What is ATP? Amoeba Sisters English Japanese

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私たち　ATP 大好き

We love it. You’ll find ATP in so much of our science art…whether it’s a GIF of a mitochondrion or cell transport…or a comic about cellular respiration or fermentation, you’ll see

私たちのコンテンツでは　ATPがよく登場するミトコンドリアとか細胞輸送のGIF 細胞呼吸や発酵のマンガとかに…

ATP が出てくる

So why the big deal?

そんなに大事？

Why is it all over the place?

なんで　どこでも出てくるの？

Many times students will get in their mind that it is an energy currency of some kind.

「エネルギー通貨」って習うよね

When I first started studying biology, I noticed that in textbooks it’s often represented

生物学の教科書の表現は

as like this starburst thing or thunderbolt, and you know, I guess in my mind I imagined

こんな　爆発とかカミナリのイメージだから　細胞が何か活動するとき

it was like some big blast of energy that helped the cells do things.

エネルギーを爆発的に与えるんだって　思ってた

And by do things, I mean that we need ATP to do many cellular processes.

【やり過ぎ】でも、細胞のいろんな活動にATPは必要

Examples include active transport such as when a cell is trying to move something against its concentration gradients.

例えば　能動輸送濃度勾配に逆らって物質を受け渡すこと　とか

Or its role in muscle contraction with the actin and myosin cross bridge…we need another

筋収縮での　アクチンとミオシンの架橋とか

video for that.

そのあたり　詳しくは別の動画を見てね

ATP is critical for many types of cell signaling; you need your cells to be able to communicate.

細胞が他の細胞とコミュニケーションをとるつまり情報伝達にも　ATPは必要

Those are all just some examples.

まぁこれでも　ほんの少し　だね

But what is ATP?

で、ATPってなに？

How do we get it?

どこで手に入れるの？

And…how does it work?

どんな働きをするの？

Those are the basics of what we’re going to focus on in this short video.

この動画では、この基本３つを　説明するね

So what is ATP?

1. ATPってなに？

If you remember the four major biomolecules, ATP would fit in with the nucleic acids.

メインの生体分子４つ　覚えてる？ ATPは核酸の仲間

Yes, like DNA and RNA.

そう　DNAやRNAと同じ

ATP is a nucleotide derivative so it has those three parts you’d see in DNA or RNA nucleotides:

ATPはヌクレオチドの誘導体だからDNAやRNAと同じく　部品は３種

phosphate, sugar, base, but it actually has 3 phosphates.

リン酸基　糖　塩基　があるリン酸基が３つもあるのが　違うとこ

ATP is short for its full name, adenosine triphosphate. This fancy name is helpful as it tells you that it contains the nitrogenous base known

ATPは　アデノシン三リン酸　の略

as adenine, and three phosphates---hence the “tri” in adenosine triphosphate.

塩基がアデニンでリン酸基が３つあるから　Tri

Its sugar is ribose.

糖はリボースね

How do you get ATP?

2. ATPを手に入れるには？

All cells need ATP and so they need processes that can be used to generate it.

細胞はみんなATPが必要だから合成するシステムがある

But the process can differ.

でも　方法は　いろいろ

It might involve oxygen such as aerobic cellular respiration.

酸素が関係する好気呼吸もあれば

It might not involve oxygen such as anaerobic respiration or fermentation. During cellular respiration, plants break down the glucose they MADE from photosynthesis

酸素が不要な　嫌気呼吸や発酵もある植物は　自分で合成したグルコースを呼吸で分解してATPを作る

During cellular respiration, animals break down the glucose they CONSUMED to make ATP

動物は　外から取り入れたグルコースを呼吸で分解してATPを作る

. And it's not just plants and animals; bacteria, fungi, protists, and archaea---they all need

植物と動物だけじゃなくて… 細菌　菌類　原生生物　古細菌…

みんな　ATPを作らなきゃ

We have a video on cellular respiration and another one on fermentation that can be helpful to understand the process, but one thing that we do want to mention about making ATP is

呼吸と発酵の勉強には　別の動画を見てね ATPの理解で大事なのは

that it is important to understand it is part of a cycle.

ATPサイクルがわかること

With the ATP cycle you have ATP, which can be hydrolyzed, releasing energy and losing

ATPサイクルでは ATPが加水分解されると　エネルギーが放出されて

one of its phosphates in this process.

リン酸基を１個失う

A process like cellular respiration can provide the energy needed to add a phosphate to ADP in order to regenerate ATP again, which is important as ATP can be used quickly.

呼吸とかで生み出すエネルギーを使って ADPに　リン酸をくっつけて　ATPに再生する ATPは　すぐに　使われるから

This brings us to how ATP is able to work.

再生は大事

So how does ATP work?

さて　ATPを使う？ 3. ATPはどう働くの？

It’s not just about ATP being hydrolyzed and releasing energy.

加水分解でエネルギーを放出するのは

It’s more than that.

ATPだけじゃない　他にもいる

Ok, honestly, it’s more than our short video can go into, which is why we provide some

正直言って　そこまでやるとこの動画が長くなるので

further reading links, but let’s look at some basics.

あとは自分で調べてね

So when ATP is hydrolyzed, meaning here it involves the addition of water, it’s not

さて、ATPが加水分解されるとき

really that the bond between this second and third phosphate itself is a super strong bond.

２番目と３番目の結合が超強力だってのは誤解

It’s actually more that the bond between the second and third phosphate contributes to this ATP being unstable.

この結合が　ATPをちょっと不安定にしてるって思って

These phosphates with their negative charges don’t like being arranged like this.

リン酸基は負に帯電しててこの並びはちょっと気持ちわるい

The change from ATP losing its third phosphate to become the more stable ADP is an exergonic reaction and releases free energy.

１個取れて　より安定なADPになる反応は発エルゴン(発熱)反応で　エネルギーを出せる

A popular example for understanding ATP is to use the spring illustration. Like a wire spring.

ATPをバネでイメージしよう

Consider how you might compress the spring---ATP would be modeled by that compressed spring---and

バネを押すーこれがATP

then you would let it go until it just goes into this relaxed state, which would be represented

不安定手を離した状態がーADP

When ATP is hydrolyzed, if the energy was just released, it will likely not be useful

ATPが加水分解される時エネルギーが放出されても

for a cell if it’s not actually coupled to something that needs it.

細胞の何かとリンクしてないともったいない

Thankfully, the energy release can be coupled to endergonic processes that the cell needs

幸運なことに　発生したエネルギーは

to do. This can occur when the phosphate from the ATP is transferred to a molecule that is going to be acted upon.

細胞が必要とする吸エルゴン(吸熱)反応とリンクする例えば　ATPから離れたリン酸基が他の分子に転移して　その分子を活性化する　とか

For example, this cell transport protein here is supposed to move some kind of molecule

例えば　濃度勾配に逆らって物質を運ぶ

against its concentration gradient.

つまり　能動輸送

Recall if it was passive transport, these molecules would be moving from high to low

受動輸送は　濃度勾配に従う濃い方から薄い方へ移動するんだった

concentration, but in active transport thanks to ATP, this protein can move them against

能動輸送は　ATPのおかげで濃度勾配に逆らって　物質を運べる

the gradient. When the phosphate is transferred to this protein, we say the protein has been phosphorylated. Sounds powerful.

リン酸基がタンパク質にくっつくことをリン酸化って　いう

We can say, in our example, that this protein is more reactive and less stable in this form, this phosphorylated intermediate state.

タンパク質は　リン酸基がついた中間体だと反応しやすくて不安定

When it reverts into its original, more stable shape, it can assist in moving them the other

リン酸基が取れて元の安定な構造になるとき

膜の反対側に物質を送る

So from marveling at the beating of a single cilia hair, or chromosomes being separated

鞭毛を動かすとか

in cell division, or binding the correct amino acid on a tRNA, I could go on---we hope that

細胞分裂の時に　染色体を引き離すとか tRNAに正しいアミノ酸を持たせるとか

little ATP symbol will mean something every time you see it.

まだまだあるけど ATPは　あなたの目に映るだいたいのことに関わってる

Well, that’s it for the Amoeba Sisters, and we remind you to stay curious.

アメーバ・シスターズはおしまい。知るって楽しい！【友情の証に　ブレスレット作ってみたんだけど】

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