Recognizing fragments | Syntax | Khan AcademyYouTube↗  IA↗(long shot)
Education  152.8K views 380 likes 28 dislikes   23 Aug 2016
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Polish Justyna Bober
KhanAcademyPoPolsku
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- [Voiceover] Hello grammarians, David here
- Cześć gramatycy, tutaj David
along with my cousin Beth who also happens to be a teacher.
wraz z kuzynką Beth, która jest nauczycielką.
Say hello to the people Beth.
Przywitaj się z ludźmi, Beth.
- [Voiceover] Hi people.
- Hej ludzie.
- [Voiceover] So today we are going to talk about
- Więc dzisiaj będziemy mówić o
sentence fragments, and Beth you cover these
zdaniach niepełnych, czyli fragmentach, i Beth omawia to
in classes that you teach.
w klasach, które uczy.
Could you tell me please, what is a sentence fragment?
Czy możesz mi powiedzieć, proszę, co to jest fragment zdania?
- [Voiceover] Great.
- Wspaniale.
A sentence fragment is when a student writes a sentence
Fragment zdania jest wtedy, gdy student pisze zdanie niepełne
and they think it's a sentence,
i myśli, że to zdanie,
but it's one that tells maybe what happens,
ale to jest tylko wypowiedzenie, które może mówić, co się dzieje,
but doesn't include who, or it might include who
ale nie mówi kto lub może mówić kto,
but doesn't tell what happens.
ale nie mówi, co się dzieje.
- [Voiceover] So sentence fragments
- Zatem fragmenty zdań
don't tell the whole story.
nie mówią wszystkiego.
The way I would put it, is that a fragment
Sposób, w jaki powiem to najprościej, to że fragment
is a piece of a sentence that cannot stand on its own,
jest to kawałek zdania, który nie może być całkowicie samodzielny,
but nevertheless, incorrectly ends with a period.
niemniej jednak, niewłaściwie kończy się kropką.
So the whole story, for instance, would be a fragment.
Więc to wypowiedzenie "cała historia" na przykład byłaby fragmentem zdania.
This is a fragment.
To jest fragment.
It could be a sentence but it's missing something.
Może to być zdanie, ale tu czegoś brakuje.
Beth, what is it missing, what is the whole story missing?
Beth, czego tu brakuje, czego brakuje w całej historii?
- [Voiceover] Well we've got a subject
- Dobrze, mamy tu podmiot,
but we don't have what we would call a predicate,
ale nie mamy tego, co nazywamy orzeczeniem,
in other words, so we're giving a subject,
Innymi słowami, dajemy podmiot,
but we're not telling what happens to that subject.
ale nie wiadomo, co dzieje się z nim.
- [Voiceover] All right, so,
- W porządku, więc,
the whole story began 10 years ago.
"Cała historia zaczęła się 10 lat temu."
And now we've got our subject here, the whole story,
I teraz mamy nasz podmiot ta "cała historia",
and now we've given it a predicate.
i daliśmy mu orzeczenie.
Similarly, if we just had this predicate,
Podobnie, jeśli po prostu mielibyśmy orzeczenie,
and we just said it began ten years ago,
i po prostu powiedzielibyśmy, że "Rozpoczęła się dziesięć lat temu."
oh, that's not enough to be a sentence either,
Och, to nie wystarczy, by być zdaniem także,
that's also a fragment.
więc to też fragment zdania.
Because now we've got a predicate but no subject.
Bo teraz mamy orzeczenie, ale nie mamy podmiotu.
- [Voiceover] Right, we're telling about
- Tak, mówimy o
something but we don't know what.
czymś, ale nie wiemy, co to jest.
- [Voiceover] So in order to be a sentence,
- Tak więc, aby było zdanie,
you need to have both a subject and a predicate.
trzeba mieć zarówno podmiot i orzeczenie.
So you need to have a thing, like a noun,
Więc trzeba mieć rzecz, jakiś rzeczownik
or a pronoun, and then you have to have something happen
lub zaimek, a następnie musimy powiedzieć, co się wydarzyło
to that noun or pronoun, or something performed
z tym rzeczownikiem lub zaimkiem, lub coś było wykonywane
by that noun our pronoun.
przez ten rzeczownik lub zaimek.
Right so, like the pancakes, period, is not a sentence.
Więc tak jak: "Naleśniki" kropka, nie są zdaniem.
But the pancakes were delicious, is.
Ale "Naleśniki były smaczne" już jest.
- [Voiceover] So you've got a part that names,
- Więc tu mamy część, która nazwa
that's your subject, and then you've got the part
twój temat i tu masz część
that finishes the thought, that's your predicate.
która kończy tę myśl, to twoje orzeczenie.
- [Voiceover] Let's look at another example.
- Popatrzmy na inny przykład.
All right, what about because of the snowstorm?
No dobrze, a co powiesz na "Z powodu śnieżycy"?
Is that a sentence, Beth?
Czy to zdanie, Beth?
- [Voiceover] Nope.
- Nie.
- [Voiceover] Why not?
- Dlaczego nie?
- [Voiceover] Well you don't tell what happened
- Bo nie mówi, co się stało
because of that snowstorm.
z powodu tej śnieżycy.
- [Voiceover] So this is what we call, not even a,
- Więc to jest to, co nazywamy,
I mean it's not even a dependent clause, right?
to znaczy, że nie jest to nawet zdanie podrzędnie złożone, prawda?
It, this thing doesn't have, doesn't really have
Ta rzecz nie ma, nie, tak naprawdę nie ma
a subject or a verb.
ani podmiotu ani orzeczenia.
It's really just a prepositional phrase.
To naprawdę tylko wyrażenie przyimkowe - okolicznik.
So because of the snowstorm something could happen,
Tak więc z powodu śnieżycy coś może się zdarzyć,
but we don't know what that is, so,
ale nie wiem co to jest, więc,
because of the snowstorm, we stayed home from school.
"Z powodu śnieżycy zostaliśmy w domu zamiast pójść do szkoły"
So we've got this sentence here,
Mamy więc tutaj to zdanie,
this independent clause, right.
to niezależne zdanie, teraz.
We stayed home from school.
"My zostaliśmy w domu zamiast pójść do szkoły".
And that's a subject and a predicate.
To jest podmiot i orzeczenie.
And if it were just stayed home from school, period,
A jeśli po prostu "Zostaliśmy w domu zamiast pójść do szkoły" kropka,
that wouldn't be a sentence.
to nie byłoby zdanie.
And if it were just we, period,
A gdyby to było tylko "my" kropka,
that also wouldn't be a sentence.
to też nie byłoby zdanie.
And if it were just because of the snowstorm, period,
A jeśli to byłoby tylko "z powodu śnieżycy", kropka.
that wouldn't be a sentence.
to nie byłoby zdanie.
It doesn't have enough support to stand on its own.
To nie wystarczy, aby być zdaniem.
But all together, because of the snowstorm, comma,
Ale wszystko razem, " Z powodu śnieżycy", przecinek
we stayed home from school, period.
"zostaliśmy w domu zamiast pójść do szkoły", kropka.
That is a sentence.
To zdanie.
So in order to make sure that you're building sentences
Tak więc w celu upewnienia się, że budujemy zdanie
you have to make sure that what you've got
trzeba się upewnić, że mamy
is a subject and a predicate.
podmiot i orzeczenie.
You gotta have a subject and a verb, put 'em together,
Musisz mieć rzeczownik i czasownik, połączyć je razem,
slap on a period, you've got a sentence.
postawić kropkę i wtedy masz zdanie.
- [Voiceover] You've got some good sentences there David.
- Masz jakieś dobre zdania, Dawid, prawda?.
- [Voiceover] You can learn anything.
- Możesz się wszystkiego nauczyć.
David out.
David koniec.
- [Voiceover] And Beth out.
- i Beth koniec.
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