(OLD VIDEO) The Cell Cycle and Cancer Amoeba Sisters English Basque

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Ziklo zelularra eta minbizia

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Today's topic is the cell cycle and mitosis. But before we get into the cell cycle and

Bideo honetan ziklo zelularra eta mitosia ikusiko ditugu. Gaia azaldu baino lehen bi prozesuren

mitosis, we want to be sure to talk about why these words are important and how they

zergatia eta zertarako balio duten azaldu behar ditugu.

relate to real life. So if I say the word cancer, this words probably means something

Minbizi hitza entzuten duzun bakoitzean, burutzen zaizkizu

to you. Either you know somebody who has been diagnosed with cancer or you've heard about

gaixorik egon zen edo egoten den ezagun bat edo minbiziari buruzko entzundako berriak komunikabideetan

it on the news. There's many different types of cancers but one thing they all have in common is that they are caused by uncontrolled cell growth. That means, someone's own cells

komunikabideetan.Minbizi mota desberdin daude baina minbizia guztien arrazoia zelulen kontrol gabeko hazkuntza da, hau da, pertsona baten zelulak edonola eta edonoiz hazten dira

grow out of control. Now, that doesn't mean that there aren't other contributing factors

Honek ez du esan nahi beste eragile batzuk ez daudenik

for example for some cancers having genetic links, meaning it runs in the family, can

adibidez, mibizi kasu asko agertzen badira familia baten kideengan, horrek esan nahi du faktore eragilea genetikoa dela

make someone more likely to develop it, or having excessive exposure to UV light for

baina beste faktore eragileak daude esate baterako eguzkiaren izpi ultramoreak

some cancers. Those are risk factors that can increase your risk. But the main cause

Eragile hauek minbizia izateko probabilitatea handiagotzen dute. Baina minbiziaren azken arrazoia

of cancer is uncontrolled cell growth. That also means it's something that it is not contagious

zelulen kontrol gabeko hazkundea da. Honek esan nahi du kutxakorra ez dela

and that it's something that anyone can develop.

eta fenomeno hau edonork izan dezakela

You have to realize that all the cells in your body are very busy. And they're either

Oso garrantzitsua da zelula guztiak oso lanpeturik daudela konturatzea

in one of two different phases. They are either in a phase called interphase and during interphase

haien bizitzaren bi faseetan. Zelulak interfasean egon daitezke eta fase honetan

they are just growing, replicating DNA, their doing their cell functions or they are in

zelulak hazten dira, ADN molekula bikoizten dute eta beste funtzio batzuk egiten dituzte. Baina zelulak beste fase batean egon daitezke...

mitosis. Mitosis is a fancy word that means they are dividing, they are making new cells.

mitosian. Fase honetan zatiketa zelularra gertatzen da eta zelula berriak sortzen dira.

If you think about the cell cycle, whether they are in interphase or mitosis, it's kind

Beraz, zelula bat interfasean edo mitosian egoten da eta bi fase hauek ziklo zelularra osatzen dute.

of like a pie graph. They are spending about 90% of their time in interphase. Most of the

Bi fase hauek grafikoki irudikatzen badigutu konturatuko gara interfasearen iraupena zelularen bizitzaren %90a dela

time cells are not dividing, most of the time they are in interphase, they are growing,

denbora tarte honetan,haiek hazten dira

they're doing their daily cell functions and they are replicating their DNA. Most of the

beste funtzio batzuk egiten dituzte (nutrizioa eta harremanak) eta ADN bikoizten dute. Denbora gehienetan

time, not dividing. Now, depending on what kind of cell, it might do mitosis more or

ez dira zaitzen.Zatiketa zelularra zelula motaren arabera motelago edo arinago gerta daiteke

less often; for example, your hair follicle cells, they do mitosis frequently which is

adibidez, ile erraboilaren zelulek mitosia oso maiz egiten dute, horregatk 1 cm hilero hazi daiteke ilea.

why your hair can grow up to half an inch every month. But other cells like for example

Baina beste zelula motak ezin dute mitosia egin, esate baterako

your brain cells, your neurons, some of them do not perform mitosis, which is why if you

neuronek (nerbio sistemaren zelulak) ez dute inoiz mitosia egiten,

have some type of major injury to the spinal cord or to the brain, sometimes those do not

beraz, bizkarrezur muinean edo

heal very well because those cells do not replicate.

garunean lesio larriren bat gertatzen bada

So mitosis is very important to generate new cells, which can help with growth and also

ia ezinezkoa izango da lesio hau konpontzea

if you damage your cells. If you're walking down the street and you have some kind of

mitosia egiteko gai ez direlako zelulak

accident, and you skin your knee, well you're going to need to repair those damaged cells.

Kaletik bazoaz, erortzen bazara eta zauri bat egiten badiozu zure buruari, kaltetutako zelulak mitosiak konponduko ditu.

You're going to need to be able to mitosis to repair those cells. The thing is you don't

Horrexegatik , mitosia oso garrantzitsua da

want your cells to be always doing mitosis because if their always doing mitosis, then

Zelulek ezin dute mitosia eten gabe egin, bestela

they are always dividing and then they're not carrying out their actual function and

prozesuak ez da bere funtzioa modu egokian eta behar den momentuan egiten

that's a problem.

txarto gertatzen bada mitosia kalte larriak sortuko dira, Kalteak ekiditzeko

That's where check points come in handy. See, along the cell cycle there are check points

zelulek kontrol puntuak dituzte

to check that the cell is growing correctly and replicating it's dna correctly and doing

mitosia ondo gertatzen dela ziurtatzeko

everything it's supposed to correctly before it divides. And what happens if the cell fails

Zer gertatzen da kontrol hauek huts egiten badute?

it's check point? The cell does something called apoptosis which basically means the

Kasu honetan zelulek apostosis izeneko prozesua egiten dute.

cell destroys itself, it self-destructs. This might seem kind of harsh but actually it's

zelulak bere burua hiltzen du.

really important because it ensures you don't have these cells that are messed up continue

Apostosisa egiteko aukera oso ona da. Era honetan kaltetutako zelulak ezin dira zatitu edo ugaldu

on and divide. You don't want damaged cells to continue on and divide because they might

Eta aldi berean, kaltetutako ezaugarriak ezin dira pasatu ondorengoengana

do not do what they are supposed to, they might start to grow out of control, they might

Beraz, zelulek egiten ditusten prozesu guztiak

not be regulated correctly.

kontrolpean egon beha dira.

That's where cancer cells come in. See cancer cells, as we had said, are your body's own

Minbizi zelulak gurezalula arrunt bezalakoak izaten dira

cells that are growing out of control. So they are not following the rules of these

baina ondo ugaltzeko edo mitosia ondo egiteko ahalmena galdu dute

checkpoints, they are flying past the check points going through the cell cycle and frequently

kontrol puntuak behar den eran eta momentuan ez dira ibiltzen

doing mitosis, which means they are dividing very, very often. And so by doing that they

Mitosia etengabe gertatzen denean, tumoreak agertzen dira eta hazten dira

can grow into these things called tumors which are really a mass of cancer cells. So we're

Tumoreak minbizi zelula multzoak dira

not really sure what causes them to escape these check points. There are a lot of factors

Inork ez dakinola galtzen dute kontrola zelulek, baina

that a person can have that will increase their risk of this happening, but when these

adituek esaten dute faktore batzuek eragina handia dutela ( faktore genetikoak, elikadura, hormonak, tabakoa,loditasuna...)

cells get past these check points and grow out of control, they become a problem. Because

Orokorrean, minbizi zelulak gure gorputz osotik mugitzeko gai direnez

many times they can travel through the bloodstream, they started growing out of control, the body

organo desberdinak inbaditzeko gauza dira. Inbaditzeko prozesu honi metastasis izenekoa deitzen zaio

can't identify them and destroy them with the immune system and so this becomes an issue

Metastasisaren kontra gure defentsarako sistema ezin du ezer egin

and usually one the treatments that someone with cancer will go through is called chemotherapy.

Minbiziaren kontrako tratamendurik gogorrena kimioterapia da

And this works by targeting cells that go through the cell cycle quickly and hit mitosis

Kimioterapiak zelula guztiei, bai minbizidunei bai osasuntsuei,eraso egiten die

quickly. And that's one reason why many people will lose their hair when they are on chemotherapy

Horregatik gaixo batzuek ilea galtzen dituzte

because their medication that's targeting fast growing cells and their hair follicle

kimioterapiak mitosisa arinago egiten duten zelulei eraso egiten die eta

cells are also fast growing cells.

ile erraboilaren zelulak oso arin ugaltzen dira

Cancer cells have some other factors that make them difficult to treat. One is that

Minbizi zelulek beste ezaugarri berezi batzuk dituzte eta hauek dira kausa haien kontrako borroka oso zaila izatea

cancers have the ability to secrete their own growth hormone. This is very bad because

Zelula minbizidun batzuek berezko hazteko hormonak ekoizten dituzte

growth hormone in the sense, think of it as a hormone that says, "FEED ME." What happens

hormona hauek jateko etengabeko gogoak sortarazten dituzte, gainera

is the blood vessels will divert over to those cancer cells and supply the cancer cells with

odol hodiak haien ohiko ibilbidetik desbideratzen dira eta minbizidunengana abiatzen dira.

nutrients. This is not good because it means the cancer cells will have the nutrients they

Nolabait esateko, kaltetutako zelulek

need to keep growing out of control. It also can take nutrients away from nearby healthy

osasuntsuei nutrienteak lapurtzen dizkiete

cells. There are some medications that are being researched that maybe could stop the

Momentu honetan, medikuek ikertzen dute zenbait substanzia gai direnak hormona hauen ekoizpena ekiditzeko

growth hormone from cancer cells and in the sense that would be great because the cancer

Argi dago medikuek baieztatu behar dutela substantzia

cells would not be able to get the nutrients to grow out of control. Of course, you have

hauek eraginkorrak direla minbizidunengan

to make sure the medication is targeting just cancer cells and that hurting the growth hormone

eta ez osasuntsuengan

of nearby healthy cells. You wouldn't want that. So it's kind of a tricky situation.

So let's recap what we talked about today. We talked about the cell cycle, how cells

gaurko gaia ziklo zelularra da eta ikusi dugu

are more frequently in interphase than in mitosis. Interphase is when cells are replicating

zer diren interfasea eta mitosia.

their DNA or their growing, and carrying out cell processes. In mitosis, the cells are

Interfasean, zelulak ADN bikoizten du, zelularen funtzio desberdinak egiten ditu (nutrizioa, harremanak).

actually dividing. We talked about how during this cell cycle there are checkpoints that

Mitosian zelulek ugalketa edo zatketa zelularra egiten dute

regulate the cell and keep the cell from being able to continue on if it's damaged...unless

Mitosian kontrol batzuk daude ziurtatzeko prozesu hau behar den eran eta momentuan egiten dela

we're talking about cancer cells which are cells that have escaped the checkpoints and

Minbiziari buruz hitz egin dugu. Kontrol puntuetatik ihes egin dituzten zelulak minbizidun bihurtzen dira

are growing out of control. Be sure to check out our clip on mitosis. This process is really

eta kontrol gabeko hazkuntza izaten dute, tumoreak sortuz

fascinating, but it's also a really important one in order to understand how your body cells

Hau ulertu ondoren , konturau behar zar mitosiaren garrantziaz gure bizitazan

work. That's it for the Amoeba Sisters, and we remind you to stay curious!

Eutsi gogor ikasketari

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