Trp operon Khan Academy Korean English

Trp operonYouTube↗ IA↗(long shot)
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Portuguese Edgar Fernandes

Edgar Fernandes

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지금까지 가장 많이 연구된 오페론은

- [Voiceover] Two of the most studied operons

Trp 오페론과 Lac오페론입니다

are the Trp operon and the Lac operon

저는 이 수업에서 Trp오페론에 대해 설명하겠습니다

and what I wanna do in this video is focus on

Trp 오페론은 트립토판의 생성에

the Trp operon, which is essential for the production

중요합니다

아미노산의 한 종류인 트립토판은

tryptophan, which you might recognize as an amino acid

가끔 추수감사절 칠면조와 연관지어지는데,

often associated with Thanksgiving and turkey dinner,

트립토판은 다른 아미노산들처럼

but tryptophan, as all or most amino acids

몸에서 사용되는 폴리펩타이드와

are essential for creating the polypeptides,

단백질의 생성에 필수적입니다

the proteins that you use in your body

Trp 오페론에 대해서 이야기 할 때

and so the Trp operon, and here we're going to be

우리 몸에 대해 이야기하거나

talking about not your body, or we're going to be

우리 몸 속에 있는 것에 대해서 이야기 하는 것이 아닙니다

talking about something that's in your body.

대장균에 대해서 알아봅시다

We're gonna talk about E. Coli.

이 오페론은 그림에 나온 것처럼

It is an operon that is on the E. Coli that is part of

대장균 게놈 위에 있습니다

the E. Coli genome, and just in this diagram,

그림에 나온것처럼

the way it's drawn, it would be sitting,

이 곳에 위치하고 있습니다

it would be sitting right over here.

복습하자면, 오페론은 유전자의 조합으로

And just as a reminder, an operon is a combination

유전자의 전사조절부위를 포함합니다

of a set of genes, as well as the regulatory DNA sequences

구체적으로 이 부위는 프로모터와

for that set of genes, in particular you have the promoter,

작동부위를 포함합니다

you have the operator right over here.

프로모터는 RNA 중합효소가 결합하여

The promoter's where the RNA polymerase binds and

전사를 시작하는 곳이고

would start the transcription process.

작동부위는 억제자가 결합하는 곳입니다

The operator's where the repressor binds,

이것은 Trp 오페론의

and this is going to be essential for

작동법을 이해하는데 중요합니다

understanding how the Trp operon works.

이 유전자들은 어떤 정보를 담고 있을까요?

And so what are these genes actually code for?

이 유전자들은 트립토판의 합성을 담당하는

Well these genes code enzymes that are used

효소들의 정보를 담고 있습니다

in the construction of tryptophan,

효소들이 자신보다 작은 분자들을

and I'm always amazed that enzymes can be used

합성하는데 쓰인다는 것은

to construct what are essentially molecules

매우 신기한 일입니다

that are much smaller than the enzymes themselves.

실제로 효소들은 아미노산으로 만들어졌지만,

In fact the enzymes involved are made up

그들은 특정 아미노산을 만드는데 쓰입니다

of amino acids, but then they're used to make

즉 , Trp E, D, C, B, A 모두

particular amino acids, and so Trp E, D, C, B, A,

mRNA로 전사된 다음

they're all, once they are transcribed into mRNA

리보솜에서 번역되면

and then translated into ribosomes,

트립토판 생합성에 쓰이는

these enzymes are used to create tryptophan,

효소들이 만들어집니다

for tryptophan biosynthesis.

원리에 대해서 알아봅시다

So let's think about how this works.

트립토판 농도가 낮은 조건에서는

So, if we are in a low tryptophan environment,

대장균은 단백질의 구성성분으로서

our E. Coli, it needs tryptophan, it needs

트립토판을 필요로 합니다

that amino acid as a building block for its proteins.

그러므로 대장균은 이 조건에서

So in that world, it makes sense that in a low

RNA 중합효소를

tryptophan environment, the RNA polymerase

프로모터에 부착시켜 전사를 시작하여

can just latch on to the promoter and begin

5개의 유전자들을 mRNA로 전사시킨 후

the transcription process, transcribe these five genes

효소로 번역시켜서

into mRNA which then can be translated into those enzymes

트립토판의 합성량을 늘립니다

and they you will have more tryptophan biosynthesis.

트립토판이 없는 조건이라면

That makes sense that you wanna create tryptophan if you're

트립토판을 합성해야하기 때문이지요

in an environment that does not have a lot of tryptophan.

하지만, 트립토판이 많은 조건이라면 어떨까요?

But what if we did have a lot of tryptophan?

만약 트립토판이 많다면

Well if you have a lot of something around,

트립토판 합성에 에너지를 낭비하면 안됩니다

you shouldn't waste energy creating more of it.

지금 살아있는 모든 생명체는

You have to appreciate that all organisms that are around

수십억년의 진화의 산물로,

today are the byproducts of billions of years of evolution

자원을 낭비하지 않는 쪽으로

and they've learned to be very careful, or the ones

자연선택 됐다는 것을 기억해야합니다

that are selected for tend to be the ones that don't

그러므로 트립토판이 주위에 많다면

waste resources, and so when you have tryptophan around,

이 전사과정이 일어나는 것을 막아햐 합니다

you probably don't want this transcription to occur.

그러므로 트립토판이

So it makes sense that maybe tryptophan

억제자의 공동억제자로서 작용하여

can act as a co-repressor for a repressor molecule,

억제자와 결합하면, 억제자는

for a repressor enzyme, that would attach

작동부위에 결합하여 RNA전사를

to the operator and block the RNA polymerase

억제하게 됩니다

from transcribing, and that's exactly what happens.

그러므로 트립토판의 농도가 높다면

So if you're in a high tryptophan environment,

물론 트립토판은 그림에서처럼

and tryptophan obviously does not look like these little

노란색 사각형 모양이 아니지만

yellow quadrilaterals over there, but that's just

시각화를 위해서 표현하였고,

for our visualization purposes, and neither does RNA

RNA 중합효소도 그림에서처럼 생기지 않았고,

polymerase look like that, or neither does the

Trp 억제자 또한 마찬가지입니다

Trp repressor look like that, in fact

만약 실제로 그림들을 찾아본다면

I encourage you to web search these and see

그들은 아주 흥미롭게 생겼습니다

how they actually look, they're fascinating.

만약 트립토판의 농도가 높다면

But when you have a lot of tryptophan, the tryptophan

트립토판은 공동억제자로 작용하여

can act as a co-repressor,

Trp 억제자에 결합하여 활성화 한 다음

it can bind to the Trp repressor essentially activate it

구조를 변형하여 억제자가 오페론의

so that it'll change its confirmation so that it can then

작동부위에 결합할 수 있도록 합니다

attach to the operator in the operon, and once

만약 억제자가 결합한다면, RNA중합효소는

it's attached to the operator, well then the RNA polymerase

더 이상 전사를 진행할 수 없습니다

can no longer move forward with transcription.

이것은 아주 중요한 되먹임 작용입니다

So as you can see this is a very valuable feedback loop,

사실 피드백 작용도 아니라

or not even necessarily feedback, if you're in an

트립토판이 많은 환경이라면

environment with a lot of tryptophan, don't create

트립토판을 그만 만들고,

tryptophan, or if you just have a lot of tryptophan

트립토판이 과량 생성됐으면, 생성을 중단합니다

laying around, don't create more tryptophan.

만약 주변에 트립토판이 부족하다면

If you don't have tryptophan around, well then the

공동억제자가 억제자에 결합하지 않고

repressor won't be co-repressed, I guess you can say,

트립토판이 생성됩니다

and then the tryptophan will actually be created.

트립토판의 한 가지 흥미로운 점은

Now, tryptophan's an interesting thing because

전사 조절만이 피드백 작용이나

the control of transcription isn't the only place

조건화된 반응을 진행시키는

where you have some type of a feedback loop

유일한 기작이 아니라는 것입니다

or kind of a conditional situation.

사실 단백질들 사이에서 즉시 피드백 작용이

You can actually have direct feedback inhibition

일어날 수 있지만, 이 과정은

between the proteins, and so this part isn't related

전사와 관련없는 과정입니다

to the transcription, but if this is a precursor

하지만 트립토판 전구체가 그림에서처럼

of tryptophan, it's all very abstract in this diagram,

효소 1이 전구체 2번으로 변형시키고

and let's say Enzyme 1 turns into Precursor 2,

효소 2가 전구체 3번으로 그리고

Enzyme 2 turns into Precursor 3, and Enzyme 3

효소 3이 트립토판을 만든다고 할 때

turns in into tryptophan, well you actually have

트립토판이 직접 효소 1과 결합하거나

direct feedback inhibition where tryptophan can then bind

상호작용을 통해서 피드백 작용이 일어날 수 있습니다

or interact with Enzyme 1 here, could interact with

색깔을 바꾸어서 표시해보면

Enzyme 1, let me do it in a color you can see.

피드백 작용 때문에 효소 1은 더이상

Could interact with Enzyme 1 so that it can no longer

전구체 1을 전구체 2로 바꿀 수 없습니다

act as efficiently taking Precursor 1 to Precursor 2.

그러므로 이 고전적인

So this right over here, this is the classic

피드백 작용은

feedback inhibition, feedback inhibition.

이 영상의 목적은 오페론과

The focus of this video, we're talking about operons

유전자 조절이지만, 트립토판의 합성의 조절은

and gene regulation, but it's important to realize that

전사과정 단계에서만 일어나는 것이

the regulation of the creation of tryptophan

아니라는 것을 아는 것도 중요합니다

doesn't only occur at the transcription level

조금 어려운 내용이라

and I'm not gonna go into this video,

영상에서는 소개하지 않겠지만

it's a slightly more advanced topic, but there's also

트립토판 합성 조절에는 전사약화라는 조절방법도 있습니다

regulation of tryptophan biases through a process

이것은 전사의 시작에는 영향을 주지 않지만

called attenuation, which doesn't affect the start

과정이 완성되는 것에 영향을 미치고

of transcription, but it affects how things

트립토판이 완성되거나, 혹은 완성되는 과정이

get completed, and it will keep tryptophan from being

진행되는 것에 영향을 미칩니다

completely, or the entire process from going to completion.

하지만 가장 많이 이야기 하는 것은

But the ones that are most typically talked about

앞에서 말한 것처럼

are what we just talked about here, where you have your

트립토판이 오페론의 공동억제자로 작용하는 과정과

tryptophan act as a co-repressor of the Trp repressor,

유전자 조절과는 관계없는

and also the feedback inhibition, which once again,

피드백 조절과정이 있습니다

it's not really about gene regulation, but you can see

하지만, 이 과정에서 나온 중간체들이

how the product of this process can go back

처음 효소의 작용을 억제할 수 있습니다

and inhibit one of the first enzymes.

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