Indifference CurvesYouTube↗  IA↗(long shot)
Education  163.2K views 2.9K likes 37 dislikes   13 Jun 2017
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♪ [music] ♪
♪ [música] ♪
[Joana] As we make choices about what to buy,
[Joana Girante] Al tomar decisiones sobre qué comprar
we're constrained by our own income and the prices of things.
estamos limitados por nuestros ingresos y los precios de las cosas.
But our tastes or our preferences
Pero nuestros gustos o nuestras preferencias
for what we like, or don't, are just as important.
sobre lo que nos gusta o no, son igual de importantes.
For simplicity's sake,
Por simplicidad
let's stay in our two-good world,
permanezcamos en nuestro escenario
and look at how you might choose between pizzas and coffee.
y analicemos cómo elegir entre pizzas y café.
Suppose I asked you which of the following combinations
Supongamos que te pregunto cuál de las siguientes combinaciones
you would rather have.
preferirías tener.
This is like me asking you to rank them in order of preferences.
Es como si te pidiera que las clasifiques de acuerdo a tus preferencias.
Let's plot them on a graph.
Vamos a esquematizarlas en un gráfico.
On the x-axis we have the number of pizzas per week,
En el eje X tenemos el número de pizzas por semana
and on the y-axis we have cups of coffee per week.
y en el eje Y tenemos las tazas de café por semana.
Because we view pizza and coffee as good things,
Debido a que vemos la pizza y el café como cosas buenas
things that bring us utility,
cosas que nos traen utilidad
we always want more of them.
siempre queremos más de ellas.
Well, at least I do.
Bueno, al menos yo sí.
Obviously, three pizzas and three cups of coffee are preferred
Obviamente, 3 pizzas y 3 tazas de café gustan más
to just two pizzas and two cups of coffee.
que solo 2 pizzas y 2 tazas de café.
Similarly, one pizza and one cup of coffee are less preferred
Del mismo modo, 1 pizza y 1 taza de café gustan menos
to two pizzas and two cups of coffee.
que 2 pizzas y 2 tazas de café.
Consider this combination -- two pizzas and two cups of coffee.
Considera esta combinación: 2 pizzas y 2 tazas de café.
In general, any combination in this region is preferred
En general, se prefiere cualquier combinación en esta región
to the original combination.
a la combinación original.
Think about why that is.
Piensa en el por qué de eso.
Any point here represents a combination of pizza and coffee,
Cualquier punto aquí representa una combinación de pizza y café
such that you get more of at least one of them --
de tal manera que obtendrás más de al menos uno de ellos
maybe even more of both.
tal vez incluso más de ambos.
And having more of what brings us utility is better.
Y tener más de lo que nos trae utilidad es mejor.
Any combination of goods in this region, however,
Sin embargo, cualquier combinación de bienes en esta región
means you'll be getting less of at least one of the goods --
significa que estarás recibiendo poco de al menos uno de los bienes
maybe even less of both --
tal vez incluso menos de ambos
and that will leave you worse off.
y eso te dejará insatisfecho.
Now that we know what you prefer and what you don't prefer,
Ahora que sabemos lo que prefieres y lo que no prefieres
let's think about the combinations of goods that will leave you indifferent.
pensemos en las combinaciones de bienes que te son indiferentes.
You may not mind if instead of having two pizzas
Puede que no te importe si en vez de tener 2 pizzas y 2 tazas de café
and two cups of coffee, you have just one pizza
obtienes solo 1 pizza y 3 tazas de café.
and three cups of coffee. Or three pizzas and one cup of coffee.
O 3 pizzas y 1 taza de café.
Any time someone asks you if you would rather have
Cada vez que alguien te pregunta
one combination of goods versus another,
si preferirías tener una combinación en vez de otra
and you go, "Uh, I don't care,"
y tú dijeras, "No me importa"
you are saying you are indifferent between the two.
con eso estás diciendo que eres indiferente a estas opciones.
The line that connects the combinations
La línea que conecta las combinaciones que te dejan indiferente
that leave you indifferent is called your "indifference curve,"
se llama su curva de indiferencia
and each point on the line represents
y cada punto de la línea representa
the same amount of satisfaction, or utility.
la misma cantidad de satisfacción o utilidad.
Just like we drew the indifference curve
Al igual que dibujamos la curva de indiferencia
for that first combination of goods --
para la primer combinación de bienes
two pizzas and two cups of coffee --
2 pizzas y 2 tazas de café
we could draw several other curves,
podríamos dibujar muchas otras curvas
each of which representing different levels of utility.
cada una de las cuales representaría diferentes niveles de utilidad.
This would be your indifference map.
Este sería tu mapa de indiferencia.
Notice your indifference curve isn't a straight line.
Observa que tu curva de indiferencia no es una línea recta.
That's because its slope changes
Eso se debe a que la pendiente cambia a medida que te mueves
as you move between different combinations of goods.
entre la diferentes combinaciones de bienes.
The slope of the indifference curve
La pendiente de la curva de indiferencia
is called the "marginal rate of substitution,"
se llama "tasa marginal de sustitución"
and it measures the rate at which you are willing
y mide la tasa a la que estás dispuesto
to forego cups of coffee in order to get one more pizza,
a renunciar a las tazas de café para obtener una pizza más
while keeping your utility constant.
manteniendo constante la utilidad.
The easiest non-calculus way
La manera más sencilla sin hacer cálculos
to find the marginal rate of substitution at a given point
para encontrar la tasa marginal de sustitución en un punto dado
on the indifference curve is to draw a straight line
en la curva de indiferencia es dibujar una línea recta
tangent to the curve at that point.
tangente a la curva en ese punto.
For example, suppose you're considering this combination.
Por ejemplo, supongamos que estás considerando esta combinación.
Note it has very few pizzas and many cups of coffee.
Ten en cuenta que tiene pocas pizzas y muchas tazas de café.
The marginal rate of substitution is four.
La tasa marginal de sustitución es 4.
This means that you are willing to forego four cups of coffee
Esto significa que estás dispuesto a renunciar a 4 tazas de café
to consume one more pizza.
para consumir 1 pizza más.
As you move along the indifference curve
A medida que te mueves a lo largo de la curva de indiferencia
and start consuming more pizza,
y comienzas a consumir más pizza
your marginal rate of substitution falls.
tu tasa marginal de sustitución se reduce.
Why is that?
¿Por qué pasa eso?
If you are thinking marginal utility, you nailed it!
Si estás pensando en la utilidad marginal, ¡es correcto!
Each additional pizza you consume provides you with less utility
Cada pizza adicional que consumes te proporciona menos utilidad
than the previous one.
que la anterior.
But now remember,
Pero ahora recuerda
you are on an indifference curve,
estás en una curva de indiferencia
so maintaining your level of utility implies
por lo que mantener tu nivel de utilidad
giving up one cup of coffee after another.
implica renunciar a una taza de café tras otra.
But here's the thing --
Pero aquí lo que pasa es esto.
as you are left with fewer and fewer cups of coffee,
Como cada vez tienes menos tazas de café
their marginal utility increases
tu utilidad marginal aumenta
and the harder it is for you to give them up
y es más difícil para tí renunciar a ellas
to get that additional pizza.
para conseguir esa pizza adicional.
Your marginal rate of substitution is two.
Tu tasa marginal de sustitución es 2.
This means that you were willing to give up two cups of coffee
Esto significa que estabas dispuesto a renunciar a 2 tazas de café
to consume one more pizza.
para consumir 1 pizza más.
That's two fewer cups of coffee than you were willing to give up
Eso es 2 tazas menos de café de lo que estabas dispuesto a renunciar
when you had less pizza and more cups of coffee.
cuando tenías menos pizza y más tazas de café.
It's because your willingness to give up cups of coffee decreases
Es debido a que tu voluntad de renunciar a las tazas de café disminuye
the more pizza you have
cuando tienes mayor cantidad de pizzas
that the marginal rate of substitution decreases
y la tasa marginal de sustitución disminuye
along an indifference curve.
a lo largo de la curva de indiferencia.
Most indifference curves look just like the one in our example.
La mayoría de las curvas de indiferencia se parecen a la de nuestro ejemplo.
They are bowed inward.
Se doblan hacia adentro.
This is because the marginal rate of substitution changes
Esto se debe a que la tasa marginal de sustitución
depending on how much of the goods you have
cambia dependiendo de cuántos bienes tienes
and your willingness to substitute between them.
y tu voluntad de sustituirlos entre ellos.
But there are exceptions,
Pero hay excepciones
and indifference curves can look very different.
y las curvas de indiferencia pueden parecer muy diferentes.
Suppose you view two goods as substitutes.
Supón que consideras que dos bienes son sustitutos.
To me, that's juice.
Para mí, sería jugo.
Maybe you too don't care
Tal vez a tí tampoco te preocupa
if you drink orange juice or apple juice.
si bebes jugo de naranja o jugo de manzana.
In this case, you will be equally happy
En este caso, estarás igualmente feliz
if you drink two glasses of orange juice
si bebes 2 vasos de jugo de naranja y 2 de jugo de manzana
and two of apple juice, or if you drink three glasses of orange juice and one of apple juice.
o si bebes 3 vasos de jugo de naranja y 1 de jugo de manzana.
Here your marginal rate of substitution is constant
Aquí tu tasa marginal de sustitución
along your indifference curves, and is one.
es constante a lo largo de tus curvas de indiferencia, y es 1.
Perfect complements are another extreme case.
Los complementos perfectos son otro caso extremo.
Suppose you're eating hot dogs.
Supongamos que estás comiendo perros calientes.
You want one hot dog bun for every hot dog.
Quieres un pan por cada salchicha.
If I give you two hot dog buns but just one hot dog,
Si te doy 2 panes de perro caliente, pero solo 1 salchicha
you will not be better off,
no estarás satisfecho
because you like your hot dogs with hot dog buns.
porque quieres tus perros calientes completos.
In this case,
En este caso
your indifference curves will look like right angles.
tus curvas de indiferencia parecen ángulos rectos.
Indifference curves come in many shapes and sizes,
Las curvas de indiferencia vienen en muchas formas y tamaños
but they do have a few things in common.
pero tienen algunas cosas en común.
When we talk about goods, the first thing you note is
Cuando hablamos de bienes, lo primero que notarás
that indifference curves slope downward.
es que las curvas de indiferencia se doblan hacia abajo.
Why?
¿Por qué?
Because the only way for us to keep utility constant
Porque la única manera de mantener la utilidad constante
when consuming more of one good is by consuming less of the other.
cuando consumimos más de un bien, es consumiendo menos del otro.
We also assume that more is better.
También asumimos que más es mejor.
That means that indifference curves
Esto significa
that are farther away from the origin --
que las curvas de indiferencia más alejadas del origen
I mean are farther to the right -- represent higher levels of utility.
es decir, más alejadas de la derecha, representan mayores niveles de utilidad.
However, if we're talking about bads --
Sin embargo, si estamos hablando de males
say, pollution, or trash --
digamos, contaminación, o basura
then the less we have of them, the better.
entonces cuanto menos tenemos de ellos, mejor.
In this case, we are better off when we get closer to the origin.
En este caso, nos sentimos mejor cuando nos acercamos al origen.
Another important property of indifference curves
Otra propiedad importante de las curvas de indiferencia
is that they cannot intersect each other.
es que no pueden cruzarse entre sí.
This makes sense.
Esto tiene sentido.
If we allow two indifference curves to cross,
Si permitimos cruzar dos curvas de indiferencia
we are saying that the combination of goods
estamos diciendo que la combinación de bienes
at the intersection point represents, at the same time, different levels of utility.
en el punto de intersección representa al mismo tiempo, diferentes niveles de utilidad.
This makes no sense.
Esto no tiene sentido.
Economists don't like things that don't make sense,
A los economistas no les gustan las cosas que no tienen sentido
so we assume this cannot happen,
por lo que suponemos que esto no puede suceder
despite people being different
a pesar de que la gente es diferente
and exhibiting different preferences towards goods.
y exhiben diferentes preferencias hacia los bienes.
While preferences are solely about our tastes and dreams,
Si bien las preferencias se refieren exclusivamente a gustos y sueños
our actual decisions require us to get reality into the picture.
nuestras decisiones reales requieren que pongamos los pies en la tierra.
We do that when we make our decisions constrained,
Hacemos eso cuando limitamos nuestras decisiones
by our income and the prices the market invisibly determines.
a nuestros ingresos y los precios que el mercado determina de forma invisible.
We look at that next.
Veremos eso la próxima vez.
- [Narrator] You're on your way to mastering economics.
Estás en camino de aprender sobre economía.
Make sure this video sticks
Asegúrate de no olvidar este video
by taking a few quick practice questions.
respondiendo las preguntas de práctica.
Or, if you're ready for more microeconomics,
Si estás listo para más sobre microeconomía
click for the next video.
haz clic en el próximo video.
Still here?
¿Sigues aquí?
Check out Marginal Revolution University's other popular videos.
Revisa los demás videos populares de Marginal Revolution University.
♪ [music] ♪
♪ [música] ♪
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