Flu Pathophysiology khanacademymedicine English Czech

Flu PathophysiologyYouTube↗ IA↗(long shot)
Education 19.3K views 18 likes 6 dislikes 17 May 2013

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There are three groups of influenza viruses, which we call virus types.

Existují tři skupiny chřipky, které nazýváme typy.

And these three types are influenza A, B, and C.

Tyto tři typy jsou chřipka A, B a C.

So we group influenza viruses like this because of the differences that they have in their genetic material or their genome.

Dělíme je tak kvůli rozdílům genetického materiálu neboli genomu.

So the genome in an influenza A virus is very different than the genome in the influenza B

Genom viru chřipky A je velmi odlišný od genomu viru chřipky B.

virus, and there are many more differences between A and B than there are between two influenza A viruses.

Více rozdílů, než je mezi dvěma různými viry typu A, je dokonce mezi typy A a B.

So I'm focusing right now on influenza A and B viruses,

Soustřeďme se na chřipky A a B, jelikož jsou to typy,

because these are the types that cause sickness and epidemics

jenž každou zimu způsobují epidemii ve Spojených státech,

every winter in the United States. I'm not focusing on influenza type C, because this is much less common in humans and actually isn't even included in the annual vaccine.

Na chřipku C se soustředit nebudeme, jelikož není u lidí běžná a není zahrnuta ve standardním očkování.

So now let's get back to the differences between individual virus types. So the influenza type A is a very large group of viruses, much larger than the type B. And so we

Nyní pojďme zpátky k odlišnostem mezi jednotlivými typy. Chřipka typu A zahrnuje velkou skupinu virů, mnohem větší než typ B.

need to further divide this group according to subtype,

Proto je třeba ji dále rozdělit na poddruhy,

and the subtype is named according to surface proteins that are on the outside of every virus.

které se jmenují podle proteinů, jenž jsou na povrchu každého viru.

So there are two kinds of surface proteins on every influenza A virus, and we

Na povrchu každého viru chřipky A jsou dva druhy bílkovin,

call these H for hemagglutinin and N for neuroaminidase.

nazýváme je H jako hemaglutinin a N jako neuraminidáza.

Now, these surface proteins come in many different flavors.

Tyto bílkoviny mají mnoho různých druhů.

There are actually 17 different kinds of hemagglutinin proteins and 10 different kinds of neuroaminidase proteins.

Máme celkem sedmnáct druhů hemaglutininu a deset druhů neuraminidázy.

So when a virus replicates, its genome is going to determine what kinds of H and N proteins will show up on the surface of the virus.

Druhy bílkovin H a N vzniklých na povrchu viru při dělení určuje genom,

So you can imagine that there are a lot of different combinations of these viruses.

proto existuje velké množství kombinací těchto virů.

So H1N1 could be a potential combination, maybe H3N2,

Případná kombinace může být H1N1, H3N2 a mnoho dalších.

and so on. And actually, H1N1 and H3N2 are the subtypes that we see in humans today.

H1N1 a H3N2 jsou ve skutečnosti druhy chřipky, které v současnosti pozorujeme u lidí.

So the combination of proteins that we see in these viruses is very important, because this is what the immune system sees

Seskupení bílkovin u těchto virů je důležité, protože určuje vnímání viru imunitním systémem.

when a virus enters the body. It sees what's on the outside of the virus.

Imunitní systém vidí zevnějšek viru,

So when you have two viruses that are the same or that look the same on the outside

takže když máme dva stejné viry nebo viry se stejným zevnějškem,

and if the immune system knows what to do with one of them, it'll know what to do with the other one.

a pokud imunitní systém ví, jak reagovat na jeden z nich, tak bude schopen reagovat i na druhý.

But if you have a virus come along that looks very different from a virus that the immune system has ever seen before,

Ale pokud máme virus, který vypadá velmi odlišně a imunitní systém jej dosud neviděl,

it's going to be very confused and not know what to do with this new virus.

tak bude imunita zmatena a nebude vědět, co s takovým virem dělat.

And when this happens, this is what causes major illness across an entire population. And we'll learn more about that in a future module.

Toto způsobuje závažné nemoci napříč populací, o čemž se budeme bavit později.

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