temperature at the time the Universe was born, as well as the matter and energy composition of the Universe, but also about the geometrical properties of space itself.
宇宙が生まれたときの温度の変動、および宇宙の物質とエネルギーの組成だけでなく、宇宙自体の幾何学的特性についても。
From that,
それから、
we can conclude that,
私たちはそれを結論付けることができます、
cosmic space does not have positive curvature (like a sphere), or negative (like a saddle), but rather flat.
宇宙空間には、正の曲率（球のような）や負の（サドルのような）曲がりはなく、むしろ平らです。
This shows that the Unobserved Universe may be far beyond our reach.
これは、観測されていない宇宙が私たちの手の届かないところにあるかもしれないことを示しています。
Even if the Universe was curved, it would still be hundreds of times larger in diameter,
宇宙が湾曲していても、直径は数百倍も大きいでしょう。
compared to the part we can see.
私たちが見ることができる部分と比較して。
The key to explaining the Multiverse,
多元宇宙を説明する鍵は、
It's Cosmic Inflation and Quantum Physics.
それは宇宙インフレーションと量子物理学です。
Geometries can show that there are many unobservable Universe, outside our Observable Universe,
幾何学は、私たちの観測可能な宇宙の外に、多くの観測不可能な宇宙があることを示すことができます、
but it doesn't prove it,
しかしそれはそれを証明しません、
and it does not provide evidence of the Multiverse.
そしてそれは多元宇宙の証拠を提供しません。
However, there are two concepts in physics that can help us to resolve doubts,
しかし、疑問を解決するのに役立つ物理学には2つの概念があります。
And that's cosmic inflation and quantum physics.
そしてそれが宇宙インフレーションと量子物理学です。
The inflationary universe is the theory of the period after the Big Bang.
インフレ宇宙はビッグバン後の時代の理論です。
Instead of starting with a singularity,
特異点から始める代わりに、
has a physical limit on temperature and density,
温度と密度に物理的な制限があります。
at the early stage when the Universe was expanding.
宇宙が拡大していた初期の段階で。
If they have reached arbitrarily high temperatures, in the beginning,
彼らが任意の高温に達した場合、最初は、
there will be signs that are not there, as is.
そこには存在しない兆候があります。
High amplitude temperature fluctuation,
高振幅温度変動、
The limited particle density fluctuation, by the size of the cosmic horizon,
宇宙の地平線のサイズによって制限された粒子密度の変動、
Traces of high energy left over from the early period,
初期から残った高エネルギーの痕跡、
magnetic monopoles for example.
例えば、磁気単極。
These signs are all missing. Temperature fluctuations are only 0.003%, particle density fluctuations,
これらの兆候はすべて失われています。 温度変動はわずか0.003％、粒子密度変動、
the scale of the cosmic horizon, the limits of unipolarity and other traces, is extremely strict.
宇宙の地平線のスケール、単極の極限およびその他の痕跡は、非常に厳密です。
As such, the Universe never reaches an arbitrarily high temperature. this also means,
そのため、宇宙が勝手に高温になることはありません。 これはまた、
Something else came before the Big Bang to set it up.
それをセットアップするために、ビッグバンの前に何か他のものが来ました。
This is where the inflationary universe theory comes in.
これがインフレ宇宙論の出番です。
Built in the early 1980s, the inflationary universe was designed, to solve some puzzles with the Big Bang,
1980年代初頭に建てられたインフレ宇宙は、ビッグバンでいくつかのパズルを解くために設計されました。
and make verifiable predictions,
検証可能な予測を行い、
about the signs that will appear in our universe.
私たちの宇宙に現れる兆候について。
We may not know everything about inflation,
インフレについてすべてを知っているわけではないかもしれませんが、
But we have a very strong set of evidence,
しかし、非常に強力な証拠があります。
support on the appearance of this period, in the early Universe.
初期宇宙におけるこの時代の出現を支持する。
It set up and produced the Big Bang, and predicted a set and spectrum of fluctuations,
それはビッグバンをセットアップして作り出し、変動のセットとスペクトルを予測しました、
created structural particles that grow in the lattice of the universe, which we observe today.
私たちが今日観察している宇宙の格子で成長する構造粒子を作成しました。
Only the universe is inflationary,
宇宙だけがインフレです
as far as we know, gives us predictions of our Universe,
私たちが知る限り、私たちの宇宙についての予測を与えてくれます、
in accordance with what we observe.
私たちが観察するものに従って。
But even if this is okay, this only tells us that our invisible Universe extends beyond the visible part.
しかし、これが大丈夫だとしても、これは私たちの目に見えない宇宙が目に見える部分を超えて広がることを私たちに伝えているだけです。
But remember, there's one more ingredient we need to add, and that's quantum physics.
しかし、覚えておく必要がある要素がもう1つあります。それが量子物理学です。
Inflation is considered a field, obeying the rules of quantum field theory.
インフレは場と見なされ、場の量子論の規則に従います。
In the quantum universe,
量子宇宙では
There are many counterintuitive rules to follow, but the one most suitable for our purposes, is quantum uncertainty.
直感に反するルールはたくさんありますが、私たちの目的に最も適したものは、量子の不確実性です。
Although we often consider uncertainty between two variables,
2つの変数間の不確実性を考慮することがよくありますが、
is momentum and position, energy and time.
勢いと位置、エネルギーと時間です。
angular momentum of each other perpendicular directions,...
互いの垂直方向の角運動量、...
there is also an inherent uncertainty in the value of the quantum field.
量子場の値にも固有の不確実性があります。
As time passes forward, a specified field value at the previous time,
時間が経過すると、前回の指定されたフィールド値、
now a less certain value, you can just assign a probability to it.
これで、特定の値が少なくなり、確率を割り当てることができます。
Now, let's combine these:
今、これらを組み合わせましょう：
on the one hand, we have an inflationary Universe, and on the other is quantum physics.
一方にはインフレの宇宙があり、他方には量子物理学があります。
We can imagine inflation,
インフレを想像できます
when a ball rolls very slowly on top of a flat hill.
平らな丘の上でボールが非常にゆっくりと転がるとき。
As long as the shadow remains on the top of the hill, inflation will continue.
影が丘の頂上にある限り、インフレは続きます。
However, when the ball reaches the end of the flat part, it rolls down to the valley below, which is the time to transition from the inflationary field,
ただし、ボールがフラットパーツの端に到達すると、ボールは下の谷まで転がり落ちます。これは、インフレーションフィールドから遷移する時間です。
into matter and energy.
物質とエネルギーに。
This transformation represents the end of cosmic inflation, through a process known as warming, and the generation of the Big Bang.
この変容は、温暖化と呼ばれるプロセスとビッグバンの生成を通じて、宇宙インフレの終わりを表しています。
But there is one special thing here.
しかし、ここには特別なことが1つあります。
when the Universe inflation,
宇宙インフレ、
field values ​​change slowly.
フィールド値はゆっくりと変化します。
In different inflation regions,
異なるインフレ地域では、
field values ​​expand in different random numbers, and in different directions.
フィールド値は、異なる乱数で、異なる方向に展開します。
In some regions, inflation ends quickly, and in others it ends more slowly.
一部の地域ではインフレはすぐに終わり、他の地域ではよりゆっくりと終わります。
This is key to telling us why the Multiverse is inevitable !.
これは、マルチバースが避けられない理由を私たちに伝えるための鍵です！。
When inflation ends immediately, we get a Big Bang and a Universe, which might resemble our own Observable Universe.
インフレがすぐに終了すると、ビッグバンと宇宙が得られます。これは、私たち自身の観測可能な宇宙に似ているかもしれません。
But there are other areas, located outside the Observable Universe, where inflation continues for longer.
しかし、観測可能な宇宙の外にインフレがより長く続く他の領域があります。
The inflationary multiverse frees us from the burden of choice.
インフレの多元宇宙は、選択の重荷から私たちを解放します。
Each universe in it may have different laws of physics, determined by one or several solutions of string theory.
その中の各宇宙には、物理​​学の異なる法則があり、弦理論の1つ以上の解によって決定されます。
In the universe we live in,
私たちが住む宇宙では
Basic physical constants seem to have some kind of refinement needed for life to exist.
基本的な物理定数には、生命が存在するために必要なある種の改良があるようです。
For example, electromagnetic forces only need a slight difference, the atoms become unstable.
たとえば、電磁力はわずかな違いを必要とするだけで、原子は不安定になります。
Just a 4% change in this force,
この力のわずか4％の変化、
all the fusion reactions in the stars, the reaction needed to produce carbon atoms for living beings, will stop.
星のすべての核融合反応、生物の炭素原子を生成するために必要な反応は停止します。
This picture, of a great Universe, much larger than the little we can observe, is continually being created on this exponential inflation space,
この写真は、私たちが観察できるものよりもはるかに大きい、素晴らしい宇宙の写真であり、この指数的インフレ空間で継続的に作成されています。
is what the Multiverse is about.
マルチバースについてです。
It is not a new, testable scientific prediction, but an unavoidable theoretical consequence,
これは新しいテスト可能な科学的予測ではなく、不可避の理論的結果です。
is based on known laws of physics.
既知の物理法則に基づいています。
Are the laws of physics the same as ours,
物理法則は私たちのものと同じですか、
in other universes or not, we still do not know.
他の宇宙では、私たちはまだ知りません。
If there was an inflationary Universe dominated by quantum physics, then the Multiverse was inevitable.
量子物理学に支配されたインフレ宇宙があったとしたら、マルチバースは避けられません。
We now know that we are just an extremely small part of the galaxy, existing among countless other galaxies in the universe.
私たちは今、私たちが銀河の非常に小さな部分であり、宇宙の無数の他の銀河の中に存在していることを知っています。
The theory of multiple universes will make this even more plausible.
複数の宇宙の理論は、これをさらにもっともらしくします。
If really other parallel universes exist.
本当に他のパラレルユニバースが存在する場合。
Thank you for watching the video!
ビデオを見てくれてありがとう！
If you see this video, don't forget to like and subscribe to receive the latest videos from science and discoveries!
この動画をご覧になった場合は、サイエンスとディスカバリーから最新の動画を受け取るために、いいねしてチャンネル登録してください。
Good bye and see you again!
さようなら、またお会いしましょう！
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