ArchaeaYouTube↗  IA↗(long shot)
Education  165.3K views 3.3K likes 93 dislikes   12 Dec 2019
Amoeba Sisters 2.9M subscribers United States YouTube↗


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Contributed subtitles
Indonesian Davy Julian Ibrahim
priscilla s
Turkish Elif Eraydın
Dutch Laura Vandebuerie
Spanish (Latin America) Aide Uresti
Click to Play Video Click to Play Video
Captions are on! Click CC at bottom right to turn off.
字幕(日本語)ON ※「古細菌」ではなく「アーキア」を用います
Have you ever imagined things with a movie trailer voice?
映画の予告で　いろいろ想像したことない？
You know - that dramatic voice that commands you to listen and be intrigued that shows
聞かずにはいられない　興味を持たずにいられない
up on some movie trailers?
魅力的なナレーションの予告編は　特にね
We think it could actually work great for biology.
【粗大ゴミの日・・・ アメーバが立ち上がる 捨てるために】みたいな
An example?
生物学でも　うまくいくと　思うんだけど
Ahem.
例えば？
In a world…with no oxygen...One little yeast cell...will do...FERMENTATION!
エヘン 酸素がない世界… ちっぽけな酵母が... 立ち上がる…
...発酵！
Okay tell me that does not make you want to learn at least a little about fermentation?
イヤならそう言ってね 【足りないのは爆発だね】
If so, we have a video about that, and the yeast (which is a fungus) which can do it!
発酵について　もうちょっと知りたい？ それなら　発酵と菌類の動画があるよ
But you know what would be the BEST topic for an exiting movie trailer?
一番ワクワクする予告編になるのは　何だと思う？
Archaea.
アーキア！
Because they are probably some of the most exciting unicellular organisms out there.
だって超ワクワクする　単細胞生物だもん
And many of them can live in extreme environments, too.
過酷な環境で生きられる
By extreme, I mean think harsh but then more harsh. Areas with extreme temperatures or high salt levels.
予想よりかなり厳しいとこ 寒かったり暑かったり　塩分がかなり多いとこ
Though I should point out Archaea are not the only extremophiles; bacteria can be extremophiles
一応言っとくと アーキアだけが極限環境菌なわけじゃない バクテリア(細菌)にも　極限環境菌はいる
too. It’s interesting because when I first started teaching, it was common to call Archaea Archaebacteria.
昔　アーキアは古細菌(古代のバクテリア)って呼んでた
But that is an outdated term because Archaea aren’t bacteria.
日本語は「古細菌」もまだ使うけど　細菌とは別物
Now they do have some things in common with bacteria.
【誰が　ふるくさいって？】 アーキアと細菌(バクテリア)には　共通点がある
They’re both unicellular.
どっちも単細胞
They’re both prokaryotes so they have no nucleus, and they also don’t have membrane-bound
どっちも原核生物　核がない 膜が結合した細胞内小器官がない
organelles.
ミトコンドリアとか　葉緑体とか
They both have genetic material and cytoplasm and ribosomes.
両方に遺伝物質と細胞質とリボソームがある
Both bacteria and Archaea can be classified as autotrophs or heterotrophs, and they both
どっちにも　独立栄養生物も従属栄養生物もいる
do binary fission to reproduce.
増殖するには分裂(二分裂)する
Still, Bacteria and Archaea are two completely different domains in the three-domain system.
それでもアーキアとバクテリアは　違うドメイン
That’s a pretty big separation.
かなり大きな　隔たりがある 【こいつとは世界が違うんだ！】【でも…】
What makes them different?
違いは何だろう？
In the three domain system, you have the domain Bacteria, the domain Archaea, and then the domain Eukarya which has all the eukaryotes: plants, animals, fungi, protists.
生物を３ドメインに分けると バクテリア(細菌)　アーキア　真核生物の３つ 真核生物：植物・動物・菌類・原生生物が含まれる
So let’s look at the differences between Bacteria and Archaea.
では　バクテリアとアーキアの違いを見つけよう
Membrane structure is very different.
膜構造が　だいぶ違う
Remember that all cells have a membrane; it’s really important for homeostasis.
細胞はみんな膜があるんだった 恒常性の維持にも必要
If you take a look at our further reading suggestions, you can also explore how the
もう少し詳しく調べるなら　細胞膜の化学を
chemistry of the cell membrane of the domain Archaea is different: one example is that
アーキアの細胞膜は　他とちょっと違う
Archaea membranes typically contain ether linkages instead of ester linkages. You would find ester linkages in the membranes of Bacteria and Eukarya.
アーキアの膜には　エーテル結合した分子がある バクテリアと真核生物の膜には　エステル結合がある
Some Archaea have a lipid monolayer instead of a bilayer.
アーキアには膜が脂質層１枚のものも（他は２枚）
Turns out that a monolayer, as well as some other structural differences of Archaea membranes,
単層なこと以外にも　膜構造の違いがあって
can be useful for surviving in extreme environments.
極端な環境で生き残るのに役立つの
You will also find a unique cell wall in Archaea.
アーキアには独自の細胞壁がある
Recall that you will find cell walls in bacteria and you’ll find them in Archaea too.
バクテリアにも　細胞壁はあったね
Archaea cell walls can be very diverse---but they don’t have this large polymer called
アーキアの細胞壁はとっても多様
peptidoglycan.
でもペプチドグリカンは持ってない
You will find peptidoglycan in the cell walls of both gram positive and gram negative bacteria.
バクテリアなら　細胞壁にペプチドグリカンがある グラム陽性菌でもグラム陰性菌でも
While Archaea can also technically be gram positive or gram negative---most Archaea staining
アーキアをグラム染色しようと思えばできなくもないけど
gram negative---Archaea don’t have the peptidoglycan.
ペプチドグリカンがないので　ふつうはグラム陰性
Archaea can have pseudopeptidoglycan though which is…a little confusing…but it has
アーキアには　ペプチドグリカン様物質がある
a different chemistry to it.
ちょっとややこしいけど　化学的には違う
Like all organisms, Archaea have genetic material.
他の生物と同じで　アーキアには遺伝物質がある
Now similar to bacteria, Archaea DNA is generally arranged in a circle.
バクテリアと同じく　アーキアのDNAは円形
Although while bacteria tend to have one origin of replication, Archaea tend to have several.
←バクテリアDNAには複製開始点が１個 アーキアには　複製開始点がいくつも→
When studying the genetics of Archaea, it’s interesting that now scientists find more
アーキアの遺伝情報を調べると 実は　アーキアとバクテリア　より
similarities between the genetics of Eukarya and Archaea than they do Archaea and Bacteria.
アーキアと真核生物　とに類似性を見出すことが多い
So overall, these were just some comparisons of Archaea with bacteria.
バクテリアとアーキアをいくつか比べてみただけ
Keep in mind that most Archaea can’t be cultured in the lab.
ほとんどのアーキアは　研究室で培養できないの
That’s because there is a lot unknown about what kind of media they need to grow on or
育てるための　培地や栄養の種類とか環境が
nutrients or environmental controls in order to grow them in the lab.
まだよくわかってないから
Although, that’s a common challenge for quite a few types of bacteria too.
まぁそれは　多くのバクテリアにも言えるんだけど
Before we go, I want to mention my very favorite Archaea genus.
【もっといい培地よこせ！】 あ　終わる前に アーキアの　とっておきの話
So I have not been to a volcanic spring.
温泉噴出口には　行ったことないんだけど
Yet.
まだね
Need to travel more.
もっと旅行しなきゃ
But Archaea members of the genus Sulfolobus have.
Sulfolobus(スルフォロブス)属のアーキアは
They can handle temperatures that most organisms can’t---like around 80 degrees Celsius.
80℃くらいでも生きていける 他の生物なら　死んじゃうよね
Hot.
それだけじゃないの
And that’s not all! This genus can also handle very acidic conditions.
この仲間は　超酸性条件でも　生育する
Substances such as hydrogen sulfide, which is dangerous to most living organisms, does
硫化水素などは　ほとんどの生物にとって危険
not deter them. There’s interest in studying how these Archaea could be used to treat industrial waste and
でも　アーキアは　大丈夫 アーキアを　産業廃棄物の処理や
even convert parts of that industrial waste into something that could be useful.
産業廃棄物の有用化に　使う研究がされてる
Well, that’s it for the Amoeba Sisters, and we remind you to stay curious.
これでアメーバシスターズはおしまい 知るって楽しい！ 【なんでまだいるの？どうしたの？】 【テーマソング中なの！　あっち行って！】
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