How Big Oil Conquered the WorldYouTube↗  IA↗(long shot)
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Oil. From farm to pharmaceutical, diesel truck to dinner plate, pipeline to plastic product, Oil. From farm to pharmaceutical, diesel truck to dinner plate, pipeline to plastic product, Oil. From farm to pharmaceutical, diesel truck to dinner plate, pipeline to plastic product,
Le pétrole. De l'agriculture aux médicaments, des camions diesel aux assiettes céramiques, des pipeline aux produits plastiques
it is impossible to think of an area of our modern-day lives that is not effected by the it is impossible to think of an area of our modern-day lives that is not effected by the it is impossible to think of an area of our modern-day lives that is not effected by the
Il est impensable de trouver un domaine de nos jours qui ne soit pas affecté par
petrochemical industry. The story of oil is the story of the modern world. petrochemical industry. The story of oil is the story of the modern world. petrochemical industry. The story of oil is the story of the modern world.
l'industrie pétrochimique. L'histoire du pétrole est celle du monde moderne.
Parts of that story are well-known: Rockefeller and Standard Oil; the internal combustion Parts of that story are well-known: Rockefeller and Standard Oil; the internal combustion Parts of that story are well-known: Rockefeller and Standard Oil; the internal combustion
On connait quelques pièces de l'histoire : Rockefeller et la Standard Oil ; le moteur à combustion
engine and the transformation of global transport; the House of Saud and the oil wars in the engine and the transformation of global transport; the House of Saud and the oil wars in the engine and the transformation of global transport; the House of Saud and the oil wars in the
et la mondialisation des transports ; la dynastie saoudienne et les guerres pour le pétrole au Moyen-Orient.
Middle East. Middle East. Middle East.
Other parts are more obscure: the quest for oil and the outbreak of World War I; the petrochemical Other parts are more obscure: the quest for oil and the outbreak of World War I; the petrochemical Other parts are more obscure: the quest for oil and the outbreak of World War I; the petrochemical
D'autres faits sont plus voilés : la recherche du pétrole et le déclenchement de la Première Guerre mondiale ; les intérêts de
interests behind modern medicine; the Big Oil money behind the “Green Revolution” interests behind modern medicine; the Big Oil money behind the “Green Revolution” interests behind modern medicine; the Big Oil money behind the “Green Revolution”
la pétrochimie pour la médecine moderne ; l'argent de "Big Oil" en soutien de la "Révolution Verte"
and the “Gene Revolution.”
et de la "Révolution génétique".
and the “Gene Revolution.” and the “Gene Revolution.” But that story, properly told, begins somewhere unexpected. Not in Pennsylvania with the first But that story, properly told, begins somewhere unexpected. Not in Pennsylvania with the first
Mais, pour être correct, l'histoire commence quelque part d'inattendu. Non pas en Pennsylvanie avec le premier forage
But that story, properly told, begins somewhere unexpected. Not in Pennsylvania with the first
commercial drilling operation and the first oil boom, but in the rural backwoods of early commercial drilling operation and the first oil boom, but in the rural backwoods of early commercial drilling operation and the first oil boom, but in the rural backwoods of early
commercial et le premier boom pétrolier, mais au fin fond de la campagne
19th century New York state. And it doesn’t start with crude oil or its derivatives, but 19th century New York state. And it doesn’t start with crude oil or its derivatives, but 19th century New York state. And it doesn’t start with crude oil or its derivatives, but
de l'Etat de New York au XIXe siècle. Et il ne s'agit pas du pétrole brut ou de ses dérivées, mais
a different product altogether: snake oil. a different product altogether: snake oil. a different product altogether: snake oil.
d'un produit bien différent : Snake Oil
“Dr. Bill Livingston, Celebrated Cancer Specialist” was the very image of the traveling “Dr. Bill Livingston, Celebrated Cancer Specialist” was the very image of the traveling “Dr. Bill Livingston, Celebrated Cancer Specialist” was the very image of the traveling
Le "Dr Bill Livingston, cancérologue réputé, était l'image même du charlatan ambulant.
snake oil salesman. He was neither a doctor, nor a cancer specialist; his real name was snake oil salesman. He was neither a doctor, nor a cancer specialist; his real name was snake oil salesman. He was neither a doctor, nor a cancer specialist; his real name was
Il n'était ni docteur, ni cancérologue. Il ne s'appelait même pas Livingston.
not even Livingston. More to the point, the “Rock Oil” tonic he pawned was a useless not even Livingston. More to the point, the “Rock Oil” tonic he pawned was a useless not even Livingston. More to the point, the “Rock Oil” tonic he pawned was a useless
A vrai dire, l'huile de roche médicinale dont il garantissait les bienfaits était
mixture of laxative and petroleum and had no effect whatsoever on the cancer of the mixture of laxative and petroleum and had no effect whatsoever on the cancer of the mixture of laxative and petroleum and had no effect whatsoever on the cancer of the
un mélange de laxatif et de pétrole sans aucun effet sur le cancer des
poor townsfolk he conned into buying it. poor townsfolk he conned into buying it. poor townsfolk he conned into buying it.
pauvres habitants locaux qu'il arrivait à convaincre.
He lived the life of a vagabond, always on the run from the last group of people he had He lived the life of a vagabond, always on the run from the last group of people he had He lived the life of a vagabond, always on the run from the last group of people he had
Il vivait comme un vagabond, cherchant toujours à échapper aux gens qu'il avait trompés,
fooled, engaged in ever more outrageous deceptions to make sure that the past wouldn’t catch fooled, engaged in ever more outrageous deceptions to make sure that the past wouldn’t catch fooled, engaged in ever more outrageous deceptions to make sure that the past wouldn’t catch
pour se risquer à des fraudes encore plus scandaleuses en s'assurant que son passé ne le rattraperait pas.
up with him. He abandoned his first wife and their six children to start a bigamous marriage up with him. He abandoned his first wife and their six children to start a bigamous marriage up with him. He abandoned his first wife and their six children to start a bigamous marriage
Il abandonna sa première femme et leurs six enfants pour s'engager dans un mariage bigame
in Canada at the same time as he fathered two more children by a third woman. He adopted in Canada at the same time as he fathered two more children by a third woman. He adopted in Canada at the same time as he fathered two more children by a third woman. He adopted
au Canada alors qu'il devenait père de deux autres enfants d'une troisième femme.
the name “Livingston” after he was indicted for raping a girl in Cayuga in 1849. the name “Livingston” after he was indicted for raping a girl in Cayuga in 1849. the name “Livingston” after he was indicted for raping a girl in Cayuga in 1849.
Il prit le nom de "Livingston" après avoir été accusé de viol au Cayuga en 1849.
When he wasn’t running away from them or disappearing for years at a time, he would When he wasn’t running away from them or disappearing for years at a time, he would When he wasn’t running away from them or disappearing for years at a time, he would
Lorsqu'il n'était pas en cavale ou disparaissait pour plusieurs années, il apprenait
teach his children the tricks of his treacherous trade. He once bragged of his parenting technique: teach his children the tricks of his treacherous trade. He once bragged of his parenting technique: teach his children the tricks of his treacherous trade. He once bragged of his parenting technique:
à ses enfants les rudiments de son commerce frauduleux. Il s'est vanté une fois de ses techniques d'éducation :
“I cheat my boys every chance I get. I want to make ’em sharp.” “I cheat my boys every chance I get. I want to make ’em sharp.” “I cheat my boys every chance I get. I want to make ’em sharp.”
"Je piège mes garçons dès que je le peux. Je veux les rendre malins".
A towering man of over six feet and with natural good looks that he used to his advantage, A towering man of over six feet and with natural good looks that he used to his advantage, A towering man of over six feet and with natural good looks that he used to his advantage,
Un homme d'une taille imposante de plus de 1, 80 mètre, au physique avantageux ;
he went by “Big Bill.” Others, less generously, called him “Devil Bill.” But his real he went by “Big Bill.” Others, less generously, called him “Devil Bill.” But his real he went by “Big Bill.” Others, less generously, called him “Devil Bill.” But his real
on l'appelait "Big Bill". D'autres, moins concillants, l'appelait "Devil Bill". Mais son vrai nom
name was William Avery Rockefeller, and it was his son, John D. Rockefeller, who would name was William Avery Rockefeller, and it was his son, John D. Rockefeller, who would name was William Avery Rockefeller, and it was his son, John D. Rockefeller, who would
était William Avery Rockefeller, et c'est son fils, John D. Rockefeller, qui irait jusqu'à
go on to found the Standard Oil monopoly and become the world’s first billionaire. go on to found the Standard Oil monopoly and become the world’s first billionaire. go on to found the Standard Oil monopoly and become the world’s first billionaire.
fonder le monopole de la Standard Oil et devenir le premier milliardaire au monde.
The world we live in today is the world created in “Devil” Bill’s image. It’s a world The world we live in today is the world created in “Devil” Bill’s image. It’s a world The world we live in today is the world created in “Devil” Bill’s image. It’s a world
Le monde dans lequel nous vivons à l'heure actuelle est celui créé à l'image de "Devil" Bill. C'est un monde basé
founded on treachery, deceit, and the naivety of a public that has never wised up to the founded on treachery, deceit, and the naivety of a public that has never wised up to the founded on treachery, deceit, and the naivety of a public that has never wised up to the
sur le mensonge, la fourberie et la naïveté collective qui ne peut pas égaler les ruses
parlor tricks that the Rockefellers and their ilk have been using to shape the world for parlor tricks that the Rockefellers and their ilk have been using to shape the world for parlor tricks that the Rockefellers and their ilk have been using to shape the world for
que les Rockefeller et leurs semblables ont utilisé pour bâtir le monde
the past century and a half. the past century and a half. the past century and a half.
il y a de cela un siècle et demi.
This is the story of the oiligarchy. This is the story of the oiligarchy. This is the story of the oiligarchy. PART ONE: BIRTH OF THE OIL-IGARCHY
C'est l'histoire de l'oligarchie pétrolière ("oiligarchie")
PART ONE: BIRTH OF THE OIL-IGARCHY PART ONE: BIRTH OF THE OIL-IGARCHY Titusville, 1857. A most unlikely man alights from a railway car into the midst of this Titusville, 1857. A most unlikely man alights from a railway car into the midst of this
Première partie : La naissance de l'Oil-igarchie Titusville, 1857. Un homme des plus improbables descend d'un wagon en plein milieu de cette
Titusville, 1857. A most unlikely man alights from a railway car into the midst of this
sleepy Western Pennsylvania town on the shores of Oil Creek: “Colonel” Edwin Drake. He’s sleepy Western Pennsylvania town on the shores of Oil Creek: “Colonel” Edwin Drake. He’s sleepy Western Pennsylvania town on the shores of Oil Creek: “Colonel” Edwin Drake. He’s
ville endormie de Pennsylvanie aux rives de Oil Creek : "Colonel" Edwin Drake. Il vient de
from the Pennsylvania Rock Oil Company, and he’s here on a mission: to collect oil. from the Pennsylvania Rock Oil Company, and he’s here on a mission: to collect oil. from the Pennsylvania Rock Oil Company, and he’s here on a mission: to collect oil.
la Rock Oil Company, et il a pour mission de recueillir du pétrole.
Like “Dr.” Bill, Drake isn’t really a Colonel. The title is bestowed on him by Like “Dr.” Bill, Drake isn’t really a Colonel. The title is bestowed on him by Like “Dr.” Bill, Drake isn’t really a Colonel. The title is bestowed on him by
Comme le "Dr Bill", Drake n'est pas vraiment Colonel. Ce titre lui a été accordé par George Bissell
George Bissell and James Townsend, a lawyer and a banker who started the Pennsylvania George Bissell and James Townsend, a lawyer and a banker who started the Pennsylvania George Bissell and James Townsend, a lawyer and a banker who started the Pennsylvania
et James Townsend, un avocat et un banquier qui créèrent la Rock Oil Company de Pennslyvanie
Rock Oil Company after they discovered they could distill the region’s naturally occurring Rock Oil Company after they discovered they could distill the region’s naturally occurring Rock Oil Company after they discovered they could distill the region’s naturally occurring
après avoir découvert qu'ils pouvaient distillé le pétrole Seneca abondant dans la région
Seneca oil into lamp oil, or kerosene. Drake is actually an unemployed railroad conductor Seneca oil into lamp oil, or kerosene. Drake is actually an unemployed railroad conductor Seneca oil into lamp oil, or kerosene. Drake is actually an unemployed railroad conductor
en pétrole lampant, ou kérosène. Drake est en fait un cheminot sans emploi à qui on a confié
who talked himself into a job after staying at the same hotel as Bissel the year before. who talked himself into a job after staying at the same hotel as Bissel the year before. who talked himself into a job after staying at the same hotel as Bissel the year before.
un travail après un séjour dans le même hôtel que Bissel l'année précédente.
Calling him a Colonel, it is hoped, will help win the respect of the locals. Calling him a Colonel, it is hoped, will help win the respect of the locals. Calling him a Colonel, it is hoped, will help win the respect of the locals.
En l'appelant Colonel, il espère que cela l'aidera à gagner le respect des habitants
The locals think he’s crazy anyway. Seneca oil is indeed plentiful, bubbling out of seeps The locals think he’s crazy anyway. Seneca oil is indeed plentiful, bubbling out of seeps The locals think he’s crazy anyway. Seneca oil is indeed plentiful, bubbling out of seeps
Les habitants pensent qu'il est fou dans tous les cas. Le pétrole Seneca abonde, surgissant des failles
and collecting in the creek, but other than as a cure-all medicine or grease for the local and collecting in the creek, but other than as a cure-all medicine or grease for the local and collecting in the creek, but other than as a cure-all medicine or grease for the local
et s'accumulant dans le ruisseau, mais si ce n'est en tant que remède miracle ou lubrifiant pour la scierie
sawmill’s machinery, it’s hardly seen as something valuable. In fact, it can be sawmill’s machinery, it’s hardly seen as something valuable. In fact, it can be sawmill’s machinery, it’s hardly seen as something valuable. In fact, it can be
du coin, il n'a presque pas de valeur. En fait, il représente une véritable nuisance
a downright nuisance, contaminating brine wells that supply Pittsburgh’s booming salt a downright nuisance, contaminating brine wells that supply Pittsburgh’s booming salt a downright nuisance, contaminating brine wells that supply Pittsburgh’s booming salt
pour la saumure de la florissante industrie du sel de Pittsburgh.
industry.
industry. industry. Still, Drake has a task to complete: finding a way to collect enough oil to make the distillation Still, Drake has a task to complete: finding a way to collect enough oil to make the distillation
Pourtant, Drake a une tâche à accomplir : trouver un moyen de recueillir assez de pétrole pour que sa distillation
Still, Drake has a task to complete: finding a way to collect enough oil to make the distillation
of Seneca oil into lamp oil profitable. He tries everything he can think of. The Native of Seneca oil into lamp oil profitable. He tries everything he can think of. The Native of Seneca oil into lamp oil profitable. He tries everything he can think of. The Native
en kérosène soit rentable. Il se sert de tout ce qu'il sait. Les Américains natifs
Americans had historically collected the oil by damming the creek near a seep and skimming Americans had historically collected the oil by damming the creek near a seep and skimming Americans had historically collected the oil by damming the creek near a seep and skimming the oil off the top. But Drake can only collect six to ten gallons of oil a day this way,
ont historiquement collecté le pétrole en endiguant le ruisseau près d'une faille et en l'écumant à la surface de l'eau.
the oil off the top. But Drake can only collect six to ten gallons of oil a day this way, the oil off the top. But Drake can only collect six to ten gallons of oil a day this way,
Mais Drake ne peut de cette manière collecter que six à dix gallons de pétrole par jour,
even when he opens up extra seeps. He tries digging a shaft, but the groundwater floods even when he opens up extra seeps. He tries digging a shaft, but the groundwater floods even when he opens up extra seeps. He tries digging a shaft, but the groundwater floods
même en ouvrant d'autres failles. Il essaie de creuser un conduit, mais l'eau du sol s'infiltre trop rapidement.
in too quickly. in too quickly. in too quickly.
By the summer of 1859 he’s desperate. Drake’s running out of ideas, Bissell and Townsend By the summer of 1859 he’s desperate. Drake’s running out of ideas, Bissell and Townsend By the summer of 1859 he’s desperate. Drake’s running out of ideas, Bissell and Townsend
En l'été 1859 il est désespéré. Drake n'a plus d'idées ; Bissell et Towsend perdent
are running out of patience and, most importantly, the company is running out of funds. He turns are running out of patience and, most importantly, the company is running out of funds. He turns are running out of patience and, most importantly, the company is running out of funds. He turns
patience, et surtout, l'entreprise n'a plus de capital. Il se tourne vers "Oncle" Billy Smith,
to “Uncle” Billy Smith, a Pittsburgh blacksmith who had experience drilling brine wells with to “Uncle” Billy Smith, a Pittsburgh blacksmith who had experience drilling brine wells with to “Uncle” Billy Smith, a Pittsburgh blacksmith who had experience drilling brine wells with
un forgeron de Pittsburgh qui savait comment forer des puits salins avec des outils
steam-powered equipment. They get to work drilling down through the shale bedrock to steam-powered equipment. They get to work drilling down through the shale bedrock to steam-powered equipment. They get to work drilling down through the shale bedrock to
d'extraction à vapeur. Ils se mettent à percer la roche de schiste pour trouver le pétrole.
reach the oil. It’s maddeningly slow work, with the crude equipment struggling to get reach the oil. It’s maddeningly slow work, with the crude equipment struggling to get reach the oil. It’s maddeningly slow work, with the crude equipment struggling to get
C'est un travail exaspérant, avec ces outils rudimentaires, pour réussir à forer un mètre
through three feet of bedrock a day. By August 27th they’ve drilled down 69 and a half through three feet of bedrock a day. By August 27th they’ve drilled down 69 and a half through three feet of bedrock a day. By August 27th they’ve drilled down 69 and a half
de roche par jour. Le 27 avril ils parvinrent à atteindre 20 mètres de profondeur ;
feet, Drake has used the last of his funds, and Bissell and his partners have decided feet, Drake has used the last of his funds, and Bissell and his partners have decided feet, Drake has used the last of his funds, and Bissell and his partners have decided
Drake avait utilisé le reste de ses économies, et Bissell et ses associés décidèrent de clore
to close up the operation. On August 28th, they strike oil. to close up the operation. On August 28th, they strike oil. to close up the operation. On August 28th, they strike oil.
l'opération. Le 28 août, ils trouvent du pétrole.
Narrator: Then on Sunday, August 28th, 1859, oil bubbled up the drive pipe. Uncle Billy Narrator: Then on Sunday, August 28th, 1859, oil bubbled up the drive pipe. Uncle Billy Narrator: Then on Sunday, August 28th, 1859, oil bubbled up the drive pipe. Uncle Billy
Puis, le dimanche 28 août 1859, le pétrole jaillit au bout du conduit. L'oncle Billy et son fils Sam
and his son Sam bailed out several buckets of oil. On Monday, the very day that Colonel and his son Sam bailed out several buckets of oil. On Monday, the very day that Colonel and his son Sam bailed out several buckets of oil. On Monday, the very day that Colonel
récupérèrent plusieurs sceaux de pétrole. Le lundi suivant, jour même où le Colonel Drake reçut
Drake received his final payment and an order to close down the operation, they hitched Drake received his final payment and an order to close down the operation, they hitched Drake received his final payment and an order to close down the operation, they hitched
son dernier salaire et pour ordre de clore l'opération, ils raccordent le balancier
the walking beam to a water pump and the oil began to flow. The first oil was to sell for the walking beam to a water pump and the oil began to flow. The first oil was to sell for the walking beam to a water pump and the oil began to flow. The first oil was to sell for
à une pompe à eau et le pétrole se met à couler. Ils vendraient la première production à 40 dollars
$40 a barrel. Years later a local newspaper interviewed Uncle Billy about the day they $40 a barrel. Years later a local newspaper interviewed Uncle Billy about the day they $40 a barrel. Years later a local newspaper interviewed Uncle Billy about the day they
par baril. Des années plus tard, un journal local interviewa l'Oncle Billy à propos du jour
struck oil:
où ils trouvèrent du pétrole
struck oil: struck oil: “I commenced drilling and at 4:00 I struck the oil. I says to Mr. Drake, ‘Look there! “I commenced drilling and at 4:00 I struck the oil. I says to Mr. Drake, ‘Look there!
"J'ai commencé à forer et à 4 heures du matin j'ai trouvé le pétrole. J'ai dit à Mr Drake, 'Regarde là !
“I commenced drilling and at 4:00 I struck the oil. I says to Mr. Drake, ‘Look there!
What do you think of this?’ He looked down the pipe and said, ‘What’s that?’ And What do you think of this?’ He looked down the pipe and said, ‘What’s that?’ And What do you think of this?’ He looked down the pipe and said, ‘What’s that?’ And
Qu'est-ce que t'en penses ?' Il a regardé au fond du tuyau et a dit, 'C'est quoi ça ?' et
I said, ‘That is your fortune!'” I said, ‘That is your fortune!'” I said, ‘That is your fortune!'”
j'ai dit, 'C'est ta fortune !' "
Drake’s well proved that by drilling for it, oil could be found in abundance and produced Drake’s well proved that by drilling for it, oil could be found in abundance and produced Drake’s well proved that by drilling for it, oil could be found in abundance and produced
Drake a démontré qu'en creusant, on pouvait trouver du pétrole en abondance et en produire à bas coût.
cheaply. Overnight a whole new industry was born. Before long in millions of homes, farms cheaply. Overnight a whole new industry was born. Before long in millions of homes, farms cheaply. Overnight a whole new industry was born. Before long in millions of homes, farms
En un jour, un commerce complètement nouveau était né. Il ne faudra pas longtemps pour que des millions
and factories around the world, lamps would be lit with kerosene refined from West Pennsylvania and factories around the world, lamps would be lit with kerosene refined from West Pennsylvania and factories around the world, lamps would be lit with kerosene refined from West Pennsylvania
de maisons, de fermes et d'usines dans le monde utilisent les lampes à kérosène issu du pétrole de Pennsylvanie de l'ouest
crude.
crude. crude. Daniel Yergin: When the word came out that Drake had struck oil, the cry went up throughout Daniel Yergin: When the word came out that Drake had struck oil, the cry went up throughout
Daniel Yergin: Quand on annonça que Drake avait trouvé du pétrole, on cria à travers les vallées
Daniel Yergin: When the word came out that Drake had struck oil, the cry went up throughout
the narrow valleys of Western Pennsylvania: ‘The crazy Yankee has struck oil! The crazy the narrow valleys of Western Pennsylvania: ‘The crazy Yankee has struck oil! The crazy the narrow valleys of Western Pennsylvania: ‘The crazy Yankee has struck oil! The crazy
étroites de la Pennsylvanie de l'ouest: 'Le dingue de Yankee a trouvé du pétrole!
Yankee has struck oil!’ And it was the first great boom. It was like a gold rush. Yankee has struck oil!’ And it was the first great boom. It was like a gold rush. Yankee has struck oil!’ And it was the first great boom. It was like a gold rush.
Le dinge de Yankee a trouvé du pétrole'. Et ce fut le premier essor. C'était comme une ruée vers l'or.
SOURCE: The Prize (Part 1) SOURCE: The Prize (Part 1) SOURCE: The Prize (Part 1) Overnight the quiet farming backwoods of rural Pennsylvania was transformed into a bustling
Du jour au lendemain, les fermes reculées de la campagne de Pennsylvanie devinrent une foisonnante
Overnight the quiet farming backwoods of rural Pennsylvania was transformed into a bustling Overnight the quiet farming backwoods of rural Pennsylvania was transformed into a bustling
oil region, with prospectors leasing up flats, towns springing up from nowhere, and a forest oil region, with prospectors leasing up flats, towns springing up from nowhere, and a forest oil region, with prospectors leasing up flats, towns springing up from nowhere, and a forest
zone pétrolière, avec des clients potentiels louant des appartements ; des villes sortant de nulle part, et de
of percussion rigs covering the land. The first oil boom had arrived. of percussion rigs covering the land. The first oil boom had arrived. of percussion rigs covering the land. The first oil boom had arrived.
l'équipement de forage recouvrant la région. Le premier essor pétrolier était là.
Already poised to make the most of this boom was a young up-and-coming bookkeeper in Cleveland Already poised to make the most of this boom was a young up-and-coming bookkeeper in Cleveland Already poised to make the most of this boom was a young up-and-coming bookkeeper in Cleveland
Un jeune comptable prometteur de Cleveland avec le goût des chiffres, était déjà bien placé pour
with a head for numbers: John Davison Rockefeller. He had two ambitions in life: to make $100,000 with a head for numbers: John Davison Rockefeller. He had two ambitions in life: to make $100,000 with a head for numbers: John Davison Rockefeller. He had two ambitions in life: to make $100,000
profiter de cet essor : John Davidson Rockefeller. Il avait deux ambitions dans la vie :
and to live to 100 years old. John D. set off to make his fortune in the late 1850s, and to live to 100 years old. John D. set off to make his fortune in the late 1850s, and to live to 100 years old. John D. set off to make his fortune in the late 1850s,
gagner 100 000 $ et vivre jusqu'à 100 ans. John D. part en quête de fortune à la fin des années 50
armed with a $1000 loan from his father, “Devil” Bill. armed with a $1000 loan from his father, “Devil” Bill. armed with a $1000 loan from his father, “Devil” Bill.
avec un prêt de 1000 $ octroyé par son père, "Devil" Bill.
David Rockefeller: Grandfather never finished high school and went to Cleveland having borrowed David Rockefeller: Grandfather never finished high school and went to Cleveland having borrowed David Rockefeller: Grandfather never finished high school and went to Cleveland having borrowed
David Rockefeller : Mon grand-père n'a jamais finit le lycée ; il est allé à Cleveland en ayant emprunté 1 000 $ à son père
$1000 from his father to start a business — paid 9% interest on it incidentally. And $1000 from his father to start a business — paid 9% interest on it incidentally. And $1000 from his father to start a business — paid 9% interest on it incidentally. And
pour lancer une entreprise - avec en outre des intérêts de 9%. Il a lu que
he read about the oil business just beginning and got interested, and came to realize it he read about the oil business just beginning and got interested, and came to realize it he read about the oil business just beginning and got interested, and came to realize it
le commerce du pétrole bourgeonnait et s'en est intéressait. Il a réalisé que c'était un environnement
was a very volatile business at the time. was a very volatile business at the time. was a very volatile business at the time.
très cheangeant à l'époque.
SOURCE: The Prize Part 1 SOURCE: The Prize Part 1 SOURCE: The Prize Part 1
In 1863, seeing the oil boom and sensing the profits to be made in the fledgling business, In 1863, seeing the oil boom and sensing the profits to be made in the fledgling business, In 1863, seeing the oil boom and sensing the profits to be made in the fledgling business,
En 1863, en voyant l'essor du pétrole et en percevant les bénéfices à gagner dans ce nouveau domaine,
Rockefeller formed a partnership with fellow businessman Maurice B. Clark and Samuel Andrews, Rockefeller formed a partnership with fellow businessman Maurice B. Clark and Samuel Andrews, Rockefeller formed a partnership with fellow businessman Maurice B. Clark and Samuel Andrews,
Rockefeller s'associa à son compagnon d'affaires Maurice N. Clark et à Samuel Andrews,
a chemist who had built an oil refinery but knew little about the business of getting a chemist who had built an oil refinery but knew little about the business of getting a chemist who had built an oil refinery but knew little about the business of getting
un chimiste ayant construit une raffinerie de pétrole, mais en sachant peu sur la
his product to market. In 1865 the shrewd John D. bought out his partners for $72,500 his product to market. In 1865 the shrewd John D. bought out his partners for $72,500 his product to market. In 1865 the shrewd John D. bought out his partners for $72,500
manière de commercialiser son produit. En 1865, John D., astucieux, racheta la part de ses associés
and, with Andrews as partner, launched Rockefeller & Andrews. By 1870, after five years of strategic and, with Andrews as partner, launched Rockefeller & Andrews. By 1870, after five years of strategic and, with Andrews as partner, launched Rockefeller & Andrews. By 1870, after five years of strategic
pour 78 500 $, et avec Andrews créa "Rockefeller & Andrews". En 1870, après cinq ans
partnerships and mergers, Rockefeller had incorporated Standard Oil. partnerships and mergers, Rockefeller had incorporated Standard Oil. partnerships and mergers, Rockefeller had incorporated Standard Oil.
de partenariats et de fusions stratégiques, Rockefeller constitua la Standard Oil.
The story of the rise of Standard Oil is an oft-told one. The story of the rise of Standard Oil is an oft-told one. The story of the rise of Standard Oil is an oft-told one.
L'histoire de l’ascension de la Standard Oil est bien connue
Narrator: In a move that would transform the American economy, Rockefeller set out to replace Narrator: In a move that would transform the American economy, Rockefeller set out to replace Narrator: In a move that would transform the American economy, Rockefeller set out to replace
Rockefeller transforma l'économie américaine en cherchant à remplacer tous les commerçants
a world of independent oilmen with a giant company controlled by him. In 1870, begging a world of independent oilmen with a giant company controlled by him. In 1870, begging a world of independent oilmen with a giant company controlled by him. In 1870, begging
de pétrole indépendants par une gigantesque société à sa charge. En 1870, suppliant les banquiers
bankers for more loans, he formed Standard Oil of Ohio. The next year, he quietly put bankers for more loans, he formed Standard Oil of Ohio. The next year, he quietly put bankers for more loans, he formed Standard Oil of Ohio. The next year, he quietly put
pour davantage de prêts, il crée la Standard Oil de l'Ohio. L'année suivante, il met
what he called “our plan” — his campaign to dominate the volatile oil industry — into what he called “our plan” — his campaign to dominate the volatile oil industry — into what he called “our plan” — his campaign to dominate the volatile oil industry — into
habilement à l'oeuvre ce qu'il appelle "notre plan" - une campagne pour dominer le secteur volatil du pétrole.
devastating effect. Rockefeller knew that the refiner with the lowest transportation devastating effect. Rockefeller knew that the refiner with the lowest transportation devastating effect. Rockefeller knew that the refiner with the lowest transportation
Rockefeller savait que le raffineur avec les prix de transports les plus bas pouvait
cost could bring rivals to their knees. He entered into a secret alliance with the railroads cost could bring rivals to their knees. He entered into a secret alliance with the railroads cost could bring rivals to their knees. He entered into a secret alliance with the railroads called the South Improvement Company. In exchange for large, regular shipments, Rockefeller
faire plier tout rival. Il forma secrètement un accord avec la société de chemins de fer, appelée South Improvement Company
called the South Improvement Company. In exchange for large, regular shipments, Rockefeller called the South Improvement Company. In exchange for large, regular shipments, Rockefeller and his allies secured transport rates far lower than those of their bewildered competitors. and his allies secured transport rates far lower than those of their bewildered competitors.
Pour des livraisons importantes et régulières, Rockefeller et ses associés garantissaient
and his allies secured transport rates far lower than those of their bewildered competitors. Ida Tarbell, the daughter of an oil man, later remembered how men like her father struggled Ida Tarbell, the daughter of an oil man, later remembered how men like her father struggled Ida Tarbell, the daughter of an oil man, later remembered how men like her father struggled
to make sense of events: “An uneasy rumor began running up and down the Oil Regions,” to make sense of events: “An uneasy rumor began running up and down the Oil Regions,” to make sense of events: “An uneasy rumor began running up and down the Oil Regions,” she wrote. “Freight rates were going up. … Moreover … all members of the South
des tarifs bien inférieurs à ceux de la concurrence effarée.
she wrote. “Freight rates were going up. … Moreover … all members of the South she wrote. “Freight rates were going up. … Moreover … all members of the South Improvement Company — a company unheard of until now — were exempt. … Nobody waited
Improvement Company — a company unheard of until now — were exempt. … Nobody waited Improvement Company — a company unheard of until now — were exempt. … Nobody waited to find out his neighbor’s opinion. On every lip there was but one word and that was ‘conspiracy.'” to find out his neighbor’s opinion. On every lip there was but one word and that was ‘conspiracy.'”
En 1879, alors que Rockefeller a 40 ans, il contrôle 90 % du raffinement mondial de pétrole.
to find out his neighbor’s opinion. On every lip there was but one word and that was ‘conspiracy.'” Ron Chernow, Biographer: By 1879, when Rockefeller is 40, he controls 90 percent of the oil refining Ron Chernow, Biographer: By 1879, when Rockefeller is 40, he controls 90 percent of the oil refining Ron Chernow, Biographer: By 1879, when Rockefeller is 40, he controls 90 percent of the oil refining
in the world. Within a few years, he will control 90 percent of the marketing of oil in the world. Within a few years, he will control 90 percent of the marketing of oil in the world. Within a few years, he will control 90 percent of the marketing of oil and a third of all of the oil wells. So this very young man controls what is not only a
En quelques années, il contrôlera 90% des ventes et un tiers
and a third of all of the oil wells. So this very young man controls what is not only a and a third of all of the oil wells. So this very young man controls what is not only a
des puits de pétrole. Ce jeune homme contrôle donc le monopole, non pas seulement
national but an international monopoly in a commodity that is about to become the most national but an international monopoly in a commodity that is about to become the most national but an international monopoly in a commodity that is about to become the most
national mais international, d'une denrée en passe de devenir le bien stratégique
important strategic commodity in the world economy. important strategic commodity in the world economy. important strategic commodity in the world economy.
le plus important de l'économie mondiale.
SOURCE: The Rockefellers
SOURCE: The Rockefellers SOURCE: The Rockefellers By the 1880s, the American oil industry was the Standard Oil Company. And Standard Oil By the 1880s, the American oil industry was the Standard Oil Company. And Standard Oil
Dans les années 80, L'économie pétrolière américaine représentait la Standard Oil. Et la Standard Oil
By the 1880s, the American oil industry was the Standard Oil Company. And Standard Oil
was John D. Rockefeller. was John D. Rockefeller. was John D. Rockefeller.
représentait John D. Rockefeller
But it wasn’t long until a handful of similarly ambitious (and well-connected) families began But it wasn’t long until a handful of similarly ambitious (and well-connected) families began But it wasn’t long until a handful of similarly ambitious (and well-connected) families began
Mais sous peu une poignée d'ambitieuses familles (et soudées) se mettent à reproduire le
to emulate the Standard Oil success story in other parts of the globe. to emulate the Standard Oil success story in other parts of the globe. to emulate the Standard Oil success story in other parts of the globe.
modèle de réussite de la Standard Oil dans d'autres parties du monde.
One such competitor emerged from the Caucasus in the 1870s, where Imperial Russia had opened One such competitor emerged from the Caucasus in the 1870s, where Imperial Russia had opened One such competitor emerged from the Caucasus in the 1870s, where Imperial Russia had opened
L'un de ces compétiteurs émergea du Caucase dans les années 70, alors que l'Empire russe avait autorisé
up the vast Caspian Sea oil deposits to private development. Two families quickly combined up the vast Caspian Sea oil deposits to private development. Two families quickly combined up the vast Caspian Sea oil deposits to private development. Two families quickly combined
l'exploitation privée des nombreux gisements de pétrole de la mer Caspienne. Deux familles se rallièrent
forces to take advantage of the opportunity: the Nobels, led by Ludwig Nobel and including forces to take advantage of the opportunity: the Nobels, led by Ludwig Nobel and including forces to take advantage of the opportunity: the Nobels, led by Ludwig Nobel and including
rapidement pour profiter de l'opportunité : Les Nobels, dirigé par Ludwig Nobel et incluant son frère Alfred,
his dynamite-inventing prize-creating brother Alfred, and the French branch of the infamous his dynamite-inventing prize-creating brother Alfred, and the French branch of the infamous his dynamite-inventing prize-creating brother Alfred, and the French branch of the infamous
inventeur de la dynamite et du prix du même nom, et la branche française de la tristement célèbre
Rothschild banking dynasty, led by Alphonse Rothschild. Rothschild banking dynasty, led by Alphonse Rothschild. Rothschild banking dynasty, led by Alphonse Rothschild.
dynastie banquière des Rothschild, dirigée par Alphonse de Rothschild.
In 1891, the Rothschilds contracted with M. Samuel & Co., a Far East shipping company In 1891, the Rothschilds contracted with M. Samuel & Co., a Far East shipping company In 1891, the Rothschilds contracted with M. Samuel & Co., a Far East shipping company
En 1891, les Rothschild établirent avec la M. Samuel & Co., une entreprise de transport d'Extrême-Orient
headquartered in London and run by Marcus Samuel, to do what had never been done before: headquartered in London and run by Marcus Samuel, to do what had never been done before: headquartered in London and run by Marcus Samuel, to do what had never been done before:
dont le siège est à Londres et le dirigeant Marcus Samuel, ce qui n'a jamais été fait auparavant :
ship their Nobel-supplied Caspian oil through the Suez Canal to East Asian markets. The ship their Nobel-supplied Caspian oil through the Suez Canal to East Asian markets. The ship their Nobel-supplied Caspian oil through the Suez Canal to East Asian markets. The
Transporter le pétrole fourni par les Nobel en traversant le Canal de Suez jusqu'aux marchés asiatiques. Le projet
project was immense; it involved not only sophisticated engineering to construct the project was immense; it involved not only sophisticated engineering to construct the project was immense; it involved not only sophisticated engineering to construct the
était immense ; il fallait non seulement une ingénierie de pointe pour construire les premiers
first oil tankers to be approved by the Suez Canal Company, but the strictest secrecy. first oil tankers to be approved by the Suez Canal Company, but the strictest secrecy. first oil tankers to be approved by the Suez Canal Company, but the strictest secrecy.
navires pétroliers avec l'accord de la Suez Canal Company, mais aussi la plus grande discrétion.
If word of the endeavour was to get back to Rockefeller through his international intelligence If word of the endeavour was to get back to Rockefeller through his international intelligence If word of the endeavour was to get back to Rockefeller through his international intelligence
Si Rockefeller était tenu au courant du projet par son réseau de renseignement international,
network it would risk bringing the wrath of Standard Oil, which could afford to cut rates network it would risk bringing the wrath of Standard Oil, which could afford to cut rates network it would risk bringing the wrath of Standard Oil, which could afford to cut rates
ils s'attireraient la foudre de la Standard Oil, qui pourraient baisser les tarifs et les écarter
and squeeze them out of the market. In the end they succeeded, and the first bulk tanker, and squeeze them out of the market. In the end they succeeded, and the first bulk tanker, and squeeze them out of the market. In the end they succeeded, and the first bulk tanker,
du marché. Finalement, ils réussirent, et le premier navire citerne, le Murex
the Murex, sailed through the Suez Canal in 1892 en route to Thailand. the Murex, sailed through the Suez Canal in 1892 en route to Thailand. the Murex, sailed through the Suez Canal in 1892 en route to Thailand.
traversa le Canal de Suez en 1892 en direction de la Thailand.
In 1897 “M. Samuel & Co.” became The Shell Transport and Trading Company. Realizing that In 1897 “M. Samuel & Co.” became The Shell Transport and Trading Company. Realizing that In 1897 “M. Samuel & Co.” became The Shell Transport and Trading Company. Realizing that
En 1897, la "M. Samuel & Co" devint la "Shell Transport and Trading Company". Remarquant que la dépendance
reliance on the Rothschild/Nobel Caspian oil left the company vulnerable to supply shocks, reliance on the Rothschild/Nobel Caspian oil left the company vulnerable to supply shocks, reliance on the Rothschild/Nobel Caspian oil left the company vulnerable to supply shocks,
envers le pétrole des Rothschild/Nobel de la Mer Caspienne exposait l'entreprise aux chocs de demande,
Shell began to look to the Far East for other sources of oil. In Borneo they ran up against Shell began to look to the Far East for other sources of oil. In Borneo they ran up against Shell began to look to the Far East for other sources of oil. In Borneo they ran up against
Shell commença à scruter l'Extrême-Orient pour d'autres sources de pétrole. A Bornéo, ils se heurtèrent à la
Royal Dutch Petroleum, established in The Hague in 1890 with the support of King William Royal Dutch Petroleum, established in The Hague in 1890 with the support of King William Royal Dutch Petroleum, established in The Hague in 1890 with the support of King William
Royal Dutch Petroleum, établie à la Hague en 1890 avec le support du roi William III
III of the Netherlands to develop oil deposits in the Dutch East Indies. The two companies, III of the Netherlands to develop oil deposits in the Dutch East Indies. The two companies, III of the Netherlands to develop oil deposits in the Dutch East Indies. The two companies,
des Pays-Bas pour exploiter les gisements de pétrole des Indes orientales néerlandaises. Les deux entreprises,
fearing competition from Standard Oil, merged in 1903 into the Asiatic Petroleum Company, fearing competition from Standard Oil, merged in 1903 into the Asiatic Petroleum Company, fearing competition from Standard Oil, merged in 1903 into the Asiatic Petroleum Company,
craignant la compétition de la Standard Oil, devinrent la Asiatic Petroleum Company en 1903,
jointly owned with the French Rothschilds, and in 1907 become Royal Dutch Shell. jointly owned with the French Rothschilds, and in 1907 become Royal Dutch Shell. jointly owned with the French Rothschilds, and in 1907 become Royal Dutch Shell.
conjointement détenue par les Rothschild français, et en 1903 elles deviennent la Royal Dutch Shell.
Another global competitor to the Standard Oil throne emerged in Iran at the turn of Another global competitor to the Standard Oil throne emerged in Iran at the turn of Another global competitor to the Standard Oil throne emerged in Iran at the turn of
Un autre compétiteur de la Standard Oil apparaît en Iran au début du XXème siècle.
the 20th century. In 1901 millionaire socialite William Knox D’arcy negotiated an incredible the 20th century. In 1901 millionaire socialite William Knox D’arcy negotiated an incredible the 20th century. In 1901 millionaire socialite William Knox D’arcy negotiated an incredible
En 1901, le millionnaire mondain William Knox D'arcy obtint du roi de Perse un avantage décisif :
concession with the king of Persia: exclusive rights to prospect for oil throughout most concession with the king of Persia: exclusive rights to prospect for oil throughout most concession with the king of Persia: exclusive rights to prospect for oil throughout most
le droit exclusif de rechercher du pétrole à travers tout le pays pendant 60 ans.
of the country for 60 years. After 7 years of fruitless search, D’Arcy and his Glasgow of the country for 60 years. After 7 years of fruitless search, D’Arcy and his Glasgow of the country for 60 years. After 7 years of fruitless search, D’Arcy and his Glasgow
Après 7 ans de vaine recherche, D'Arcy et son associé qui siège à Glasgow, Burnmah Oil,
based partner, Burmah Oil, were ready to abandon the country altogether. In early May of 1908 based partner, Burmah Oil, were ready to abandon the country altogether. In early May of 1908 based partner, Burmah Oil, were ready to abandon the country altogether. In early May of 1908
étaient prêts à abandonner le pays complètement. Au début du mois de mai 1908, ils envoyèrent
they sent a telegram to their geologist telling him to dismiss his staff, dismantle his equipment they sent a telegram to their geologist telling him to dismiss his staff, dismantle his equipment they sent a telegram to their geologist telling him to dismiss his staff, dismantle his equipment
un télégramme à leur géologiste, lui demandant de renvoyer le personnel, de démonter son équipement
and come back home. He defied the order and weeks later struck oil. and come back home. He defied the order and weeks later struck oil. and come back home. He defied the order and weeks later struck oil.
et de rentrer chez lui. Il s'y opposa et quelques semaines plus tard trouva du pétrole.
Burmah Oil promptly spun off the Anglo-Persian Oil Company to oversee production of Persian Burmah Oil promptly spun off the Anglo-Persian Oil Company to oversee production of Persian Burmah Oil promptly spun off the Anglo-Persian Oil Company to oversee production of Persian
La Burmah Oil se détacha très rapidement de l'Asian Persian Oil Company pour contrôler la production du
oil. The British government took 51% majority control of the company’s shares in 1914 oil. The British government took 51% majority control of the company’s shares in 1914 oil. The British government took 51% majority control of the company’s shares in 1914
pétrole perse. Le gouvernement britannique pris 51% de contrôle majoritaire dans les parts de la société en 1914,
at the behest of Winston Churchill, then First Lord of the Admiralty, and survives today at the behest of Winston Churchill, then First Lord of the Admiralty, and survives today at the behest of Winston Churchill, then First Lord of the Admiralty, and survives today
à la directive de Winston Churchill, alors premier lord de l'amirauté, et existe de nos jours en tant que
as BP. as BP. as BP.
BP (British Petroleum)
The Rothschilds and Nobels. The Dutch royal family. The Rockefellers. These early titans The Rothschilds and Nobels. The Dutch royal family. The Rockefellers. These early titans The Rothschilds and Nobels. The Dutch royal family. The Rockefellers. These early titans
Les Rothschild et les Nobel. La famille royale néerlandaise. Les Rockefeller. Ces géants du pétrole
of the oil industry and their corporate shells pioneered a new model for amassing and expanding of the oil industry and their corporate shells pioneered a new model for amassing and expanding of the oil industry and their corporate shells pioneered a new model for amassing and expanding
à l'avant-garde et leurs sociétés écran sont les pionniers d'un nouveau modèle d'accumulation et d'accroissement
fortunes hitherto unheard of. They were the scions of a new oligarchy, one built around fortunes hitherto unheard of. They were the scions of a new oligarchy, one built around fortunes hitherto unheard of. They were the scions of a new oligarchy, one built around
de fortunes jusqu'alors inédites. Ils étaient les descendants d'une nouvelle oligarchie, fondée sur
oil and its control, from wellhead to pump. oil and its control, from wellhead to pump. oil and its control, from wellhead to pump.
le pétrole et le contrôle, du puits à la pompe.
But it was not just about money. The monopolization of this, the key energy resource of the 20th But it was not just about money. The monopolization of this, the key energy resource of the 20th But it was not just about money. The monopolization of this, the key energy resource of the 20th
Mais l'argent n'était pas le seul intérêt. Etre au monopole de cette ressource énergétique clé du XXème siècle,
century, helped secure the oiligarchs not just wealth but power over the lives of billions. century, helped secure the oiligarchs not just wealth but power over the lives of billions. century, helped secure the oiligarchs not just wealth but power over the lives of billions.
allait aider les oligarques à sécuriser leur richesse, mais aussi leur pouvoir sur la vie de milliards d'individus.
Billions who came to depend on black gold for the provision of just about every aspect Billions who came to depend on black gold for the provision of just about every aspect Billions who came to depend on black gold for the provision of just about every aspect
Des milliards d'entre eux devenant dépendants de l'or noir pour répondre à presque tous les besoins
of their daily lives. of their daily lives. of their daily lives.
de leurs vies quotidiennes.
In the late 19th century, however, it was by no means certain that oil would become In the late 19th century, however, it was by no means certain that oil would become In the late 19th century, however, it was by no means certain that oil would become
A la fin du XIXème siècle, cependant, il n'était en aucune façon certain que le pétrole deviendrait la ressource clé
the key resource of the 20th century. As cheap illumination from the newly-commercialized the key resource of the 20th century. As cheap illumination from the newly-commercialized the key resource of the 20th century. As cheap illumination from the newly-commercialized
du XXème siècle. Alors que l'éclairage peu cher de l'ampoule électrique nouvellement commercialisée,
light bulb began to destroy the market for lamp oil, the oiligarchs were on the verge light bulb began to destroy the market for lamp oil, the oiligarchs were on the verge light bulb began to destroy the market for lamp oil, the oiligarchs were on the verge
commençait à détruire le marché pour le kérosène, les oligarques étaient sur le point de perdre le bénéfice
of losing the value from their monopoly. But a series of “lucky strikes” was about of losing the value from their monopoly. But a series of “lucky strikes” was about of losing the value from their monopoly. But a series of “lucky strikes” was about
de leur monopole. Mais une série de "coups de chance" allait projeter leurs fortunes
to catapult their fortunes even further. to catapult their fortunes even further. to catapult their fortunes even further.
encore plus haut.
The very next year after the commercial introduction of the light bulb, another invention came The very next year after the commercial introduction of the light bulb, another invention came The very next year after the commercial introduction of the light bulb, another invention came
L'année qui suivit directement la mise en place de l'ampoule électrique, une nouvelle invention survint
along to save the oil industry: German engineer Karl Benz patented a reliable, two-stroke along to save the oil industry: German engineer Karl Benz patented a reliable, two-stroke along to save the oil industry: German engineer Karl Benz patented a reliable, two-stroke
pour sauver l'industrie pétrolière : l'ingénieur allemand Karl Benz fit breveter un moteur à combustion
internal combustion engine. The engine ran on gasoline, another petroleum byproduct, internal combustion engine. The engine ran on gasoline, another petroleum byproduct, internal combustion engine. The engine ran on gasoline, another petroleum byproduct,
à deux temps fiable.Le moteur marchait à l'essence, un autre dérivé du pétrole,
and became the basis for the Benz Motorwagen that, in 1888, became the first commercially and became the basis for the Benz Motorwagen that, in 1888, became the first commercially and became the basis for the Benz Motorwagen that, in 1888, became the first commercially
et il devint la base de la Benz Motorwagen, qui en 1888 devint la première automobile
available automobile in history. And with that stroke of luck, the business that Rockefeller available automobile in history. And with that stroke of luck, the business that Rockefeller available automobile in history. And with that stroke of luck, the business that Rockefeller
de l'histoire disponible sur le marché. Et avec ce coup de chance, le marché que Rockefeller
and the other oiligarchs had spent decades consolidating was saved. and the other oiligarchs had spent decades consolidating was saved. and the other oiligarchs had spent decades consolidating was saved.
et les autres oligarques avaient mis des décennies à consolider était sauvé.
But more luck was needed to ensure the market for this new engine. In the early days of But more luck was needed to ensure the market for this new engine. In the early days of But more luck was needed to ensure the market for this new engine. In the early days of
Mais davantage de chance était nécessaire pour s'assurer des ventes de ce nouveau moteur.
the automobile era it was by no means certain that gas-powered cars would come to dominate the automobile era it was by no means certain that gas-powered cars would come to dominate the automobile era it was by no means certain that gas-powered cars would come to dominate
Dans les premiers jours de l'ère de l'automoble, d'aucune façon on pensait que les voitures à essence allaient
the market. Working models of electric vehicles had been around since the 1830s, and the first the market. Working models of electric vehicles had been around since the 1830s, and the first the market. Working models of electric vehicles had been around since the 1830s, and the first
dominer les ventes. Des modèles de véhicules électriques fonctionnels existaient depuis les années 30,
electric car was built in 1884. By 1897 there was a fleet of all-electric taxis shuttling electric car was built in 1884. By 1897 there was a fleet of all-electric taxis shuttling electric car was built in 1884. By 1897 there was a fleet of all-electric taxis shuttling
et la première voiture électrique fut construite en 1884. En 1897, il y avait une flotte de taxis tout électrique servant
passengers around London. The world land speed record was set by an electric car in 1898. passengers around London. The world land speed record was set by an electric car in 1898. passengers around London. The world land speed record was set by an electric car in 1898.
de navette aux Londonniens. Le record du monde de vitesse sur sol fut établi par une voiture électrique
By the dawn of the 20th century electric cars accounted for 28% of the automobiles in the By the dawn of the 20th century electric cars accounted for 28% of the automobiles in the By the dawn of the 20th century electric cars accounted for 28% of the automobiles in the
en 1898. A l'aube du XXème siècle, 28% des automobiles aux Etat-Unis étaient électriques.
United States. The electrics had advantages over the internal combustion engine: they United States. The electrics had advantages over the internal combustion engine: they United States. The electrics had advantages over the internal combustion engine: they
L'électrique avait des avantages sur le moteur à combustion : il n'avait pas besoin de changement
required no gear shifting or hand cranking, and had none of the vibration, smell, or noise required no gear shifting or hand cranking, and had none of the vibration, smell, or noise required no gear shifting or hand cranking, and had none of the vibration, smell, or noise
de vitesse ou de manivelle, et il n'avait aucune vibration, odeur ou bruit
associated with gasoline-powered cars. associated with gasoline-powered cars. associated with gasoline-powered cars.
propres au voitures à essence.
Lady Luck intervened again on January 10, 1901, when prospectors struck oil at Spindletop Lady Luck intervened again on January 10, 1901, when prospectors struck oil at Spindletop Lady Luck intervened again on January 10, 1901, when prospectors struck oil at Spindletop
Dame Fortune intervint encore le 10 janvier 1901, lorsque des prospecteurs trouvèrent du pétrole à Spindletop dans le Texas de l'est.
in East Texas. The gusher blew 100,000 barrels a day and set off the next great oil boom, in East Texas. The gusher blew 100,000 barrels a day and set off the next great oil boom, in East Texas. The gusher blew 100,000 barrels a day and set off the next great oil boom,
Du puits jaillirent 100 000 barils par jour, ce qui déclencha le nouvel grand essor pétrolier,
providing cheap, plentiful oil to the American market and driving down gas prices. It wasn’t providing cheap, plentiful oil to the American market and driving down gas prices. It wasn’t providing cheap, plentiful oil to the American market and driving down gas prices. It wasn’t
en offrant de grandes quantités de pétrole bon marché aux Américains et en baissant les prix de l'essence.
long before the expensive, low range electric engines were abandoned altogether and big, long before the expensive, low range electric engines were abandoned altogether and big, long before the expensive, low range electric engines were abandoned altogether and big,
Sous peu les véhicules électriques, onéreux et bas de gamme, furent complètement délaissés
loud, gas-guzzling engines came to dominate the road, all fueled by the black gold that loud, gas-guzzling engines came to dominate the road, all fueled by the black gold that loud, gas-guzzling engines came to dominate the road, all fueled by the black gold that
et de gros moteurs, bruyants et énergivores vinrent dominer la route, tous alimentés par l'or noir que
Standard Oil, Shell, Gulf, Texaco, Anglo-Persian and the other oil majors of the time were Standard Oil, Shell, Gulf, Texaco, Anglo-Persian and the other oil majors of the time were Standard Oil, Shell, Gulf, Texaco, Anglo-Persian and the other oil majors of the time were
la Standard Oil, Shell, Gulf, Texaco, Anglo-Persian et les autres grandes compagnies pétrolières
drilling, refining and selling. drilling, refining and selling. drilling, refining and selling.
puisaient, raffinaient et vendaient.
Perhaps John D.’s greatest stroke of luck, however, was not supposed to be luck at all. Perhaps John D.’s greatest stroke of luck, however, was not supposed to be luck at all. Perhaps John D.’s greatest stroke of luck, however, was not supposed to be luck at all.
Peut-être que le plus grand coup de fortune de John D. n'était toutefois pas du tout censé être de la chance.
Rockefeller had come under increasing scrutiny by a public outraged by the unprecedented Rockefeller had come under increasing scrutiny by a public outraged by the unprecedented Rockefeller had come under increasing scrutiny by a public outraged by the unprecedented
Le public, outragé par la richesse sans précédent amassée par Rockefeller à travers la Standard Oil,
wealth he had amassed through Standard Oil. Muckraking reporters like Ida Tarbell began wealth he had amassed through Standard Oil. Muckraking reporters like Ida Tarbell began wealth he had amassed through Standard Oil. Muckraking reporters like Ida Tarbell began
le surveillait de plus en plus près. Des journalistes d'investigation comme Ida Tarbell
digging up the dirt on his rise to power through railroad conspiracies, secret deals with competitors digging up the dirt on his rise to power through railroad conspiracies, secret deals with competitors digging up the dirt on his rise to power through railroad conspiracies, secret deals with competitors
se sont mis à lever le rideau sur son ascension au pouvoir, aux travers de complots sur les chemins de fer,
and other shady practices. The press pictured him as a colossus with bribed politicians and other shady practices. The press pictured him as a colossus with bribed politicians and other shady practices. The press pictured him as a colossus with bribed politicians
accords secrets avec la concurrance et d'autres moyens illicites. On le voit dans la presse comme un colosse
literally in the palm of his hand; Standard Oil was a menacing octopus with its tentacles literally in the palm of his hand; Standard Oil was a menacing octopus with its tentacles literally in the palm of his hand; Standard Oil was a menacing octopus with its tentacles strangling the lifeblood of the nation. Hearings began, investigations were launched, lawsuits
tenant des politiciens corrompus dans sa main. La Standard Oil était une pieuvre menaçante étouffant les forces vives
strangling the lifeblood of the nation. Hearings began, investigations were launched, lawsuits strangling the lifeblood of the nation. Hearings began, investigations were launched, lawsuits
de la nation. Les auditions commençèrent, les investigations étaient lancées, les poursuites engagées
were brought against him. And then, finally, in 1911 the Supreme Court made a monumental were brought against him. And then, finally, in 1911 the Supreme Court made a monumental were brought against him. And then, finally, in 1911 the Supreme Court made a monumental
contre lui. Puis, finalement en 1911 la Court Suprême pris une décision monumentale.
decision.
decision. decision. Narrator: On May 15th, 1911, the Supreme Court of the United States declared that Standard Narrator: On May 15th, 1911, the Supreme Court of the United States declared that Standard
Le 15 mai 1911, la Court Suprême des Etats-Unis déclara que la Standard Oil
Narrator: On May 15th, 1911, the Supreme Court of the United States declared that Standard
Oil was a monopoly in restraint of trade and should be dissolved. Rockefeller heard of Oil was a monopoly in restraint of trade and should be dissolved. Rockefeller heard of Oil was a monopoly in restraint of trade and should be dissolved. Rockefeller heard of the decision while golfing at Kykuit with a priest from the local Catholic church, Father
était un monopole, une entrave au commerce et qu'elle devait être dissoute.
the decision while golfing at Kykuit with a priest from the local Catholic church, Father the decision while golfing at Kykuit with a priest from the local Catholic church, Father
Rockefeller eut vent de la décision alors qu'il jouait au golfe à Kykuit avec un prêtre de l'église catholique du coin,
J.P. Lennon.
Père J.P Lennon
J.P. Lennon. J.P. Lennon. Ron Chernow, Biographer: And Rockefeller reacted with amazing aplomb. He turned to the Catholic Ron Chernow, Biographer: And Rockefeller reacted with amazing aplomb. He turned to the Catholic
Et Rockefeller réagit avec une assurance spectaculaire. Il se tourna vers le prêtre catholique
Ron Chernow, Biographer: And Rockefeller reacted with amazing aplomb. He turned to the Catholic
priest and said, “Father Lennon, have you some money?” And the priest was very startled priest and said, “Father Lennon, have you some money?” And the priest was very startled priest and said, “Father Lennon, have you some money?” And the priest was very startled
et dit : "Père Lennon, avez-vous de l'argent ?" Et le prêtre fut très surpris par la question et dit :
by the question and said, “No.” And then he said, “Why?” And Rockefeller replied, by the question and said, “No.” And then he said, “Why?” And Rockefeller replied, by the question and said, “No.” And then he said, “Why?” And Rockefeller replied,
"Non". Et puis il demanda "Pourquoi?" Et Rockefeller repondit :
“Buy Standard Oil.” “Buy Standard Oil.” “Buy Standard Oil.”
"Pour acheter la Standard Oil"
Narrator: As Rockefeller foresaw, the individual Standard Oil companies were worth more than Narrator: As Rockefeller foresaw, the individual Standard Oil companies were worth more than Narrator: As Rockefeller foresaw, the individual Standard Oil companies were worth more than
Comme l'avait prévu Rockefeller, les sociétés de la Standard Oil prises individuellement avait plus de valeur
the single corporation. In the next few years, their shares doubled and tripled in value. the single corporation. In the next few years, their shares doubled and tripled in value. the single corporation. In the next few years, their shares doubled and tripled in value.
qu'une société unique. Dans les prochaines années, la valeur de leurs parts doublèrent puis triplèrent.
By the time the rain of cash was over, Rockefeller had the greatest personal fortune in history By the time the rain of cash was over, Rockefeller had the greatest personal fortune in history By the time the rain of cash was over, Rockefeller had the greatest personal fortune in history
Quand le flot d'arrivée d'argent s’arrêta, Rockefeller avait la plus grande fortune personnelle de l'histoire,
— nearly two percent of the American economy. — nearly two percent of the American economy. — nearly two percent of the American economy.
presque 2 % de l'économie américaine.
Ron Chernow, Biographer: And it was really losing the antitrust case that converted John Ron Chernow, Biographer: And it was really losing the antitrust case that converted John Ron Chernow, Biographer: And it was really losing the antitrust case that converted John
Et c'était vraiment la perte de l'affaire antitrust qui transforma John D. Rockefeller
D. Rockefeller into history’s first billionaire. So that Standard Oil was punished in the federal D. Rockefeller into history’s first billionaire. So that Standard Oil was punished in the federal D. Rockefeller into history’s first billionaire. So that Standard Oil was punished in the federal antitrust case, but John D. Rockefeller, Sr. most assuredly was not.
en premier milliardaire de l'histoire. Car si la Standard Oil fut punie par le dossier antitrust, Sire John D. Rockefeller
antitrust case, but John D. Rockefeller, Sr. most assuredly was not. antitrust case, but John D. Rockefeller, Sr. most assuredly was not.
ne l'était assurément pas.
SOURCE: The Rockefellers SOURCE: The Rockefellers SOURCE: The Rockefellers
To the amazement of the world, Rockefeller’s punishment had in fact been his reward. Rather To the amazement of the world, Rockefeller’s punishment had in fact been his reward. Rather To the amazement of the world, Rockefeller’s punishment had in fact been his reward. Rather
Au grand étonnement général, la sanction de Rockefeller fut en fait sa récompense.
than being taken down a peg, the splitting up of the Standard Oil monopoly had launched than being taken down a peg, the splitting up of the Standard Oil monopoly had launched than being taken down a peg, the splitting up of the Standard Oil monopoly had launched
Au lieu de le faire redescendre d'un échelon, la dissolution de la Standard Oil l'avait projeté au rang
him as the world’s only acknowledged billionaire at a time when the average annual income in him as the world’s only acknowledged billionaire at a time when the average annual income in him as the world’s only acknowledged billionaire at a time when the average annual income in
de premier milliardaire reconnu au monde à une époque où le salaire moyen annuel était en Amérique de
America was $520. America was $520. America was $520.
520 $
Rockefeller’s story was perfectly mirrored by the story of Colonel Edwin Drake. Having Rockefeller’s story was perfectly mirrored by the story of Colonel Edwin Drake. Having Rockefeller’s story was perfectly mirrored by the story of Colonel Edwin Drake. Having
L'histoire de Rockefeller est parfaitement illustrée par celle du Colonel Edwin Drake. Ayant trouvé du pétrole
struck oil in Titusville and given rise to a billion dollar global industry, Drake had struck oil in Titusville and given rise to a billion dollar global industry, Drake had struck oil in Titusville and given rise to a billion dollar global industry, Drake had
à Titusville et donné naissance à un marché mondial de milliards de dollars, Drake n'a pas eu le bon sens
not had the foresight to patent his drilling technique or even to buy up the land around not had the foresight to patent his drilling technique or even to buy up the land around not had the foresight to patent his drilling technique or even to buy up the land around
de faire breveter sa méthode de forage et ou même de racheter le terrain avoisinant son propre puits.
his own well. He ended up in poverty, relying on an annuity from the state of Pennsylvania his own well. He ended up in poverty, relying on an annuity from the state of Pennsylvania his own well. He ended up in poverty, relying on an annuity from the state of Pennsylvania
Il se retrouva pauvre, subsistant grâce à la rente viagère que lui verse l'Etat de Pennsylvanie
to scrape together a living and dying in 1880. to scrape together a living and dying in 1880. to scrape together a living and dying in 1880.
et mourut en 1880.
For the oiligarchy, the lesson of the rise and rise of Rockefeller was obvious: the more For the oiligarchy, the lesson of the rise and rise of Rockefeller was obvious: the more For the oiligarchy, the lesson of the rise and rise of Rockefeller was obvious: the more
Pour l'oligarchie, la leçon de la montée en puissance de Rockefeller était évidente :
ruthlessly that monopoly was pursued, the tighter that control was grasped, the greater ruthlessly that monopoly was pursued, the tighter that control was grasped, the greater ruthlessly that monopoly was pursued, the tighter that control was grasped, the greater
le plus impitoyablement on mettait en place ce monopole, le plus facilement on en avait le contrôle ;
the lust for power and money, the greater the reward would be in the end. the lust for power and money, the greater the reward would be in the end. the lust for power and money, the greater the reward would be in the end.
plus on désirait d'argent et de pouvoir, plus grande serait la récompense en fin de compte.
From now on, no invention would derail the oil majors from their quest for total control. From now on, no invention would derail the oil majors from their quest for total control. From now on, no invention would derail the oil majors from their quest for total control.
A partir de là, aucune invention ne pourrait faire dérailler les géants pétrolier de leur quête pour le contrôle total.
No competition would be tolerated. No threat to the oiligarchs would be allowed to rise. No competition would be tolerated. No threat to the oiligarchs would be allowed to rise. No competition would be tolerated. No threat to the oiligarchs would be allowed to rise. PART TWO: COMPETITION IS A SIN
Aucune concurrence ne serait tolérée. Aucune menace envers les oligarques ne serait permise.
PART TWO: COMPETITION IS A SIN PART TWO: COMPETITION IS A SIN
Partie 2 : La compétition est un pêché
When asked how he could justify the treachery and deceit with which he pursued the creation When asked how he could justify the treachery and deceit with which he pursued the creation When asked how he could justify the treachery and deceit with which he pursued the creation
Lorsqu'on lui demanda comment il pouvait justifier la perfidie et la fourberie avec laquelle il constitua
of the Standard Oil monopoly, John D. Rockefeller is reputed to have said: “Competition is of the Standard Oil monopoly, John D. Rockefeller is reputed to have said: “Competition is of the Standard Oil monopoly, John D. Rockefeller is reputed to have said: “Competition is
le monopole de la Standard Oil, John D. Rockefeller a apparemment dit : " La compétition est un pêché ".
a sin.” This is the mentality of the monopolist, and it is this justification, framed as religious a sin.” This is the mentality of the monopolist, and it is this justification, framed as religious a sin.” This is the mentality of the monopolist, and it is this justification, framed as religious
Voilà la mentalité d'un monopoliste, et c'est cette justification, présentée comme une conviction
conviction, that drove the oiligarchs to so ruthlessly eliminate anyone who would dare conviction, that drove the oiligarchs to so ruthlessly eliminate anyone who would dare conviction, that drove the oiligarchs to so ruthlessly eliminate anyone who would dare
religieuse, qui a conduit les oligarques à éliminer impitoyablement tous ceux qui
rise up as a pretender to their throne. rise up as a pretender to their throne. rise up as a pretender to their throne.
oseraient menacer leur trône.
Ironically, it was the competition between the oiligarchs in the early 20th century that Ironically, it was the competition between the oiligarchs in the early 20th century that Ironically, it was the competition between the oiligarchs in the early 20th century that
Ironiquement, c'est la compétition entre les oligarques du début du XXème siècle qui
helped give rise to an early external threat to their empire: alcohol fuel. helped give rise to an early external threat to their empire: alcohol fuel. helped give rise to an early external threat to their empire: alcohol fuel.
a permis la survenue d'une menace extérieure : le carburant à base d'alcool.
As historian Lyle Cummins has noted of the period: “The oil trust battles between Rockefeller, As historian Lyle Cummins has noted of the period: “The oil trust battles between Rockefeller, As historian Lyle Cummins has noted of the period: “The oil trust battles between Rockefeller,
Comme le remarque Lyle Cummins à propos de cette période : Les batailles pour le monopole pétrolier entre
the Rothschilds, the Nobels and Marcus Samuel’s Shell kept prices in a state of flux, and the Rothschilds, the Nobels and Marcus Samuel’s Shell kept prices in a state of flux, and the Rothschilds, the Nobels and Marcus Samuel’s Shell kept prices in a state of flux, and
les Rockefeller, les Rothschild, les Nobel et Shell de Marcus Samuel faisaient fluctuer les prix et les moteurs
engines often had to be adaptable to the fuel that was available.” engines often had to be adaptable to the fuel that was available.” engines often had to be adaptable to the fuel that was available.”
devaient souvent s'adapter au carburant disponible.
In many areas where oil wasn’t available, the alternative was alcohol. Ethyl alcohol In many areas where oil wasn’t available, the alternative was alcohol. Ethyl alcohol In many areas where oil wasn’t available, the alternative was alcohol. Ethyl alcohol
Dans de nombreux endroits où le pétrole n'était pas fourni, l'alcool était l'alternative. L'alcool éthylique
had been used as a fuel for lamps and engines since the early 19th century. Although it had been used as a fuel for lamps and engines since the early 19th century. Although it had been used as a fuel for lamps and engines since the early 19th century. Although it
avait été utilisé comme carburant pour les lampes et les moteurs depuis le début du XIXème siècle. Bien qu'il soit
was generally more expensive, alcohol fuel offered a stability of supply that was alluring, was generally more expensive, alcohol fuel offered a stability of supply that was alluring, was generally more expensive, alcohol fuel offered a stability of supply that was alluring,
généralement plus cher, la disponibilité du carburant à base d'alcool attirait les consommateurs, surtout dans
especially in areas like London or Paris that did not have predictable access to oil supplies. especially in areas like London or Paris that did not have predictable access to oil supplies. especially in areas like London or Paris that did not have predictable access to oil supplies.
des régions comme Londres ou Paris où l'approvisionnement en pétrole n'était pas certain.
Alcohol has a lower heat value, or BTU, than gasoline, but a series of tests by the US Alcohol has a lower heat value, or BTU, than gasoline, but a series of tests by the US Alcohol has a lower heat value, or BTU, than gasoline, but a series of tests by the US
L'alcool a une puissance calorifique (BTU) inférieure à l'essence, mais une série de tests menés
Geological Survey and the US Navy in 1907 and 1908 proved that the higher compression Geological Survey and the US Navy in 1907 and 1908 proved that the higher compression Geological Survey and the US Navy in 1907 and 1908 proved that the higher compression
par l'US Geological Survey et l'US Navy en 1907 et 1908 démontrèrent que le taux de compression supérieur des
ratio of alcohol engines could perfectly offset the lower heat value, thus making alcohol ratio of alcohol engines could perfectly offset the lower heat value, thus making alcohol ratio of alcohol engines could perfectly offset the lower heat value, thus making alcohol
moteurs à alcool pouvait très bien compenser leur faible puissance calorifique et par conséquent que les marchés
and gasoline engines fuel economy equivalent. and gasoline engines fuel economy equivalent. and gasoline engines fuel economy equivalent.
des moteurs à essence et à alcool sont de même niveau.
One early supporter of alcohol fuel was Henry Ford, who designed his Model T to run on either One early supporter of alcohol fuel was Henry Ford, who designed his Model T to run on either One early supporter of alcohol fuel was Henry Ford, who designed his Model T to run on either
Un des premiers en faveur du carburant à base d'alcool était Henry Ford, qui a conçu son modèle T pour qu'il
alcohol or gasoline. Sensing an opportunity for new markets to boost the independent American alcohol or gasoline. Sensing an opportunity for new markets to boost the independent American alcohol or gasoline. Sensing an opportunity for new markets to boost the independent American farms that he felt were vital to the nation, Henry Ford told the New York Times:
fonctionne soit à l'alcool ou à l'essence. Percevant une opportunité pour de nouveaux marchés qui amélioreraient les exploitations agricoles indépendantes américaines, à son sens essentielles à la nation, il dit au New York Times :
farms that he felt were vital to the nation, Henry Ford told the New York Times: farms that he felt were vital to the nation, Henry Ford told the New York Times:
“The fuel of the future is going to come from fruit like that sumach out by the road, “The fuel of the future is going to come from fruit like that sumach out by the road, “The fuel of the future is going to come from fruit like that sumach out by the road,
" Le carburant du future se trouvera dans les fruits, comme ce sumac près de la route, ou bien
or from apples, weeds, sawdust – almost anything. There is fuel in every bit of vegetable or from apples, weeds, sawdust – almost anything. There is fuel in every bit of vegetable or from apples, weeds, sawdust – almost anything. There is fuel in every bit of vegetable
des pommes, des herbes, de la sciure - presque tout. Le carburant existe dans chaque partie de matière végétale
matter that can be fermented.”
qui peut être fermentée ".
matter that can be fermented.” matter that can be fermented.” Farmers, looking to capitalize on this, lobbied for the repeal of a $2.08 per gallon alcohol Farmers, looking to capitalize on this, lobbied for the repeal of a $2.08 per gallon alcohol
Les agriculteurs, cherchant à en profiter, ont soutenu le retrait d'une taxe sur l'alcool de 2,08 $ par gallon
Farmers, looking to capitalize on this, lobbied for the repeal of a $2.08 per gallon alcohol
tax that had been imposed to help pay for the Civil War. They were aided by those who tax that had been imposed to help pay for the Civil War. They were aided by those who tax that had been imposed to help pay for the Civil War. They were aided by those who
imposée pour le financement de la guerre civile. Ils furent aidés par ceux qui voyaient l'alcool comme
saw fuel alcohol as a way to break the oiligarchs’ monopoly. In support of a bill to repeal the saw fuel alcohol as a way to break the oiligarchs’ monopoly. In support of a bill to repeal the saw fuel alcohol as a way to break the oiligarchs’ monopoly. In support of a bill to repeal the
un moyen de briser le monopole des oligarques. En défense d'un projet de loi visant à retirer la taxe sur
alcohol tax, President Teddy Roosevelt told the US Congress in 1906: alcohol tax, President Teddy Roosevelt told the US Congress in 1906: alcohol tax, President Teddy Roosevelt told the US Congress in 1906:
l'alcool, le président Teddy Roosevelt dit au Congrès américain en 1906 :
“The Standard Oil Company has, largely by unfair or unlawful methods, crushed out home “The Standard Oil Company has, largely by unfair or unlawful methods, crushed out home “The Standard Oil Company has, largely by unfair or unlawful methods, crushed out home
" La Standard Oil a souvent, par des méthodes peu scrupuleuses, anéanti la concurrence intérieure.
competition. It is highly desirable that an element of competition should be introduced competition. It is highly desirable that an element of competition should be introduced competition. It is highly desirable that an element of competition should be introduced
On ne peut que désirer qu'un élément de concurrence s'introduise en votant certaines loi
by the passage of some such law as that which has already passed the House, putting alcohol by the passage of some such law as that which has already passed the House, putting alcohol by the passage of some such law as that which has already passed the House, putting alcohol
comme celle qui vient d'être adopté par la législation, rendant libre l'alcool utilisé pour
used in the arts and manufactures upon the free list.” used in the arts and manufactures upon the free list.” used in the arts and manufactures upon the free list.”
les arts et le domaine des manufactures.
The alcohol tax was repealed in 1906 and for a time corn ethanol at 14 cents a gallon was The alcohol tax was repealed in 1906 and for a time corn ethanol at 14 cents a gallon was The alcohol tax was repealed in 1906 and for a time corn ethanol at 14 cents a gallon was
La taxe sur l'alcool fut retirée en 1906 et pendant un temps l'éthanol de maïs à 14 cents le gallon
cheaper than gasoline at 22 cents a gallon. The promise of cheap, unpatentable, unmonopolizable cheaper than gasoline at 22 cents a gallon. The promise of cheap, unpatentable, unmonopolizable cheaper than gasoline at 22 cents a gallon. The promise of cheap, unpatentable, unmonopolizable
était moins cher que l'essence à 22 cents le gallon. La promesse d'un carburant bon marché, non breveté,
fuel production, production open to anyone with raw vegetable matter and a still, swept fuel production, production open to anyone with raw vegetable matter and a still, swept fuel production, production open to anyone with raw vegetable matter and a still, swept
non monopolistique, dont la production était ouverte à toute personne disposant de matière végétale et d'un distillateur,
the nation.
balaya la nation.
the nation. the nation. But cheap, plentiful fuel that can be grown and produced locally and independently is But cheap, plentiful fuel that can be grown and produced locally and independently is
Mais un carburant bon marché et en grande quantité qui peut être produit localement par des indépendants n'est
But cheap, plentiful fuel that can be grown and produced locally and independently is
not what the oiligarchs had in mind. not what the oiligarchs had in mind. not what the oiligarchs had in mind.
pas ce que souhaitaient les oligarques.
A 1909 USGS report comparing gas and alcohol engines had noted that a significant point A 1909 USGS report comparing gas and alcohol engines had noted that a significant point A 1909 USGS report comparing gas and alcohol engines had noted that a significant point
Un rapport de 1909 de l'USGS qui comparait les moteurs à essence et à alcool dénota qu'un avantage significatif
in alcohol fuel’s favour was that there were fewer restrictions on alcohol engines. in alcohol fuel’s favour was that there were fewer restrictions on alcohol engines. in alcohol fuel’s favour was that there were fewer restrictions on alcohol engines.
du carburant à base d'alcool est qu'il y avait moins de restrictions concernant les moteurs.
For the oiligarchs, the answer was simple: find a way to place greater restrictions on For the oiligarchs, the answer was simple: find a way to place greater restrictions on For the oiligarchs, the answer was simple: find a way to place greater restrictions on
Pour les oligarques, la réponse était simple : trouver un moyen de mettre plus de restrictions sur les moteurs
alcohol engines. Thankfully for them, the answer to their problem was already gaining alcohol engines. Thankfully for them, the answer to their problem was already gaining alcohol engines. Thankfully for them, the answer to their problem was already gaining popular support.
à alcool. Heureusement pour eux, la réponse à leur problème trouvait déjà le soutien populaire.
popular support. popular support.
In the 19th century, America had a drinking problem. By 1830, the average American over
In the 19th century, America had a drinking problem. By 1830, the average American over In the 19th century, America had a drinking problem. By 1830, the average American over
Au XIXème siècle, l'Amérique avait un problème avec l'alcool. En 1830, un américain de plus de 15 ans
15 years old drank seven gallons of pure alcohol per year, three times higher than today’s 15 years old drank seven gallons of pure alcohol per year, three times higher than today’s 15 years old drank seven gallons of pure alcohol per year, three times higher than today’s
buvait en moyenne 26,5 L d'alcool pur par an, trois fois plus que la moyenne actuelle.
average. This led to the first anti-alcohol movements in the 1830s and 1840s, and the average. This led to the first anti-alcohol movements in the 1830s and 1840s, and the average. This led to the first anti-alcohol movements in the 1830s and 1840s, and the
Ce qui conduit aux premiers mouvements contre l'alcool dans les années 1830 et 1840, et la
formation of the Prohibition Party in 1869 and the Women’s Christian Temperance Union formation of the Prohibition Party in 1869 and the Women’s Christian Temperance Union formation of the Prohibition Party in 1869 and the Women’s Christian Temperance Union
création de Prohibition Party en 1869 et la Women's Christian Temperance Union en 1870.
in the 1870s. The movement enjoyed widespread and growing support but had few political in the 1870s. The movement enjoyed widespread and growing support but had few political in the 1870s. The movement enjoyed widespread and growing support but had few political
Le mouvement profitait d'un soutien large et croissant mais avait peu de réussite en politique ;
successes; Maine flirted with prohibition by outlawing the sale and manufacture of liquor successes; Maine flirted with prohibition by outlawing the sale and manufacture of liquor successes; Maine flirted with prohibition by outlawing the sale and manufacture of liquor
Le Maine embrassait la prohibition en interdisant la vente et la fabrication de liqueur en 1851, mais
in 1851, but the ban only lasted five years. in 1851, but the ban only lasted five years. in 1851, but the ban only lasted five years.
l'interdiction ne dura que cinq ans.
This changed with the formation of the Anti-Saloon League in Standard Oil’s birth state of This changed with the formation of the Anti-Saloon League in Standard Oil’s birth state of This changed with the formation of the Anti-Saloon League in Standard Oil’s birth state of
Cela changea avec la création de l'Anti-Saloon League dans l'état de l'Ohio en 1893 où la Standard Oil naquit.
Ohio in 1893. The ASL was started by John D. Rockefeller’s long-time personal friend Ohio in 1893. The ASL was started by John D. Rockefeller’s long-time personal friend Ohio in 1893. The ASL was started by John D. Rockefeller’s long-time personal friend
La ASL débuta avec un ami de longue date de Rockefeller, Howard Hyde Russell, et son activité
Howard Hyde Russell and was bankrolled in part by generous annual donations from Rockefeller Howard Hyde Russell and was bankrolled in part by generous annual donations from Rockefeller Howard Hyde Russell and was bankrolled in part by generous annual donations from Rockefeller
fut financée par de généreuses donations annuelles de Rockefeller lui-même.
himself. The ASL, with Rockefeller’s backing, quickly became the driving force behind a himself. The ASL, with Rockefeller’s backing, quickly became the driving force behind a himself. The ASL, with Rockefeller’s backing, quickly became the driving force behind a
La ASL, avec l'aide de Rockefeller, devint vite le moteur d'un mouvement national visant à prohiber
national movement to outlaw the production and sale of alcohol. national movement to outlaw the production and sale of alcohol. national movement to outlaw the production and sale of alcohol.
la production et la vente d'alcool.
Rockefeller was a teetotaler himself, not from moral concern but because he was afraid Rockefeller was a teetotaler himself, not from moral concern but because he was afraid Rockefeller was a teetotaler himself, not from moral concern but because he was afraid
Rockefeller était lui-même abstinent, non pas d'un point de vue moral mais parce que'il avait peur que
that “good cheer among friends” would lead to his downfall in business. Stephen that “good cheer among friends” would lead to his downfall in business. Stephen that “good cheer among friends” would lead to his downfall in business. Stephen
"trinquer avec des amis" allait conduire à la ruine de son entreprise. Stephen Harkness,
Harkness, one of the silent partner investors in Standard Oil and a director in the company Harkness, one of the silent partner investors in Standard Oil and a director in the company Harkness, one of the silent partner investors in Standard Oil and a director in the company
l'un des investisseurs associés d'arrière plan à la Standard Oil et directeur dans la société jusqu'à
until his death, had caught Rockefeller’s eye when he made a fortune buying up whiskey until his death, had caught Rockefeller’s eye when he made a fortune buying up whiskey until his death, had caught Rockefeller’s eye when he made a fortune buying up whiskey
sa mort, fut témoin de tout l'argent que Rockefeller s'était fait en achetant du whiskey avant le passage
in advance of a new excise tax that he had been tipped about and selling it at a huge in advance of a new excise tax that he had been tipped about and selling it at a huge in advance of a new excise tax that he had been tipped about and selling it at a huge
d'une taxe sur la consommation d'alcool dont il eut vent et en le revendant à
profit after the tax kicked in. profit after the tax kicked in. profit after the tax kicked in.
grand bénéfice après.
No, Rockefeller and Standard Oil were not concerned about the moral state of the nation…except No, Rockefeller and Standard Oil were not concerned about the moral state of the nation…except No, Rockefeller and Standard Oil were not concerned about the moral state of the nation…except
Non, Rockefeller et la Standard Oil ne se sentaient pas concernés par la moralité du pays, à mois que ça
as far as it impacted their bottom line. But when prohibition did come in 1920, it had as far as it impacted their bottom line. But when prohibition did come in 1920, it had as far as it impacted their bottom line. But when prohibition did come in 1920, it had
n'impacte leur rentrée d'argent. Mais quand la prohibition eut lieu en 1920, elle eut un
an interesting side effect: although it didn’t ban the use of ethanol as a fuel directly, an interesting side effect: although it didn’t ban the use of ethanol as a fuel directly, an interesting side effect: although it didn’t ban the use of ethanol as a fuel directly,
résultat intéressant : bien que l'utilisation d'éthanol comme carburant ne fut pas interdite directement,
it did lead to increasingly burdensome restrictions requiring producers to add petroleum products it did lead to increasingly burdensome restrictions requiring producers to add petroleum products it did lead to increasingly burdensome restrictions requiring producers to add petroleum products
de lourdes restrictions durent être appliquées, exigeant à ce que les producteurs ajoutent des produits pétroliers
to their ethanol to make it poisonous before it could be sold. Alcohol fuel, now completely to their ethanol to make it poisonous before it could be sold. Alcohol fuel, now completely to their ethanol to make it poisonous before it could be sold. Alcohol fuel, now completely
à l'éthanol pour qu'il soit imbuvable avant dêtre vendu. Le carburant à base d'alcool, incapable de
unable to compete with gasoline, was abandoned altogether by the automobile industry. unable to compete with gasoline, was abandoned altogether by the automobile industry. unable to compete with gasoline, was abandoned altogether by the automobile industry.
concurrencer l'essence désormais, fut abandonné complètement par l'industrie automobile.
Another existential threat to the vast fortunes of the early oiligarchs was to require an Another existential threat to the vast fortunes of the early oiligarchs was to require an Another existential threat to the vast fortunes of the early oiligarchs was to require an
Une autre menace existante contre les fortunes des premiers oligarques demandait
even greater effort at social engineering: public transportation. even greater effort at social engineering: public transportation. even greater effort at social engineering: public transportation.
à fournir des efforts supplémentaires en ingénierie sociale : les transports en commun.
By the end of World War I, private car ownership was still a relative rarity; only one in 10 By the end of World War I, private car ownership was still a relative rarity; only one in 10 By the end of World War I, private car ownership was still a relative rarity; only one in 10
A la fin de la Première Guerre mondiale, les propriétaires de voiture étaient encore rare ; seul un américain sur 10 possédait une voiture.
Americans owned a car. Rail was still the transportation of choice for the vast majority Americans owned a car. Rail was still the transportation of choice for the vast majority Americans owned a car. Rail was still the transportation of choice for the vast majority
Le rail était encore le mode de transport privilégié pour la plupart de la population, et ceux qui habitaient dans
of the public, and city-dwellers in most major cities relied on electric trolley networks of the public, and city-dwellers in most major cities relied on electric trolley networks of the public, and city-dwellers in most major cities relied on electric trolley networks
les grandes villes utilisaient les réseaux de tramway électrique pour se déplacer.
to transport them around town. In 1936, General Motors formed a front company, “National to transport them around town. In 1936, General Motors formed a front company, “National to transport them around town. In 1936, General Motors formed a front company, “National
En 1936, General Motors constitua une société de façade, la "National City Lines", de pair avec Firestone
City Lines,” along with Firestone Tire and Standard Oil of California, to implement a City Lines,” along with Firestone Tire and Standard Oil of California, to implement a City Lines,” along with Firestone Tire and Standard Oil of California, to implement a
Tire et la Standard Oil de Californie, pour mettre en place
process of “bustitution”: scrapping streetcars and tearing up railways to replace them with process of “bustitution”: scrapping streetcars and tearing up railways to replace them with process of “bustitution”: scrapping streetcars and tearing up railways to replace them with
processus de "bustitution" : se débarrasser des tramway et enlever leurs rails pour les remplacer
GM’s own buses running on Standard Oil supplied diesel. The plan was remarkably successful. GM’s own buses running on Standard Oil supplied diesel. The plan was remarkably successful. GM’s own buses running on Standard Oil supplied diesel. The plan was remarkably successful.
avec les propres bus de GM, roulant au diesel fourni par la Standard Oil. Le plan fut brillant.
As historian and researcher F. William Engdahl notes in “Myths, Lies and Oil Wars” As historian and researcher F. William Engdahl notes in “Myths, Lies and Oil Wars” As historian and researcher F. William Engdahl notes in “Myths, Lies and Oil Wars”
Comme le note l'historien F. William Engdahl dans "Mythes, mensonges et guerre du pétrole"
“By the end of the 1940s, GM had bought and scrapped over one hundred municipal electric “By the end of the 1940s, GM had bought and scrapped over one hundred municipal electric “By the end of the 1940s, GM had bought and scrapped over one hundred municipal electric
"A la fin des années 1940, GM avait acheté et mis au rebut plus d'une centaine de systèmes urbains de
transit systems in 45 cities and put gas-burning GM buses on the streets in their place. By transit systems in 45 cities and put gas-burning GM buses on the streets in their place. By transit systems in 45 cities and put gas-burning GM buses on the streets in their place. By
transport collectif dans 45 villes, remplacés par les bus de GM à essence.
1955 almost 90% of the electric streetcar lines in the United States had been ripped 1955 almost 90% of the electric streetcar lines in the United States had been ripped 1955 almost 90% of the electric streetcar lines in the United States had been ripped out or otherwise eliminated.”
En 1955, presque 90 % des tramway électriques aux Etats-Unis furent retirés ou du moins hors d'usage.
out or otherwise eliminated.” out or otherwise eliminated.”
The cartel had been careful to hide their involvement in National City Lines, but it
The cartel had been careful to hide their involvement in National City Lines, but it The cartel had been careful to hide their involvement in National City Lines, but it
Le cartel fit bien attention de masquer leur engagement dans National City Lines, mais
was revealed to the public in 1946 by an enterprising retired naval lieutenant commander, Edwin was revealed to the public in 1946 by an enterprising retired naval lieutenant commander, Edwin was revealed to the public in 1946 by an enterprising retired naval lieutenant commander, Edwin
ceci fut révélé au grand public en 1946 par Edwin J. Quinby, un audacieux commandant-lieutenant de la marine
J. Quinby. He wrote a manifesto exposing what he called “a careful, deliberately planned J. Quinby. He wrote a manifesto exposing what he called “a careful, deliberately planned J. Quinby. He wrote a manifesto exposing what he called “a careful, deliberately planned
alors retraité. Il expose dans un manifeste ce qu'il appelle "une campagne prudente, planifiée sciemment
campaign to swindle you out of your most important and valuable public utilities–your Electric campaign to swindle you out of your most important and valuable public utilities–your Electric campaign to swindle you out of your most important and valuable public utilities–your Electric
pour vous dérober le service public qui vous est le plus important : "le tramway électrique".
Railway System.” He uncovered the oiligarchs’ stock ownership of National City Lines and Railway System.” He uncovered the oiligarchs’ stock ownership of National City Lines and Railway System.” He uncovered the oiligarchs’ stock ownership of National City Lines and
Il mit au jour l'actionnariat des oligarques dans la National City Lines et ses filiales
its subsidiaries and detailed how they had step by step bought up and destroyed the public its subsidiaries and detailed how they had step by step bought up and destroyed the public its subsidiaries and detailed how they had step by step bought up and destroyed the public
et décrivit comment ils achetèrent et détruisirent pas à pas les moyens de transport public à Baltimore,
transportation lines in Baltimore, Los Angeles, St. Louis and other major urban centres. transportation lines in Baltimore, Los Angeles, St. Louis and other major urban centres. transportation lines in Baltimore, Los Angeles, St. Louis and other major urban centres.
Los Angeles, St. Louis et d'autres centres urbains importants.
Quinby’s warning caught the attention of federal prosecutors and in 1947 National City Quinby’s warning caught the attention of federal prosecutors and in 1947 National City Quinby’s warning caught the attention of federal prosecutors and in 1947 National City
La mise en garde de Quinby attira l'attention des procureurs fédéraux et en 1947, la National City Lines
Lines was indicted for conspiring to form a transportation monopoly and conspiring to Lines was indicted for conspiring to form a transportation monopoly and conspiring to Lines was indicted for conspiring to form a transportation monopoly and conspiring to
fut accusée d'avoir créé par entente un monopole des transports publics, des ventes de bus et de
monopolize sales of buses and supplies. In 1949, GM, Firestone, Standard Oil of California monopolize sales of buses and supplies. In 1949, GM, Firestone, Standard Oil of California monopolize sales of buses and supplies. In 1949, GM, Firestone, Standard Oil of California
leur approvisionnement en carburant. En 1949, GM, Firestone et la Standard Oil de Californie,
and their officers and corporate associates were convicted on the second count of conspiracy. and their officers and corporate associates were convicted on the second count of conspiracy. and their officers and corporate associates were convicted on the second count of conspiracy.
leurs dirigeants et associés furent inculpés pour complot au deuxième chef d'accusation.
The punishment for buying up and dismantling America’s public transportation infrastructure? The punishment for buying up and dismantling America’s public transportation infrastructure? The punishment for buying up and dismantling America’s public transportation infrastructure? A $5,000 fine. H. C. Grossman, who had been the director of Pacific City Lines when it
Quelle sanction pour avoir racheté et démantelé l'infrastructure de transport public américain? Une amende de 5 000 $. H.C. Grossman, qui avait été le directeur de Pacific City Lines lorsqe l'entreprise
A $5,000 fine. H. C. Grossman, who had been the director of Pacific City Lines when it A $5,000 fine. H. C. Grossman, who had been the director of Pacific City Lines when it
oversaw the scrapping of LA’s $100 million Pacific Electric system, was fined exactly oversaw the scrapping of LA’s $100 million Pacific Electric system, was fined exactly oversaw the scrapping of LA’s $100 million Pacific Electric system, was fined exactly
supervisa la mise au rebut du système de Pacific Electric à L.A. qui valait 100 million de $, reçut exactement une amende de 1$
$1.
$1. $1. Unsurprisingly, GM and its associates did not remain in the doghouse for long. In 1953 Unsurprisingly, GM and its associates did not remain in the doghouse for long. In 1953
Sans surprise, GM et ses associés ne sont pas restés en disgrâce pendant longtemps. En 1953
Unsurprisingly, GM and its associates did not remain in the doghouse for long. In 1953
President Eisenhower appointed Charles Wilson, then the President of General Motors, as Secretary President Eisenhower appointed Charles Wilson, then the President of General Motors, as Secretary President Eisenhower appointed Charles Wilson, then the President of General Motors, as Secretary
le Président Eisenhower nomma Charles Wilson, alors président de General Motors, secrétaire à la Défense.
of Defense. Wilson, with Francis DuPont of the Rockefeller-connected DuPont family as of Defense. Wilson, with Francis DuPont of the Rockefeller-connected DuPont family as of Defense. Wilson, with Francis DuPont of the Rockefeller-connected DuPont family as
Wilson, avec Francis DuPont, de la famille DuPont en liaison avec la famille Rockefeller, alors
Chief Administrator of Federal Highways, oversaw one of the largest public works projects in Chief Administrator of Federal Highways, oversaw one of the largest public works projects in Chief Administrator of Federal Highways, oversaw one of the largest public works projects in
administrateur en chef de la Federal Highways, supervisa l'un des travaux publics les plus importants de
American history: the creation of the interstate highway system. With a war-era excise tax American history: the creation of the interstate highway system. With a war-era excise tax American history: the creation of the interstate highway system. With a war-era excise tax
l'histoire américaine : la création du système d'autoroutes entre états. Avec la taxe d'accise de guerre
on train tickets still in place and federally funded highways and airports providing cheaper on train tickets still in place and federally funded highways and airports providing cheaper on train tickets still in place and federally funded highways and airports providing cheaper
sur les tickets de train encore en place, et les autoroutes et aéroports financés par les états qui offraient une
alternatives, rail travel declined a startling 84% between 1945 and 1964. alternatives, rail travel declined a startling 84% between 1945 and 1964. alternatives, rail travel declined a startling 84% between 1945 and 1964.
alternative moins chère, le transport ferroviaire déclina de façon ahurissante pour 84% entre 1945 et 1964.
This social engineering paid off well for Standard Oil and its growing list of petrochemical This social engineering paid off well for Standard Oil and its growing list of petrochemical This social engineering paid off well for Standard Oil and its growing list of petrochemical
L'ingénierie sociale apporta ses fruits pour la Standard Oil et son nombre croissant d'associés de l'industrie
associates. In the two and a half decades after the outbreak of World War II, vehicle associates. In the two and a half decades after the outbreak of World War II, vehicle associates. In the two and a half decades after the outbreak of World War II, vehicle
pétrochimique. Dans les deux décennies et demi après le déclenchement de la Seconde Guerre mondiale,
production in Detroit almost tripled, from 4.5 million cars a year in 1940 to over 11 production in Detroit almost tripled, from 4.5 million cars a year in 1940 to over 11 production in Detroit almost tripled, from 4.5 million cars a year in 1940 to over 11
la production de véhicule à Détroit avait presque triplé, avec 4,5 millions de voitures par an en 1940 contre plus
million in 1965. As a result, sales of refined gasoline over the same period rose 300%. million in 1965. As a result, sales of refined gasoline over the same period rose 300%. million in 1965. As a result, sales of refined gasoline over the same period rose 300%.
de 11 millions en 1965. Par conséquent, les ventes d'essence sur la même période augmentèrent de 300 %
But Rockefeller was not the only oiligarch working to crush all opposition to his monopoly. But Rockefeller was not the only oiligarch working to crush all opposition to his monopoly. But Rockefeller was not the only oiligarch working to crush all opposition to his monopoly.
Mais Rockefeller n'était pas le seul oligarque à vouloir écraser toute compétition à son monopole.
Across the pond, the European oiligarchs were working to protect their own oil investments Across the pond, the European oiligarchs were working to protect their own oil investments Across the pond, the European oiligarchs were working to protect their own oil investments
De l'autre côté de l'Atlantique, les oligarques européens étaient à l'oeuvre pour protéger leurs investissements
from upstart competitors. from upstart competitors. from upstart competitors.
financiers de nouveaux concurrents.
In 1889, a consortium of German investors led by Siemens’ Deutsche Bank obtained a In 1889, a consortium of German investors led by Siemens’ Deutsche Bank obtained a In 1889, a consortium of German investors led by Siemens’ Deutsche Bank obtained a
En 1889, un regroupement d'investisseurs allemands menés par la Deustche Bank de Siemens obtinrent du
concession from the Turkish government for extension of a railway line connecting Berlin concession from the Turkish government for extension of a railway line connecting Berlin concession from the Turkish government for extension of a railway line connecting Berlin
gouvernement turc une concession pour étendre une ligne ferroviaire reliant Berlin à Basra dans
to Basra on the Persian Gulf via Baghdad in what was then part of the Ottoman Empire. to Basra on the Persian Gulf via Baghdad in what was then part of the Ottoman Empire. to Basra on the Persian Gulf via Baghdad in what was then part of the Ottoman Empire.
le Golfe Persique via Baghdad, se trouvant alors dans une partie de l'Empire Ottoman.
The Berlin-Baghdad Railway concession was for ninety-nine years and came with mineral The Berlin-Baghdad Railway concession was for ninety-nine years and came with mineral The Berlin-Baghdad Railway concession was for ninety-nine years and came with mineral
La concession de la ligne ferroviaire Berlin-Baghdad s'étendait à 99 ans et pourvoyait les droits miniers sur 20 kilomètres
rights for twenty kilometers on either side of the line…an especially lucrative deal rights for twenty kilometers on either side of the line…an especially lucrative deal rights for twenty kilometers on either side of the line…an especially lucrative deal
de chaque part du chemin de fer... un accord particulièrement lucratif puisque les rails traversaient
since the rail cut right through the heart of the still untapped Mesopotamian oil regions since the rail cut right through the heart of the still untapped Mesopotamian oil regions since the rail cut right through the heart of the still untapped Mesopotamian oil regions
en plein cœur les régions pétrolières encore inexploitées de Mésopotamie, au sud de Mosul
south of Mosul along the Tigris River. south of Mosul along the Tigris River. south of Mosul along the Tigris River.
le long du Tigre.
For the powers behind the British empire, concerned with the military rise of Germany, For the powers behind the British empire, concerned with the military rise of Germany, For the powers behind the British empire, concerned with the military rise of Germany,
Pour les pouvoirs qui sous-tendent l'Empire britannique, inquiétés par la montée en puissance de l'armée allemande,
this deal was unacceptable.
l'accord était inacceptable.
this deal was unacceptable. this deal was unacceptable. William Engdahl: Well Germany in the end of the 19th century was looking for outlets for William Engdahl: Well Germany in the end of the 19th century was looking for outlets for
L' Allemagne à la fin du XIXème siècle cherchait des débouchés à ses exportations (exportations
William Engdahl: Well Germany in the end of the 19th century was looking for outlets for
its exports — its industrial exports — as the German economy was growing like China’s its exports — its industrial exports — as the German economy was growing like China’s its exports — its industrial exports — as the German economy was growing like China’s
industrielles) alors que l'économie allemande affichait une croissance aussi forte que la Chine
has grown in the last 30 years. And they decided that Turkey would be an ideal strategic trade has grown in the last 30 years. And they decided that Turkey would be an ideal strategic trade has grown in the last 30 years. And they decided that Turkey would be an ideal strategic trade
ces 30 dernières années. Et ils décidèrent que la Turquie serait un partenaire commercial idéal pour l'Allemagne.
partner for Germany. And Georg von Siemens, one of the directors of Deutsche Bank, came partner for Germany. And Georg von Siemens, one of the directors of Deutsche Bank, came partner for Germany. And Georg von Siemens, one of the directors of Deutsche Bank, came
Et Georg von Siemens, l'un des directeurs de la Deutsche Bank, eut l'idée d'un plan pour étendre une voie ferrée de
up with a strategy to extend a railway from Berlin all the way down to Baghdad — which up with a strategy to extend a railway from Berlin all the way down to Baghdad — which up with a strategy to extend a railway from Berlin all the way down to Baghdad — which was then part of the Ottoman Empire, Baghdad and Iraq today, near the Persian Gulf. German
Berlin jusqu'à Baghdad, qui faisait alors partie de l'Empire Ottoman et de l'Iraq de nos jours,
was then part of the Ottoman Empire, Baghdad and Iraq today, near the Persian Gulf. German was then part of the Ottoman Empire, Baghdad and Iraq today, near the Persian Gulf. German
près du Golfe Persique. L'armée allemande
military began training the Turkish military. German industry began investing in Turkey. military began training the Turkish military. German industry began investing in Turkey. military began training the Turkish military. German industry began investing in Turkey.
commença à entraîner l'armée turque. L'industrie allemande à investir en Turquie.
They saw a huge potential market to begin bringing Turkey into the 20th century economically. They saw a huge potential market to begin bringing Turkey into the 20th century economically. They saw a huge potential market to begin bringing Turkey into the 20th century economically.
Ils voyaient un vrai marché potentiel à faire de la Turquie une puissance économique du XXème siècle.
Deutsche Bank also negotiated mineral rights — I think it was 20 kilometres either side Deutsche Bank also negotiated mineral rights — I think it was 20 kilometres either side Deutsche Bank also negotiated mineral rights — I think it was 20 kilometres either side
La Deutsche Bank négocia aussi les droits miniers -- je pense de 20 km de part et d'autre de la voie ferrée -- et
of the railway — and it was already known in 1914 that Mosul and these other areas contained of the railway — and it was already known in 1914 that Mosul and these other areas contained of the railway — and it was already known in 1914 that Mosul and these other areas contained
on savait déjà en 1914 que Mosul et ces autres zones avaient de larges
huge petroleum deposits. huge petroleum deposits. huge petroleum deposits.
gisements de pétrole.
Well, why is that significant? At the end of the 19th century, Jack Fisher–the head Well, why is that significant? At the end of the 19th century, Jack Fisher–the head Well, why is that significant? At the end of the 19th century, Jack Fisher–the head
Eh bien, pourquoi cela a t-il de l'importance ? A la fin du XIXème siècle, Jack Fisher -- chef de l'amirauté et chef
of the Admiralty and the head of the Royal Navy–advocated the conversion of the British of the Admiralty and the head of the Royal Navy–advocated the conversion of the British of the Admiralty and the head of the Royal Navy–advocated the conversion of the British
de la Royal Navy -- prôna l'utilisation du pétrole à la place du charbon dans la British Navy.
Navy from coal-fired to oil-fired. That it would have a qualitative strategic improvement Navy from coal-fired to oil-fired. That it would have a qualitative strategic improvement Navy from coal-fired to oil-fired. That it would have a qualitative strategic improvement
Que cela améliorerait qualitativement et stratégiquement tous les aspects du design des
in every aspect of warship design. And since Britain didn’t know that they had any oil in every aspect of warship design. And since Britain didn’t know that they had any oil in every aspect of warship design. And since Britain didn’t know that they had any oil
navires de guerre. Et puisque les britanniques ne savaient pas qu'ils avaient du pétrole à cette époque,
back then they went to Persia and swindled the Shah out of oil rights in Persia. They back then they went to Persia and swindled the Shah out of oil rights in Persia. They back then they went to Persia and swindled the Shah out of oil rights in Persia. They
ils sont allés en Perse et ont destitués le Shah de ses droits sur le pétrole du pays. Ils sont allés au Kowait
went to Kuwait and backed a coup d’etat of the Al-Sabah family to be a British pawn, went to Kuwait and backed a coup d’etat of the Al-Sabah family to be a British pawn, went to Kuwait and backed a coup d’etat of the Al-Sabah family to be a British pawn,
et ont soutenu un coup d'état de la famille Al-Sabah afin qu'elle soit un pion pour les britanniques,
and they literally wrote a contract with him that nothing that Kuwait does will be done and they literally wrote a contract with him that nothing that Kuwait does will be done and they literally wrote a contract with him that nothing that Kuwait does will be done
et ils ont carrément rédigé un contrat avec lui, pour que le Kowait ne fasse rien sans l'approbation
without approval of the British Governor. And Kuwait was known to have oil lying right without approval of the British Governor. And Kuwait was known to have oil lying right without approval of the British Governor. And Kuwait was known to have oil lying right
du gouverneur britannique. On savait que le Kowait avait du pétrole dans les sols du
on the Persian Gulf. on the Persian Gulf. on the Persian Gulf.
Golfe persique.
The British looked at this railway plan of the Germans going right down to Baghdad and The British looked at this railway plan of the Germans going right down to Baghdad and The British looked at this railway plan of the Germans going right down to Baghdad and
Les britanniques observèrent le plan de chemin de fer des allemands qui allait jusqu'à Baghdad et ils dirent
said ‘My God! You can put soldiers on rail cars and bring them down and threaten the said ‘My God! You can put soldiers on rail cars and bring them down and threaten the said ‘My God! You can put soldiers on rail cars and bring them down and threaten the
"Mon Dieu !"Ils peuvent mettre des soldats dans les wagons , les faire descendre et menacer le ravitaillement
oil lifeline of the British Navy.’ This is a strategic move by the Germans. It also oil lifeline of the British Navy.’ This is a strategic move by the Germans. It also oil lifeline of the British Navy.’ This is a strategic move by the Germans. It also
en pétrole de la British Navy". C'est un choix stratégique fait par les allemands. Cela rendrait également
would make Germany independent of the British control of the seas. They would have a landline would make Germany independent of the British control of the seas. They would have a landline would make Germany independent of the British control of the seas. They would have a landline
l'Allemagne indépendante du contrôle maritime britannique.
The British oiligarchs, including the British crown with its hidden controlling stake in throughout Eurasia into Russia, on into Belarus and Western Europe that removes the United much like the Chinese “One Belt, One Road” infrastructure for high speed rails going States’ Navy ability to control China and control Central Asia to a great extent.
Les oligarques britanniques, y compris la Couronne britannique avec sa part de contrôle
much like the Chinese “One Belt, One Road” infrastructure for high speed rails going much like the Chinese “One Belt, One Road” infrastructure for high speed rails going throughout Eurasia into Russia, on into Belarus and Western Europe that removes the United throughout Eurasia into Russia, on into Belarus and Western Europe that removes the United
States’ Navy ability to control China and control Central Asia to a great extent. States’ Navy ability to control China and control Central Asia to a great extent.
The British oiligarchs, including the British crown with its hidden controlling stake in The British oiligarchs, including the British crown with its hidden controlling stake in Anglo-Persian Oil and the Rothschild’s merchant Marcus Samuel at Royal Dutch Shell, sought Anglo-Persian Oil and the Rothschild’s merchant Marcus Samuel at Royal Dutch Shell, sought
sur le pétrole anglo-perse et le marchand des Rothschild Marcus Samuel chez la Royal Dutch Shell, cherchèrent à
Anglo-Persian Oil and the Rothschild’s merchant Marcus Samuel at Royal Dutch Shell, sought
to counter this German threat to their commercial and strategic interests. They used Armenian-born to counter this German threat to their commercial and strategic interests. They used Armenian-born to counter this German threat to their commercial and strategic interests. They used Armenian-born
contrecarrer cette menace allemande pour défendre leurs intérêts commerciaux et stratégiques. Ils se servirent
naturalized British citizen Calouste Gulbenkian–the architect of the Royal Dutch / Shell merger–in naturalized British citizen Calouste Gulbenkian–the architect of the Royal Dutch / Shell merger–in naturalized British citizen Calouste Gulbenkian–the architect of the Royal Dutch / Shell merger–in
du citoyen arménien naturalisé britannique Calouste Gulbenkian -- le créateur de la fusion Royal Dutch/Shell --
order, as he later recalled “to see British influence get the upper hand in Turkey” order, as he later recalled “to see British influence get the upper hand in Turkey” order, as he later recalled “to see British influence get the upper hand in Turkey”
afin de, comme il le rappela plus tard, voir l'influence britannique dominer en Turquie" face aux allemands
against the Germans. If that was his task, it was a remarkable success. against the Germans. If that was his task, it was a remarkable success. against the Germans. If that was his task, it was a remarkable success.
Si tel était sa mission, ce fut un succès total.
In 1909 the British set up the Turkish National Bank, which was “Turkish” in name only. In 1909 the British set up the Turkish National Bank, which was “Turkish” in name only. In 1909 the British set up the Turkish National Bank, which was “Turkish” in name only.
En 1909, les britanniques fondèrent la Turkish National Bank, qui n'était "turque" que de nom.
Founded by London banker Sir Edward Cassel and with directors like Hugo Baring of the Founded by London banker Sir Edward Cassel and with directors like Hugo Baring of the Founded by London banker Sir Edward Cassel and with directors like Hugo Baring of the
Fondée par le banquier londonien Sir Edward Cassel et dirigée par entre autres Hugo Baring,
Barings banking family, Cassel himself, and Gulbenkian, the Bank set up the Turkish Petroleum Barings banking family, Cassel himself, and Gulbenkian, the Bank set up the Turkish Petroleum Barings banking family, Cassel himself, and Gulbenkian, the Bank set up the Turkish Petroleum
de la famille de banquiers Barings, Cassel lui-même et Gulbenkian, la banque mit en place la Turkish Petroleum
Company in 1912. Formed explicitly to exploit the petroleum-rich oil fields of Iraq, then Company in 1912. Formed explicitly to exploit the petroleum-rich oil fields of Iraq, then Company in 1912. Formed explicitly to exploit the petroleum-rich oil fields of Iraq, then
Company en 1912. Crée explicitement pour exploiter les gisements riches en pétrole d'Irak, alors faisant partie
part of the Ottoman Empire, Gulbenkian brokered a deal that forced Deutsche Bank, with its part of the Ottoman Empire, Gulbenkian brokered a deal that forced Deutsche Bank, with its part of the Ottoman Empire, Gulbenkian brokered a deal that forced Deutsche Bank, with its
de l'Empire ottoman, Gulbenkian conclut un accord qui obligeait la Deutsche Bank à accepter,
40 kilometre concessions along the oil-rich Baghdad railway line, into a junior partnership 40 kilometre concessions along the oil-rich Baghdad railway line, into a junior partnership 40 kilometre concessions along the oil-rich Baghdad railway line, into a junior partnership
avec ses concessions de 40 km le long de la ligne ferroviaire riche en pétrole de Baghdad, un partenariat minoritaire.
in the company. The stock was split so the British government’s Anglo-Persian Oil Company in the company. The stock was split so the British government’s Anglo-Persian Oil Company in the company. The stock was split so the British government’s Anglo-Persian Oil Company
Le capital fut divisé de façon à ce que la Anglo-Persian Oil Company du gouvernement britannique dispose
owned half the shares, with Royal Dutch Shell and Deutsche Bank splitting the other half. owned half the shares, with Royal Dutch Shell and Deutsche Bank splitting the other half. owned half the shares, with Royal Dutch Shell and Deutsche Bank splitting the other half.
de la moitié des actions, et la Royal Dutch Shell et la Deutsche Bank se partageant l'autre moitié.
Their plan to take over Germany’s Turkish oil interests had been successful, but in Their plan to take over Germany’s Turkish oil interests had been successful, but in Their plan to take over Germany’s Turkish oil interests had been successful, but in
Le plan de rachat des parts sur le pétrole turc des allemands avait fonctionné, mais très ironiquement,
an amazing irony, it didn’t even matter. Gulbenkian finished negotiations for the Iraqi an amazing irony, it didn’t even matter. Gulbenkian finished negotiations for the Iraqi an amazing irony, it didn’t even matter. Gulbenkian finished negotiations for the Iraqi
cela n'avait pas d'importance. Gulbenkian termina les négociations pour la concession de pétrole irakienne
oil concession on June 28, 1914, the same day Archduke Ferdinand was shot in Sarajevo. oil concession on June 28, 1914, the same day Archduke Ferdinand was shot in Sarajevo. oil concession on June 28, 1914, the same day Archduke Ferdinand was shot in Sarajevo.
le 28 juin 1914, le jour même où l'archiduc Ferdinand fut assassiné à Sarajevo.
An alliance the British had been brokering for years to constrain the rising German threat, An alliance the British had been brokering for years to constrain the rising German threat, An alliance the British had been brokering for years to constrain the rising German threat,
Une alliance que la Grande Bretagne avait essayé d'établir pendant des années pour contenir la menace allemande croissante,
an alliance involving France and Russia, kicked into motion and the world was engulfed in an alliance involving France and Russia, kicked into motion and the world was engulfed in an alliance involving France and Russia, kicked into motion and the world was engulfed in
une alliance incluant la France et la Russie, se mit en place et le monde plongea dans la guerre.
war. By the end of World War I, the British and their allies had taken over Iraq and its war. By the end of World War I, the British and their allies had taken over Iraq and its war. By the end of World War I, the British and their allies had taken over Iraq and its
A la fin de la Première Guerre mondiale, la Grande Bretagne et ses alliés avaient conquis l'Irak
oil deposits anyway, Germany had been completely cut out, and Gulbenkian, their scheming servant, oil deposits anyway, Germany had been completely cut out, and Gulbenkian, their scheming servant, oil deposits anyway, Germany had been completely cut out, and Gulbenkian, their scheming servant,
et ses gisements pétroliers ; l'Allemagne en fut complètement coupée, et Gulbenkian, leur serviteur
received 5% of all oil field proceeds in the newly minted country. received 5% of all oil field proceeds in the newly minted country. received 5% of all oil field proceeds in the newly minted country.
dans cette machination, reçut 5 % des profits pétroliers dans ce nouveau pays d'exploitation.
As the century wore on, the oil industry grew beyond the control of the handful of families As the century wore on, the oil industry grew beyond the control of the handful of families As the century wore on, the oil industry grew beyond the control of the handful of families
Alors que le siècle s'écoulait, l'industrie pétrolière dépassa le seul contrôle de la poignée de familles
that had dominated it since its inception. Oil deposits were located around the globe that had dominated it since its inception. Oil deposits were located around the globe that had dominated it since its inception. Oil deposits were located around the globe
qui l'avaient dominée depuis le début. Les dépôts pétroliers se trouvaient partout sur terre
and the resources of entire nation states were marshaled to control them. Now, threats and the resources of entire nation states were marshaled to control them. Now, threats and the resources of entire nation states were marshaled to control them. Now, threats
et les ressources de nations entières étaient concentrées pour leur contrôle. Maintenant,
to the oiligarchs and their interests required multi-lateral, multi-national responses and to the oiligarchs and their interests required multi-lateral, multi-national responses and to the oiligarchs and their interests required multi-lateral, multi-national responses and
les menaces envers les oligarques et leurs intérêt nécessitaient des réactions multi-latérales et
the consequences of those deals were felt worldwide. the consequences of those deals were felt worldwide. the consequences of those deals were felt worldwide.
multi-nationales et les conséquences de ces accords avaient un impact mondial.
The story of the Oil Shock of 1973 as it has been delivered to us by the history books The story of the Oil Shock of 1973 as it has been delivered to us by the history books The story of the Oil Shock of 1973 as it has been delivered to us by the history books
On connait bien l'histoire du choc pétrolier de 1973 tel que nous la transmettent les historiens.
is well known. is well known. is well known.
Narrator: By the late 1960s the nation relied on imported oil to keep the economy strong. Narrator: By the late 1960s the nation relied on imported oil to keep the economy strong. Narrator: By the late 1960s the nation relied on imported oil to keep the economy strong.
A la fin des années 1960, le pays se reposait sur l'importation de pétrole pour faire tourner l'économie.
Then in the early 1970s oil-dependent America’s nightmares came true: 13 oil-producing countries Then in the early 1970s oil-dependent America’s nightmares came true: 13 oil-producing countries Then in the early 1970s oil-dependent America’s nightmares came true: 13 oil-producing countries
Puis à la fin des années 70, les cauchemares d'une Amérique dépendante en pétrole devinrent une réalité :
in the Middle East and South America formed OPEC, the Organization of Petroleum Exporting in the Middle East and South America formed OPEC, the Organization of Petroleum Exporting in the Middle East and South America formed OPEC, the Organization of Petroleum Exporting
13 pays producteurs de pétrole, au Moyen-Orient et en Amérique du Sud forment l'OPEC, l'Organisation des pays
Countries. In 1973 OPEC placed an oil embargo on the US and other nations that had supported Countries. In 1973 OPEC placed an oil embargo on the US and other nations that had supported Countries. In 1973 OPEC placed an oil embargo on the US and other nations that had supported
exportateurs de pétrole. En 1973 l'OPEC pose un embargo pétrolier sur les USA et les pays qui avaient
Israel against the Arab states in the Yom Kippur war. The American economy went into Israel against the Arab states in the Yom Kippur war. The American economy went into Israel against the Arab states in the Yom Kippur war. The American economy went into
soutenu Israël contre les Pays arabes dans la guerre du Kippur. L'économie américaine s'écroula alors que
a tailspin as gas shortages gripped the nation. a tailspin as gas shortages gripped the nation. a tailspin as gas shortages gripped the nation.
les pénuries d'essence firent entrave à la nation.
SOURCE: History of Oil SOURCE: History of Oil SOURCE: History of Oil
Few, however, know that the crisis and its ensuing response was in fact prepared months Few, however, know that the crisis and its ensuing response was in fact prepared months Few, however, know that the crisis and its ensuing response was in fact prepared months
Mais peu de monde sait que cette crise, et la réaction qui s'ensuivit, avait en fait été préparée des mois à
ahead of time at a secret meeting in Sweden in 1973. The meeting was the annual gathering ahead of time at a secret meeting in Sweden in 1973. The meeting was the annual gathering ahead of time at a secret meeting in Sweden in 1973. The meeting was the annual gathering
l'avance lors d'une réunion secrète en Suède en 1973. Cette réunion était le rassemblement annuel du
of the Bilderberg Group, a secretive cabal formed by Prince Bernhard of the Netherlands of the Bilderberg Group, a secretive cabal formed by Prince Bernhard of the Netherlands of the Bilderberg Group, a secretive cabal formed by Prince Bernhard of the Netherlands
Bilderberg Group, une cabale secrète crée par le prince Bernhard des Pays-Bas
in 1954. in 1954. in 1954.
en 1954
The Dutch royal family not only gave its royal imprint to Royal Dutch Petroleum, they are The Dutch royal family not only gave its royal imprint to Royal Dutch Petroleum, they are The Dutch royal family not only gave its royal imprint to Royal Dutch Petroleum, they are
La famille royale néerlandaise n'a pas seulement laissé son empreinte sur la Royal Dutch Petroleum ; on dit
still rumoured to be, along with the Rothschilds, one of the largest shareholders in Royal Dutch still rumoured to be, along with the Rothschilds, one of the largest shareholders in Royal Dutch still rumoured to be, along with the Rothschilds, one of the largest shareholders in Royal Dutch
encore qu'ils sont, avec les Rothschilds, l'un des actionnaire majoritaires de la Royal Dutch Shell, depuis
Shell, from the days when Queen Wilhelmina’s Anglo-Dutch Petroleum holdings and other investments Shell, from the days when Queen Wilhelmina’s Anglo-Dutch Petroleum holdings and other investments Shell, from the days when Queen Wilhelmina’s Anglo-Dutch Petroleum holdings and other investments
l'époque où les avoirs et autres investissements dans la Anglo-Dutch Petroleum détenus par la reine Wilhelmina
made her the world’s first female billionaire right through to today. Bernhard’s guest made her the world’s first female billionaire right through to today. Bernhard’s guest made her the world’s first female billionaire right through to today. Bernhard’s guest
firent d'elle la première femme milliardaire au monde, jusqu'à aujourd'hui. La liste d'invités de Bernhard
list at the Bilderberg Group reflected his position in the oiligarchy; alongside him list at the Bilderberg Group reflected his position in the oiligarchy; alongside him list at the Bilderberg Group reflected his position in the oiligarchy; alongside him
au Bilderberg Group montra sa position dans l'oligarchie ; à ses côtés à la conférence suédoise se trouvait
at the Swedish conference were David Rockefeller of the Standard Oil dynasty and his protege at the Swedish conference were David Rockefeller of the Standard Oil dynasty and his protege at the Swedish conference were David Rockefeller of the Standard Oil dynasty and his protege
David Rockefeller de la dynastie de la Standard Oil et son protégé Henri Kissinger,
Henry Kissinger, Baron Edmond de Rothschild, E.G. Collado, the Vice President of Exxon, Henry Kissinger, Baron Edmond de Rothschild, E.G. Collado, the Vice President of Exxon, Henry Kissinger, Baron Edmond de Rothschild, E.G. Collado, the Vice President of Exxon,
le Baron Edmond de Rothschild, E.G. Collado, le vice president d'Exxon, Sir Denis Greenhill, directeur de la
Sir Denis Greenhill, director of British Petroleum, and Gerrit A. Wagner, president of Bernhard’s Sir Denis Greenhill, director of British Petroleum, and Gerrit A. Wagner, president of Bernhard’s Sir Denis Greenhill, director of British Petroleum, and Gerrit A. Wagner, president of Bernhard’s
British Petroleum, et Gerrit A. Wagner, président de la propre
own Royal Dutch Shell. own Royal Dutch Shell. own Royal Dutch Shell.
Royal Dutch Shell de Bernhard.
At the meeting in Sweden, held five months before the oil crisis began, the oil-igarchs At the meeting in Sweden, held five months before the oil crisis began, the oil-igarchs At the meeting in Sweden, held five months before the oil crisis began, the oil-igarchs
Lors de la réunion à Suède, tenue cinq mois avant que la crise ne commence, les oil-igarques et leurs partenaires
and their political and business allies were planning their response to a monetary crisis and their political and business allies were planning their response to a monetary crisis and their political and business allies were planning their response to a monetary crisis
politiques et d'affaires préparaient une réponse à la crise monétaire qui menaçait la prévalence mondiale
that threatened the world dominance of the US dollar. Under the Bretton Woods system, that threatened the world dominance of the US dollar. Under the Bretton Woods system, that threatened the world dominance of the US dollar. Under the Bretton Woods system,
du dollar américain. Sous le système de Bretton Woods, négocié les derniers jours de la
negotiated in the final days of World War II, the US dollar would be the backbone of negotiated in the final days of World War II, the US dollar would be the backbone of negotiated in the final days of World War II, the US dollar would be the backbone of
Seconde Guerre mondiale, le dollar serait la colonne vertébrale du système monétaire mondial,
the world monetary system, convertible to gold at $35 per ounce with all other currencies the world monetary system, convertible to gold at $35 per ounce with all other currencies the world monetary system, convertible to gold at $35 per ounce with all other currencies
convertible en or pour 35 $ les 28g et utilisé comme devise de référence.
pegged to it. Increasing US expenditures in Vietnam and decreasing exports caused Germany, pegged to it. Increasing US expenditures in Vietnam and decreasing exports caused Germany, pegged to it. Increasing US expenditures in Vietnam and decreasing exports caused Germany,
L'accroissement des dépenses por le Vietnam et la baisse des exportations conduisirent l'Allemagne,
France, and other nations to start demanding gold for their dollars. France, and other nations to start demanding gold for their dollars. France, and other nations to start demanding gold for their dollars.
la France et d'autres pays à vouloir de l'or à la place de leurs dollars
With the Federal Reserve’s official gold holdings plunging and unable to stem the tide With the Federal Reserve’s official gold holdings plunging and unable to stem the tide With the Federal Reserve’s official gold holdings plunging and unable to stem the tide
Les avoirs en or officiels de la Réserve fédérale étant en chute libre et avec l'impossibilité de contenir le flot de
of demand, Nixon abandoned Bretton Woods in August 1971, threatening the dollar’s position of demand, Nixon abandoned Bretton Woods in August 1971, threatening the dollar’s position of demand, Nixon abandoned Bretton Woods in August 1971, threatening the dollar’s position
la demande, Nixon abandonna le système de Bretton Woods en août 1971, ce qui menaça la position du
as the world reserve currency. as the world reserve currency. as the world reserve currency.
dollar en tant que monnaie de réserve.
Richard Nixon: Accordingly, I have directed the Secretary of the Treasury to take the Richard Nixon: Accordingly, I have directed the Secretary of the Treasury to take the Richard Nixon: Accordingly, I have directed the Secretary of the Treasury to take the
En conséquence, j'ai demandé au Secrétaire à la trésorerie de prendre les actions nécessaires
action necessary to defend the dollar against the speculators. I have directed Secretary action necessary to defend the dollar against the speculators. I have directed Secretary action necessary to defend the dollar against the speculators. I have directed Secretary
pour défendre le dollar contre les spéculateurs. J'ai donné l'ordre au Secrétaire Connally
Connally to suspend temporarily the convertability of the dollar into gold or other reserve assets Connally to suspend temporarily the convertability of the dollar into gold or other reserve assets Connally to suspend temporarily the convertability of the dollar into gold or other reserve assets
de suspendre temporairement la convertibilité du dollar en or ou en d'autres avoirs de réserve, à l'exception
except in amounts and conditions determined to be in the interest of monetary stability except in amounts and conditions determined to be in the interest of monetary stability except in amounts and conditions determined to be in the interest of monetary stability
d'un montant et de conditions prévus pour être dans l'intérêt de la stabilité monétaire et dans le
and in the best interest of the United States. and in the best interest of the United States. and in the best interest of the United States.
meilleur intérêt des Etats-Unis.
SOURCE: Nixon Ends Bretton Woods SOURCE: Nixon Ends Bretton Woods SOURCE: Nixon Ends Bretton Woods
As leaked documents from the 1973 Bilderberg meeting show, the oiligarchs decided to use As leaked documents from the 1973 Bilderberg meeting show, the oiligarchs decided to use As leaked documents from the 1973 Bilderberg meeting show, the oiligarchs decided to use
Comme le montrent des documents qui ont fuité de la réunion du Bilderberg de 1973, les oligarques décidèrent
their control over the flow of oil to save the American hegemon. Acknowleding that OPEC their control over the flow of oil to save the American hegemon. Acknowleding that OPEC their control over the flow of oil to save the American hegemon. Acknowleding that OPEC
d'appliquer leur contrôle des approvisionnement en pétrole pour sauver l'hégémonie américaine.
“could completely disorganize and undermine the world monetary system,” the Bilderberg “could completely disorganize and undermine the world monetary system,” the Bilderberg “could completely disorganize and undermine the world monetary system,” the Bilderberg
En admettant que l'OPEC "puisse complètement désorganiser et ébranler le système monétaire mondial",
attendees prepared for “an energy crisis or an increase in energy costs,” which, attendees prepared for “an energy crisis or an increase in energy costs,” which, attendees prepared for “an energy crisis or an increase in energy costs,” which,
les participants du Bilderberg se préparèrent à une crise énergétique ou à une augmentation du prix de l'énergie,
they predicted, could mean an oil price between $10 and $12, a staggering 400% increase from they predicted, could mean an oil price between $10 and $12, a staggering 400% increase from they predicted, could mean an oil price between $10 and $12, a staggering 400% increase from
qui, ils le prédisaient, signifiait un prix du pétrole entre 10 $ et 12 $, une augmentation fulgurante par rapport
the current price of $3.01 per barrel. the current price of $3.01 per barrel. the current price of $3.01 per barrel.
au prix actuel de 3,01 $ par baril.
Five months later, Bilderberg attendee and Rockefeller protege Henry Kissinger, acting Five months later, Bilderberg attendee and Rockefeller protege Henry Kissinger, acting Five months later, Bilderberg attendee and Rockefeller protege Henry Kissinger, acting
Cinq mois plus tard, le protégé de Rockefeller présent au Bilderberg, Henry Kissinger, étant le
as Nixon’s Secretary of State, engineered the Yom Kippur War and provoked OPEC’s response: as Nixon’s Secretary of State, engineered the Yom Kippur War and provoked OPEC’s response: as Nixon’s Secretary of State, engineered the Yom Kippur War and provoked OPEC’s response:
Secrétaire d'Etat de Nixon, organisa la guerre du Kippur et provoqua la réaction de l'OPEC :
an oil embargo of the US and other nations that had supported Israel. On October 16, an oil embargo of the US and other nations that had supported Israel. On October 16, an oil embargo of the US and other nations that had supported Israel. On October 16,
un embargo pétrolier sur les USA et les autres pays ayant supporté Israël. Le 16 octobre 1973,
1973, OPEC raised oil prices by 70%. At their December meeting, the Shah of Iran demanded 1973, OPEC raised oil prices by 70%. At their December meeting, the Shah of Iran demanded 1973, OPEC raised oil prices by 70%. At their December meeting, the Shah of Iran demanded
l'OPEC monta les prix du pétrole de 70%. Lors de la réunion de décembre, le Chah d'Iran ordonna
and received a further price raise to $11.65 a barrel, or 400% of oil’s pre-crisis price. and received a further price raise to $11.65 a barrel, or 400% of oil’s pre-crisis price. and received a further price raise to $11.65 a barrel, or 400% of oil’s pre-crisis price.
et reçut une augmentation supplémentaire pour 11,65 $ le baril, soit 400 % du prix avant-crise.
When asked by Saudi King Faisal’s personal emissary why he had demanded such a bold price When asked by Saudi King Faisal’s personal emissary why he had demanded such a bold price When asked by Saudi King Faisal’s personal emissary why he had demanded such a bold price
Quand l'émissaire personnel du roi Faisal d'Arabie saoudite pourquoi il avait demandé
increase, he replied: “Tell your King, if he wants the answer to this question, he should increase, he replied: “Tell your King, if he wants the answer to this question, he should increase, he replied: “Tell your King, if he wants the answer to this question, he should
une augmentation si brutale,, il répondit : "Dis à ton roi, s'il veut une réponse, d'aller à Washington et de le
go to Washington and ask Henry Kissinger.” go to Washington and ask Henry Kissinger.” go to Washington and ask Henry Kissinger.”
demander à Henry Kissinger."
In the second move of the operation, Kissinger helped negotiate a deal with Saudi Arabia: In the second move of the operation, Kissinger helped negotiate a deal with Saudi Arabia: In the second move of the operation, Kissinger helped negotiate a deal with Saudi Arabia:
Dans un deuxième temps, Kissinger aida à négocier un accord avec l'Arabie saoudite :
in exchange for US arms and military protection, the Saudis would price all their future oil in exchange for US arms and military protection, the Saudis would price all their future oil in exchange for US arms and military protection, the Saudis would price all their future oil
en échange d'armes et de protection militaire de la part des USA, les saoudiens feraient toutes leurs futures
sales in dollars and recycle those dollars through treasury purchases via Wall Street sales in dollars and recycle those dollars through treasury purchases via Wall Street sales in dollars and recycle those dollars through treasury purchases via Wall Street
ventes de pétrole en dollars et réutiliseraient ces dollars dans l'achat de nouvelles actions sur les banques
banks. The deal was a bonanza for the oiligarchs; not only did they get to pass the price increases banks. The deal was a bonanza for the oiligarchs; not only did they get to pass the price increases banks. The deal was a bonanza for the oiligarchs; not only did they get to pass the price increases
de Wall Street. L'accord était une aubaine pour les oiligarques ; non seulement ils répercuteraient
on to the consumers, but they benefited from the huge flows of money into their own banks. on to the consumers, but they benefited from the huge flows of money into their own banks. on to the consumers, but they benefited from the huge flows of money into their own banks.
l'augmentation des prix sur les consommateurs, mais leurs banques bénéficieraient de tout ce flux d'argent.
The Shah of Iran parked the National Iranian Oil Company’s revenues in Rockefeller’s The Shah of Iran parked the National Iranian Oil Company’s revenues in Rockefeller’s The Shah of Iran parked the National Iranian Oil Company’s revenues in Rockefeller’s
Le Chah d'Iran plaça les revenues de la Iranian Oil Company dans la propre Chase Bank de Rockefeller,
own Chase Bank, revenues that reached $14 billion per year in the wake of the oil crisis. own Chase Bank, revenues that reached $14 billion per year in the wake of the oil crisis. own Chase Bank, revenues that reached $14 billion per year in the wake of the oil crisis.
des revenues qui atteignaient 14 milliards de dollars avec la crise pétrolière.
With the creation of this new system, the “petrodollar“, the oiligarchs had reached With the creation of this new system, the “petrodollar“, the oiligarchs had reached With the creation of this new system, the “petrodollar“, the oiligarchs had reached
Avec la création de ce nouveau système, le "pétrodollar", les oligarques avait atteint un niveau de contrôle sans
unprecedented levels of control over the economy. Not only that, they had backed the world monetary unprecedented levels of control over the economy. Not only that, they had backed the world monetary unprecedented levels of control over the economy. Not only that, they had backed the world monetary
précédent sur l'économie. Mais pas seulement : ils avaient encré le système monétaire mondial sur leur
system with their commodity, oil, and brought potential competition from upstart producer system with their commodity, oil, and brought potential competition from upstart producer system with their commodity, oil, and brought potential competition from upstart producer
produit de base, le pétrole, et avaient mis sous leur contrôle toute concurrence par un éventuel nouveau
nations under their control all in one step. nations under their control all in one step. nations under their control all in one step.
pays producteur d'une traite.
But for the insatiable appetites of these monopolist titans, mere control over the world’s But for the insatiable appetites of these monopolist titans, mere control over the world’s But for the insatiable appetites of these monopolist titans, mere control over the world’s
Mais pour l'appétit insatiable de ces monopolistes géants, le seul contrôle du système monétaire
monetary system was not enough… monetary system was not enough… monetary system was not enough…
mondial n'était pas assez.
PART THREE: THE WORLD IN THEIR IMAGE PART THREE: THE WORLD IN THEIR IMAGE PART THREE: THE WORLD IN THEIR IMAGE
Partie 3 : Le monde à leur image
In the nineteenth century, railroad conspiracies and predatory pricing had been enough to assure In the nineteenth century, railroad conspiracies and predatory pricing had been enough to assure In the nineteenth century, railroad conspiracies and predatory pricing had been enough to assure
Au XIXème siècle, les complots sur les voies ferrées et des prix agressifs furent assez pour assurer le monopole des oligarques.
the oiligarchs’ monopoly. But by the time that the British crown, the Dutch royal family, the oiligarchs’ monopoly. But by the time that the British crown, the Dutch royal family, the oiligarchs’ monopoly. But by the time that the British crown, the Dutch royal family,
Mais au moment où la Couronne britannique, la famille royale néerlandaise, les Rothschilds et d'autres
the Rothschilds and the other European oiligarchs began opening up the Middle East and the Far the Rothschilds and the other European oiligarchs began opening up the Middle East and the Far the Rothschilds and the other European oiligarchs began opening up the Middle East and the Far
oligarques européens commencèrent à ouvrir le Moyen-Orient et l'Extrême-Orient à l'exploitation pétrolière
East to oil exploration in the early twentieth century, the goal was no longer to maximize East to oil exploration in the early twentieth century, the goal was no longer to maximize East to oil exploration in the early twentieth century, the goal was no longer to maximize
au début du XXème siècle, le but n'était plus de maximiser les profits ou de contrôler
profits or control the oil industry. It was not even to control international diplomacy. profits or control the oil industry. It was not even to control international diplomacy. profits or control the oil industry. It was not even to control international diplomacy.
l'industrie pétrolière. Pas même de contrôler la diplomacie internationale.
It was to control and shape the world itself. Its resources. Its environment. And its people. It was to control and shape the world itself. Its resources. Its environment. And its people. It was to control and shape the world itself. Its resources. Its environment. And its people.
Il s'agissait de contrôler et bâtir le monde lui-même. Ses ressources. Son environnement. Et ses habitants.
In order to achieve this goal, the oiligarchy would need a facelift. In order to achieve this goal, the oiligarchy would need a facelift. In order to achieve this goal, the oiligarchy would need a facelift.
Pour atteindre ce but, l'oligarchie aurait besoin d'un renouveau.
In the current age, with the Rockefeller name now more likely to be associated with Rockefeller In the current age, with the Rockefeller name now more likely to be associated with Rockefeller In the current age, with the Rockefeller name now more likely to be associated with Rockefeller
A l'époque actuelle, où le nom de Rockefeller est plutôt associé au Rockefeller Plaza ou à
Plaza or Rockefeller University than Standard Oil, it is difficult to understand just how Plaza or Rockefeller University than Standard Oil, it is difficult to understand just how Plaza or Rockefeller University than Standard Oil, it is difficult to understand just how
la Rockefeller University qu'à la Standard Oil, il est difficile de comprendre à quel point on détestait
hated John D. was in his own day. He was the head of the Standard Oil Hydra, an octopus hated John D. was in his own day. He was the head of the Standard Oil Hydra, an octopus hated John D. was in his own day. He was the head of the Standard Oil Hydra, an octopus
John D. en son temps. Il était le chef de l'hydre de la Standard Oil, une pieuvre étouffant
strangling the world in his tentacles, a cutthroat gardener pruning the competitors from the strangling the world in his tentacles, a cutthroat gardener pruning the competitors from the strangling the world in his tentacles, a cutthroat gardener pruning the competitors from the
le monde dans ses tentacules, un jardinier impitoyable arrachant les concurrents de son monopole florissant.
flower of his oil monopoly. As one of the richest men the world had ever known, he was flower of his oil monopoly. As one of the richest men the world had ever known, he was flower of his oil monopoly. As one of the richest men the world had ever known, he was
Etant l'un des hommes les plus riches que le monde ait déjà vu, il était
an easy target for the average working man’s frustrations and a magnet for the poor seeking an easy target for the average working man’s frustrations and a magnet for the poor seeking an easy target for the average working man’s frustrations and a magnet for the poor seeking
une cible privilégiée aux attaques des travailleurs et il attirait à lui les pauvres ayant besoin d'aide.
help.
help. help. Judith Sealander, Historian: He received on average 50 to 60,000 letters a month, asking Judith Sealander, Historian: He received on average 50 to 60,000 letters a month, asking
Il recevait en moyenne 50 000 à 60 000 lettres par mois, pour lui demander de l'aide.
Judith Sealander, Historian: He received on average 50 to 60,000 letters a month, asking
for help. Dozens of people followed him in the street. Literally, crowds stood around for help. Dozens of people followed him in the street. Literally, crowds stood around for help. Dozens of people followed him in the street. Literally, crowds stood around
Des dizaines de personnes le suivaient dans la rue. Carrément, la foule se tenait debout devant
the Standard Oil offices waiting for him to come out. Little children, painfully thin, the Standard Oil offices waiting for him to come out. Little children, painfully thin, the Standard Oil offices waiting for him to come out. Little children, painfully thin,
les bureaux de la Standard Oil en attendant qu'il sorte. Des gamins, très maigres, pleuraient dans la rue, etc...
crying in the street and so on. Rockefeller felt overwhelmed. crying in the street and so on. Rockefeller felt overwhelmed. crying in the street and so on. Rockefeller felt overwhelmed.
Rockefeller se sentait dépassé.
SOURCE: The Rockefellers SOURCE: The Rockefellers SOURCE: The Rockefellers
Besieged by the downtrodden, despised by the working man, hounded by Ida Tarbell and the Besieged by the downtrodden, despised by the working man, hounded by Ida Tarbell and the Besieged by the downtrodden, despised by the working man, hounded by Ida Tarbell and the
Assailli par les opprimés, détesté par les travailleurs, harcelé par Ida Tarbell et la presse d'investigation,
muckraking press, John D. had the mother of all PR problems. The answer was simple: invent muckraking press, John D. had the mother of all PR problems. The answer was simple: invent muckraking press, John D. had the mother of all PR problems. The answer was simple: invent
John D. avait un énorme problème d'image. La réponse était simple : inventer des
the PR industry. He hired Ivy Ledbetter Lee, a journalist-turned-communications expert the PR industry. He hired Ivy Ledbetter Lee, a journalist-turned-communications expert the PR industry. He hired Ivy Ledbetter Lee, a journalist-turned-communications expert
campagnes de communication. Il embaucha Ivy Ledbetter Lee, un journaliste devenu expert
who invented the modern public relations industry to burnish the Rockefellers’ tarnished image. who invented the modern public relations industry to burnish the Rockefellers’ tarnished image. who invented the modern public relations industry to burnish the Rockefellers’ tarnished image.
en communication qui inventa les campagnes de communications pour redorer l'image ternie des Rockefeller.
It was Lee that suggested giving the family name to Rockefeller Center and filming John It was Lee that suggested giving the family name to Rockefeller Center and filming John It was Lee that suggested giving the family name to Rockefeller Center and filming John
C'est Lee qui suggéra de donner son nom de famille au Rockefeller Center et de filmer John D. donnant
D. handing out dimes in public. D. handing out dimes in public. D. handing out dimes in public.
des sous en public.
Narrator: An early master of public relations, Lee used the media which the muckrakers had Narrator: An early master of public relations, Lee used the media which the muckrakers had Narrator: An early master of public relations, Lee used the media which the muckrakers had
Un des premier expert des relations publiques, Lee utilisa les médias que les journalistes avaient utilisés pour
used to disgrace Rockefeller to turn him into a sympathetic figure. Ivy Lee recognized early used to disgrace Rockefeller to turn him into a sympathetic figure. Ivy Lee recognized early used to disgrace Rockefeller to turn him into a sympathetic figure. Ivy Lee recognized early
ternir l'image de Rockefeller afin de le rendre plus sympathique. Ivy Lee se rendit compte tôt du
the power of the new moving picture and used newsreels to show a remarkably benevolent the power of the new moving picture and used newsreels to show a remarkably benevolent the power of the new moving picture and used newsreels to show a remarkably benevolent
pouvoir de l'image dynamique et il utilisa "Les Actualités" pour montrer un Rockefeller particulièrement bienveillant.
Rockefeller.
Rockefeller. Rockefeller. John D. Rockefeller: I am very grateful to you and to a host of people who are so kind John D. Rockefeller: I am very grateful to you and to a host of people who are so kind
Je suis très reconnaissant envers vous et une multitude de gens qui me sont très aimables
John D. Rockefeller: I am very grateful to you and to a host of people who are so kind and good to me all the time. and good to me all the time. and good to me all the time.
Second Man: Why, because you’re so good to everybody. Second Man: Why, because you’re so good to everybody. Second Man: Why, because you’re so good to everybody.
tout le temps.
John D. Rockefeller: Yes, you are.
Eh bien, vous êtes aimable envers tout le monde
John D. Rockefeller: Yes, you are. John D. Rockefeller: Yes, you are.
Vous l'êtes.
As Ivy Lee began to control his public image he became oddly a kind of American character, As Ivy Lee began to control his public image he became oddly a kind of American character, As Ivy Lee began to control his public image he became oddly a kind of American character,
Alors qu'Ivy Lee commençait à contrôler son image, il devint étrangement une sorte de personnage
and people kind of warmed to him in a bizarre sort of way. It was like having Frankenstein and people kind of warmed to him in a bizarre sort of way. It was like having Frankenstein and people kind of warmed to him in a bizarre sort of way. It was like having Frankenstein
américain et les gens éprouvaient bizarrement de la sympathie envers lui. C'était comme si Frankenstein
on the loose walking around New York City or something like that, with a cane and a on the loose walking around New York City or something like that, with a cane and a on the loose walking around New York City or something like that, with a cane and a
marchait librement dans New York City ou quelque chose comme ça, avec une cane et un long
long hat. long hat. long hat.
chapeau.
Narrator: Although this plane never takes off, this photo opportunity was presented Narrator: Although this plane never takes off, this photo opportunity was presented Narrator: Although this plane never takes off, this photo opportunity was presented
Même si l'avion ne décolla jamais, cette séance photo fut présentée comme le premier vol du doyen.
as Senior’s first flight. Perhaps Ivy Lee’s most brilliant public relations move was the as Senior’s first flight. Perhaps Ivy Lee’s most brilliant public relations move was the as Senior’s first flight. Perhaps Ivy Lee’s most brilliant public relations move was the
Peut-être que l'action en termes de relations publiques la plus remarquable d'Ivy Lee fut de faire paraître
casting of Rockefeller as ‘The Man Who Gave out Dimes.’ casting of Rockefeller as ‘The Man Who Gave out Dimes.’ casting of Rockefeller as ‘The Man Who Gave out Dimes.’
Rockefeller comme "l'homme qui donne des sous".
Man off camera: Don’t you give dimes, Mr. Rockefeller? Please, go ahead. Man off camera: Don’t you give dimes, Mr. Rockefeller? Please, go ahead. Man off camera: Don’t you give dimes, Mr. Rockefeller? Please, go ahead. Woman: Thank you, sir.
Ne donnez-vous pas de sous, M. Rockefeller ? Je vous en prie, allez-y
Woman: Thank you, sir. Woman: Thank you, sir.
Man: Thank you very much. Man: Thank you very much. Man: Thank you very much.
Merci, Monsieur.
John D. Rockefeller: Thank you for the ride! John D. Rockefeller: Thank you for the ride! John D. Rockefeller: Thank you for the ride!
Merci beaucoup Merci pour le trajet !
Man: I consider myself more than amply paid. Man: I consider myself more than amply paid. Man: I consider myself more than amply paid.
Je me considère mieux que bien payé
John D. Rockefeller: Bless you! Bless you! Bless you! John D. Rockefeller: Bless you! Bless you! Bless you! John D. Rockefeller: Bless you! Bless you! Bless you!
Dieu vous bénisse
SOURCE: John D. Rockefeller – Standard Oil SOURCE: John D. Rockefeller – Standard Oil SOURCE: John D. Rockefeller – Standard Oil
These PR stunts seem obvious and ham-handed by today’s standards, but they were effective These PR stunts seem obvious and ham-handed by today’s standards, but they were effective These PR stunts seem obvious and ham-handed by today’s standards, but they were effective
Ces coups de communication semblent maladroits de nos jours, mais ils étaient assez efficaces :
enough: to this day people leave dimes on the stone marker at the base of the 70 foot enough: to this day people leave dimes on the stone marker at the base of the 70 foot enough: to this day people leave dimes on the stone marker at the base of the 70 foot
jusqu'à ce jour les gens laissent des pièces sur la stèle en pierre au pieds de l'obélisque
Egyptian obelisk that towers over John D.’s final resting place in Cleveland’s Lake Egyptian obelisk that towers over John D.’s final resting place in Cleveland’s Lake Egyptian obelisk that towers over John D.’s final resting place in Cleveland’s Lake
égyptien de 21 m qui surplombe le lieu de sépulture de John D. à Cleveland's Lake
View Cemetery. But it was not stage-managed photo opportunities like these that transformed View Cemetery. But it was not stage-managed photo opportunities like these that transformed View Cemetery. But it was not stage-managed photo opportunities like these that transformed
View Cemetery. Mais ce ne sont pas des montages de séances photo comme ceux-ci qui firent de Rockefeller
Rockefeller into a public hero. Rockefeller into a public hero. Rockefeller into a public hero.
un héros aux yeux du public.
In order to win the public over, he was going to have to give them what they wanted. And In order to win the public over, he was going to have to give them what they wanted. And In order to win the public over, he was going to have to give them what they wanted. And what they wanted wasn’t difficult to understand: money. But just as his father, Devil Bill,
Pour gagner leur cœur, il devrait leur offrir ce qu'ils voulaient. Et ce qu'ils voulaient était simple : de l'argent.
what they wanted wasn’t difficult to understand: money. But just as his father, Devil Bill, what they wanted wasn’t difficult to understand: money. But just as his father, Devil Bill, had taught him to do in all his business dealings, Rockefeller made sure to get the better end had taught him to do in all his business dealings, Rockefeller made sure to get the better end
Mais tout comme son père Devil Bill le lui avait enseigné de faire pour chaque affaire, Rockefeller devait s'assurer
had taught him to do in all his business dealings, Rockefeller made sure to get the better end
of the bargain. He would “donate” his great wealth to the creation of public institutions, of the bargain. He would “donate” his great wealth to the creation of public institutions, of the bargain. He would “donate” his great wealth to the creation of public institutions,
d'en tirer le meilleur profit. Il ferait "don" de sa grande richesse pour la création d'institutions publiques mais ces institutions seraient utilisées
but those institutions would be used to bend society to his will. but those institutions would be used to bend society to his will. but those institutions would be used to bend society to his will.
pour plier la société à sa volonté.
As every would-be ruler throughout history has realized, society has to be transformed As every would-be ruler throughout history has realized, society has to be transformed As every would-be ruler throughout history has realized, society has to be transformed
Comme chaque future dirigeant à travers l'histoire l'a constaté, la société a besoin d'être transformé
from the ground up. Americans in the 19th century still prized education and intellectual from the ground up. Americans in the 19th century still prized education and intellectual from the ground up. Americans in the 19th century still prized education and intellectual
depuis sa base. Les américains du XIXème siècle estimaient encore l'éducation et les
pursuits, with the 1840 census finding unsurprisingly that the United States–a nation that had pursuits, with the 1840 census finding unsurprisingly that the United States–a nation that had pursuits, with the 1840 census finding unsurprisingly that the United States–a nation that had
occupations intellectuelles ; comme le montre le recensement de 1840 les Etats-Unis -- un pays
been mobilized by tracts like Thomas Paine’s remarkably popular Common Sense–was a nation been mobilized by tracts like Thomas Paine’s remarkably popular Common Sense–was a nation been mobilized by tracts like Thomas Paine’s remarkably popular Common Sense–was a nation
qui s'était mobilisé autour de pamphlets comme le célèbre Common Sense de Thomas Paine --
of readers, with a remarkable 93% to 100% literacy rate. Before the first compulsory of readers, with a remarkable 93% to 100% literacy rate. Before the first compulsory of readers, with a remarkable 93% to 100% literacy rate. Before the first compulsory
était une nation de lecteurs avec un taux d'alphabétisation de 93% à 100%. Avant les premières
schooling laws in Massachusetts in 1852, education was private and decentralized, and as a result schooling laws in Massachusetts in 1852, education was private and decentralized, and as a result schooling laws in Massachusetts in 1852, education was private and decentralized, and as a result
lois d'école obligatoire au Massachusetts en 1852, l'éducation était privée et décentralisée et
classical education, including study of Greek and Latin and a solid grounding in history classical education, including study of Greek and Latin and a solid grounding in history classical education, including study of Greek and Latin and a solid grounding in history
par conséquent l'éducation classique, qui comprend l'étude du Grec et du Latin et une formation solide
and science, was widespread. and science, was widespread. and science, was widespread.
en histoire et en sciences, était généralisée.
But a nation of individuals who could think for themselves was anathema to the monopolists. But a nation of individuals who could think for themselves was anathema to the monopolists. But a nation of individuals who could think for themselves was anathema to the monopolists.
Mais une nation d'individus qui pouvaient penser par eux-mêmes était une abomination pour les monopolistes.
The oiligarchs needed a mass of obedient workers, an entire class of people whose intellect The oiligarchs needed a mass of obedient workers, an entire class of people whose intellect The oiligarchs needed a mass of obedient workers, an entire class of people whose intellect
Les oligarques avaient besoin d'une masse de travailleurs dociles, une classe entière de personnes
was developed just enough to prepare them for lives of drudgery in a factory. Into the was developed just enough to prepare them for lives of drudgery in a factory. Into the was developed just enough to prepare them for lives of drudgery in a factory. Into the
dont l'intellect était juste assez développé pour les préparer aux corvées dans les usines. En plein
midst stepped John D. Rockefeller with his first great act of public charity: the establishment midst stepped John D. Rockefeller with his first great act of public charity: the establishment midst stepped John D. Rockefeller with his first great act of public charity: the establishment
milieu arrive John D. Rockefeller avec son premier grand acte de charité publique : la fondation de
of the University of Chicago. of the University of Chicago. of the University of Chicago.
l'université de Chicago.
He was aided in this task by Frederick Taylor Gates, a Baptist minister that Rockefeller He was aided in this task by Frederick Taylor Gates, a Baptist minister that Rockefeller He was aided in this task by Frederick Taylor Gates, a Baptist minister that Rockefeller
Il fut aidé dans sa tâche par Frederick Taylor Gates, un pasteur baptiste que Rockefeller fréquenta
befriended in 1889 and who would go on to be John D.’s most trusted philanthropic befriended in 1889 and who would go on to be John D.’s most trusted philanthropic befriended in 1889 and who would go on to be John D.’s most trusted philanthropic
en 1889 et qui deviendrait le conseiller philanthropique le plus sûr de John D.
adviser. Gates would go on to write a short tract, “The Country School of Tomorrow,” adviser. Gates would go on to write a short tract, “The Country School of Tomorrow,” adviser. Gates would go on to write a short tract, “The Country School of Tomorrow,”
Gates irait écrire un court pamphlet, " L' Ecole publique de demain", qui décrivait le plan de
that laid out the Rockefeller plan for education: that laid out the Rockefeller plan for education: that laid out the Rockefeller plan for education:
Rockefeller pour l'éducation :
“In our dream, we have limitless resources, and the people yield themselves with perfect “In our dream, we have limitless resources, and the people yield themselves with perfect “In our dream, we have limitless resources, and the people yield themselves with perfect
Dans notre rêve, nous avons des ressources illimitées et les personnes se laissent guidés avec grande docilité.
docility to our molding hand. The present educational conventions fade from our minds; docility to our molding hand. The present educational conventions fade from our minds; docility to our molding hand. The present educational conventions fade from our minds;
Les conventions éducatives éducatives présentes disparaissent ; sans être gênés par la tradition,
and, unhampered by tradition, we work our own good will upon a grateful and responsive and, unhampered by tradition, we work our own good will upon a grateful and responsive and, unhampered by tradition, we work our own good will upon a grateful and responsive
nous exerçons notre bonne volonté envers des gens reconnaissants et réactifs.
folk. We shall not try to make these people or any of their children into philosophers folk. We shall not try to make these people or any of their children into philosophers folk. We shall not try to make these people or any of their children into philosophers
Nous ne chercherons pas à faire de ces hommes ou de leurs enfants des philosophes, des connaisseurs ou
or men of learning or science. We are not to raise up from among them authors, orators, or men of learning or science. We are not to raise up from among them authors, orators, or men of learning or science. We are not to raise up from among them authors, orators, poets, or men of letters. We shall not search for embryo great artists, painters, musicians.
des scientifiques. Nous n'en ferons pas des auteurs, des orateurs, des poètes ou des hommes de lettres.
poets, or men of letters. We shall not search for embryo great artists, painters, musicians. poets, or men of letters. We shall not search for embryo great artists, painters, musicians.
Nous ne chercherons pas à faire s'épanouir de grands artistes, peintres ou musiciens.
Nor will we cherish even the humbler ambition to raise up from among them lawyers, doctors, Nor will we cherish even the humbler ambition to raise up from among them lawyers, doctors, Nor will we cherish even the humbler ambition to raise up from among them lawyers, doctors,
Ni même la simple vocation d'en faire des avocats, des docteurs, des pasteurs, des politiciens, des hommes
preachers, politicians, statesmen, of whom we now have ample supply.” preachers, politicians, statesmen, of whom we now have ample supply.” preachers, politicians, statesmen, of whom we now have ample supply.”
d'état, dont nous avons déjà pléthore.
Although Rockefeller’s resources weren’t exactly limitless, they might as well have Although Rockefeller’s resources weren’t exactly limitless, they might as well have Although Rockefeller’s resources weren’t exactly limitless, they might as well have
Même si les ressources de Rockefeller n'étaient pas vraiment sans limite, c'était presque le cas.
been. In 1902 he established the General Education Board to help implement Gates’ vision for been. In 1902 he established the General Education Board to help implement Gates’ vision for been. In 1902 he established the General Education Board to help implement Gates’ vision for
En 1902, il établit la Commission général de l'éducation pour aider à mettre en place la vision de Gates
the country school of tomorrow with a staggering $180 million endowment. the country school of tomorrow with a staggering $180 million endowment. the country school of tomorrow with a staggering $180 million endowment.
pour l'école publique de demain avec une dotation immense de 180 million de dollars.
The Rockefeller influence on education was felt almost immediately, and it was amplified The Rockefeller influence on education was felt almost immediately, and it was amplified The Rockefeller influence on education was felt almost immediately, and it was amplified
L' influence de Rockefeller sur l'éducation fut presque ressentie immédiatement, et elle fut accentuée par l'aide
by help from fellow monopolists of the era who were approaching the topic of philanthropy by help from fellow monopolists of the era who were approaching the topic of philanthropy by help from fellow monopolists of the era who were approaching the topic of philanthropy
d'autres semblables monopolistes de l'époque qui approchaient le sujet de la philanthropie du même
from the same angle. from the same angle. from the same angle.
point de vue.
Although best known as a steel magnate, Andrew Carnegie’s fortune started on the railroads Although best known as a steel magnate, Andrew Carnegie’s fortune started on the railroads Although best known as a steel magnate, Andrew Carnegie’s fortune started on the railroads
Même s'il était mieux connu comme un géant dans l'acier, Andrew Carnegie fit d'abord fortune dans les chemins de fer
transporting Rockefeller’s Standard Oil around the country, and was greatly magnified transporting Rockefeller’s Standard Oil around the country, and was greatly magnified transporting Rockefeller’s Standard Oil around the country, and was greatly magnified
en transportant le pétrole de la Standard Oil de Rockefeller partout dans le pays, et il s'élargit avec un
by a lucrative investment in property near Oil Creek that provided steady, profitable by a lucrative investment in property near Oil Creek that provided steady, profitable by a lucrative investment in property near Oil Creek that provided steady, profitable
investissement lucratif dans une propriété de Oil Creek qui permettait des ventes stables et rentables de pétrole.
oil sales. In 1905 he established the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, oil sales. In 1905 he established the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, oil sales. In 1905 he established the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching,
En 1905, il fonda la Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, une
a tax-free foundation through which Carnegie and his appointees could direct the development a tax-free foundation through which Carnegie and his appointees could direct the development a tax-free foundation through which Carnegie and his appointees could direct the development
fondation non imposable à travers laquelle Carnegie et ses personnes désignées pouvaient diriger
of the education system in the the United States, and, eventually, worldwide. In 1910, of the education system in the the United States, and, eventually, worldwide. In 1910, of the education system in the the United States, and, eventually, worldwide. In 1910,
le développement du système éducatif aux Etat-s-Unis, puis, dans le monde entier. En 1910,
Rockefeller followed suit by establishing the Rockefeller Foundation, which became the Rockefeller followed suit by establishing the Rockefeller Foundation, which became the Rockefeller followed suit by establishing the Rockefeller Foundation, which became the
Rockefeller suivit son exemple en fondant la Rockefeller Foundation, qui devint l'organisation sous couvert
tax-free umbrella organization for his philanthropic ambitions. tax-free umbrella organization for his philanthropic ambitions. tax-free umbrella organization for his philanthropic ambitions.
exonérée d'impôts pour ses vocations philanthropiques.
As the Reece Committee–a Congressional investigation into the activities of these tax-free foundations As the Reece Committee–a Congressional investigation into the activities of these tax-free foundations As the Reece Committee–a Congressional investigation into the activities of these tax-free foundations
Comme le découvre le Comité Reece -- un groupe d'investigation du Congrès sur les activités des
in the 1950s–discovered, it wasn’t long before Carnegie’s Endowment approached Rockefeller’s in the 1950s–discovered, it wasn’t long before Carnegie’s Endowment approached Rockefeller’s in the 1950s–discovered, it wasn’t long before Carnegie’s Endowment approached Rockefeller’s
fondations non imposables dans les années 50 --, il ne fallut pas longtemps pour que la Carnegie's Endowment
Foundation with a proposal: to cooperate on their shared desire to transform the American Foundation with a proposal: to cooperate on their shared desire to transform the American Foundation with a proposal: to cooperate on their shared desire to transform the American
se rapproche de la Rockefeller Foundation avec pour proposition de coopérer pour transformer ensemble
education system in their own image. Norman Dodd, the director of research for the Congressional education system in their own image. Norman Dodd, the director of research for the Congressional education system in their own image. Norman Dodd, the director of research for the Congressional
le système d'éducation américain à leur image. Norman Dodd, le directeur de recherche pour le comité du Congrès
committee who was granted access to the Carnegie Endowment’s board minutes, explains: committee who was granted access to the Carnegie Endowment’s board minutes, explains: committee who was granted access to the Carnegie Endowment’s board minutes, explains:
à qui on donna accès à la commission de la Carnegie Endowment pour quelques minutes, explique :
So they approach the Rockefeller Foundation with a suggestion: that portion of education So they approach the Rockefeller Foundation with a suggestion: that portion of education So they approach the Rockefeller Foundation with a suggestion: that portion of education
Alors ils se rapprochent de la Rockefeller Foundation avec une suggestion : une partie de l'éducation
which could be considered domestic should be handled by the Rockefeller Foundation, which could be considered domestic should be handled by the Rockefeller Foundation, which could be considered domestic should be handled by the Rockefeller Foundation,
qui pouvait être dite intérieure sera supervisée par la Rockefeller Foundation,
and that portion which is international should be handled by the Endowment. and that portion which is international should be handled by the Endowment. and that portion which is international should be handled by the Endowment.
et la partie internationale par l'Endowment.
They then decide that the key to the success of these two operations lay in the alteration They then decide that the key to the success of these two operations lay in the alteration They then decide that the key to the success of these two operations lay in the alteration
Ils décident ensuite que la clé du succès de ces deux opérations repose sur la déformation de
of the teaching of American History. So, they approach four of the then most prominent teachers of the teaching of American History. So, they approach four of the then most prominent teachers of the teaching of American History. So, they approach four of the then most prominent teachers
l'enseignement de l'Histoire américaine dans le pays. Ils se rapprochent pour cela de quatre des enseignants
of American History in the country — people like Charles and Mary Byrd. Their suggestion of American History in the country — people like Charles and Mary Byrd. Their suggestion of American History in the country — people like Charles and Mary Byrd. Their suggestion
les plus importants de l'Histoire américaine dans le pays -- entre autres Charles et Mary Byrd. Ils leur suggèrent
to them is this, “Will they alter the manner in which they present their subject”” to them is this, “Will they alter the manner in which they present their subject”” to them is this, “Will they alter the manner in which they present their subject””
ceci : "Vont-ils modifier la façon de présenter le sujet ?"
And, they get turned down, flatly. And, they get turned down, flatly. And, they get turned down, flatly.
Et ils refusent, catégoriquement.
So, they then decide that it is necessary for them to do as they say, i.e. “build So, they then decide that it is necessary for them to do as they say, i.e. “build So, they then decide that it is necessary for them to do as they say, i.e. “build
Ils se disent alors qu'il est nécessaire que soit fait ce qu'ils demandent, i.e. "créer leur propre équipe d'historiens".
our own stable of historians.” Then, they approach the Guggenheim Foundation, which our own stable of historians.” Then, they approach the Guggenheim Foundation, which our own stable of historians.” Then, they approach the Guggenheim Foundation, which
Ils se rapprochent alors de la Guggenheim Foundation, qui a pour mission d'accorder des bourses d'étude,
specializes in fellowships, and say” “When we find young men in the process of studying specializes in fellowships, and say” “When we find young men in the process of studying specializes in fellowships, and say” “When we find young men in the process of studying
et disent : "Lorsque nous trouverons de jeunes hommes qui étudient pour leur doctorat dans le domaine de
for doctorates in the field of American History, and we feel that they are the right caliber, for doctorates in the field of American History, and we feel that they are the right caliber, for doctorates in the field of American History, and we feel that they are the right caliber,
l'Histoire américaine, et que nous pensons qu'ils ont le profil, leur offrirez-vous une bourse
will you grant them fellowships on our say so? And the answer is, “Yes.” will you grant them fellowships on our say so? And the answer is, “Yes.” will you grant them fellowships on our say so? And the answer is, “Yes.”
si nous le demandons.?" Et leur réponse est "Oui".
So, under that condition, eventually they assemble twenty (20), and they take these So, under that condition, eventually they assemble twenty (20), and they take these So, under that condition, eventually they assemble twenty (20), and they take these
Donc, sous cette condition, ils rassemblent 20 enseignants potentiels d'Histoire américaine et
twenty potential teachers of American History to London. There, they are briefed in what twenty potential teachers of American History to London. There, they are briefed in what twenty potential teachers of American History to London. There, they are briefed in what
ils les conduisent à Londres. Là-bas, on les informe de ce qui est attendu d'eux -- à la condition qu'ils acceptent
is expected of them — when, as, and if they secure appointments in keeping with the doctorates is expected of them — when, as, and if they secure appointments in keeping with the doctorates is expected of them — when, as, and if they secure appointments in keeping with the doctorates
des rendez-vous après avoir obtenu leurs doctorats.
they will have earned. they will have earned. they will have earned.
That group of twenty historians ultimately becomes the nucleus of the American Historical That group of twenty historians ultimately becomes the nucleus of the American Historical That group of twenty historians ultimately becomes the nucleus of the American Historical
Ce groupe de 20 historiens devient en fin de compte le noyau de l'American Historical Association.
Association. And then, toward the end of the 1920’s, the Endowment grants to the American Association. And then, toward the end of the 1920’s, the Endowment grants to the American Association. And then, toward the end of the 1920’s, the Endowment grants to the American Historical Association four hundred thousand dollars ($400,000) for a study of our history
Et puis, vers la fin des années 1920, l'Endowment accorde à l'American Historical Association 400 000 $
Historical Association four hundred thousand dollars ($400,000) for a study of our history Historical Association four hundred thousand dollars ($400,000) for a study of our history
pour un enseignement de notre histoire qui met en avant
in a manner which points to what this country look forward to, in the future. in a manner which points to what this country look forward to, in the future. in a manner which points to what this country look forward to, in the future.
ce à quoi le pays aspire à devenir, dans le future.
That culminates in a seven-volume study, the last volume of which is, of course, in essence, That culminates in a seven-volume study, the last volume of which is, of course, in essence, That culminates in a seven-volume study, the last volume of which is, of course, in essence,
Cela aboutit à une étude en sept volumes, dont le dernier résume essentiellement le contenu des six autres.
a summary of the contents of the other six. The essence of the last volume is this: the a summary of the contents of the other six. The essence of the last volume is this: the a summary of the contents of the other six. The essence of the last volume is this: the future of this country belongs to collectivism, administered with characteristic American
Le dernier volume peut se résumer ainsi : le future de ce pays appartient au collectivisme,
future of this country belongs to collectivism, administered with characteristic American future of this country belongs to collectivism, administered with characteristic American
administré avec l'efficacité caractéristique des Américains.
efficiency.
efficiency. efficiency. SOURCE: Norman Dodd interview SOURCE: Norman Dodd interview
SOURCE: Norman Dodd interview
With this base for transformation firmly established, the Rockefeller Foundation and like-minded With this base for transformation firmly established, the Rockefeller Foundation and like-minded With this base for transformation firmly established, the Rockefeller Foundation and like-minded
Avec cette base de transformation bien établie, la Rockefeller Foundation et des organisations similaires
organization embarked on a program so ambitious that it almost defies comprehension. organization embarked on a program so ambitious that it almost defies comprehension. organization embarked on a program so ambitious that it almost defies comprehension.
s'engagèrent dans un programme si ambitieux qu'il défie la compréhension.
They transformed the practice of medicine. They transformed the practice of medicine. They transformed the practice of medicine.
Ils transformèrent la pratique de la médecine.
As usual, the oiligarchs that funded this change were also there to profit from it, As usual, the oiligarchs that funded this change were also there to profit from it, As usual, the oiligarchs that funded this change were also there to profit from it,
Comme toujours, les oligarques qui financèrent ce changement furent aussi ceux qui en bénéficièrent,
and once again John D. took his queue from “Devil” Bill’s example. William Rockefeller and once again John D. took his queue from “Devil” Bill’s example. William Rockefeller and once again John D. took his queue from “Devil” Bill’s example. William Rockefeller
et une fois de plus John D. suivit l'exemple de "Devil" Bill. William Rockefeller avait nommé sa marque
had called his brand of snake oil “Nujol,” for “new oil,” and Standard Oil spun off had called his brand of snake oil “Nujol,” for “new oil,” and Standard Oil spun off had called his brand of snake oil “Nujol,” for “new oil,” and Standard Oil spun off “Nujol” as a laxative under their Stanco subsidiary. Manufactured on the same premises
de remède "Nujol", pour "new oil", et la Standard Oil fit de "Nujol" un laxatif à travers sa filiale Stanco.
“Nujol” as a laxative under their Stanco subsidiary. Manufactured on the same premises “Nujol” as a laxative under their Stanco subsidiary. Manufactured on the same premises as “Flit,” an insecticide also derived from Standard Oil’s byproducts, “Nujol” as “Flit,” an insecticide also derived from Standard Oil’s byproducts, “Nujol”
Fabriqué dans les mêmes locaux que "Flit", un insecticide dérivé également des produits de
as “Flit,” an insecticide also derived from Standard Oil’s byproducts, “Nujol” sold at the druggist for 28 cents per six ounce bottle; it cost Standard Oil less than sold at the druggist for 28 cents per six ounce bottle; it cost Standard Oil less than sold at the druggist for 28 cents per six ounce bottle; it cost Standard Oil less than
la Standard Oil, ""Nujol" se vendait au pharmacien pour 28 cents une bouteille de 170g ; Il n'en coutait qu'un cinquième de cent à la Standard Oil pour le fabriquer.
one-fifth of a cent to manufacture. Pharmaceuticals provided a lucrative new opportunity for the one-fifth of a cent to manufacture. Pharmaceuticals provided a lucrative new opportunity for the one-fifth of a cent to manufacture. Pharmaceuticals provided a lucrative new opportunity for the
Les médicaments représentaient une nouvelle manne financière pour les oligarques, mais à la fin du siècle
oiligarchs, but in a turn-of-the-century America that was still largely based on naturopathic, oiligarchs, but in a turn-of-the-century America that was still largely based on naturopathic, oiligarchs, but in a turn-of-the-century America that was still largely based on naturopathic, herbal remedies, it was a tough sell. The oiligarchy went to work changing that.
où l'Amérique se fiait à la naturopathie, les herbes médicinales, il était difficile de vendre.
herbal remedies, it was a tough sell. The oiligarchy went to work changing that. herbal remedies, it was a tough sell. The oiligarchy went to work changing that.
L'oligarchie allait s'employer à changer cela.
In 1901 John D. established the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research. The Institute In 1901 John D. established the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research. The Institute In 1901 John D. established the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research. The Institute
En 1901 John D. créa le Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research. L'institut embaucha Simon Flexner,
recruited Simon Flexner, a pathology professor at the University of Pennsylvania, to serve recruited Simon Flexner, a pathology professor at the University of Pennsylvania, to serve recruited Simon Flexner, a pathology professor at the University of Pennsylvania, to serve
un professeur de pathologie à l'université de Pennsylvanie, comme directeur.
as its director. His brother, Abraham, was an educator who was contracted by the Carnegie as its director. His brother, Abraham, was an educator who was contracted by the Carnegie as its director. His brother, Abraham, was an educator who was contracted by the Carnegie
Son frère, Abraham, était un enseignant qui fut recruté par la fondation pour écrire un rapport
Foundation to write a report on the state of the American medical education system. Foundation to write a report on the state of the American medical education system. Foundation to write a report on the state of the American medical education system.
sur le système d'enseignement de la médecine américain.
His study, The Flexner Report, along with the hundreds of millions of dollars that the His study, The Flexner Report, along with the hundreds of millions of dollars that the His study, The Flexner Report, along with the hundreds of millions of dollars that the
Son étude, Le Flexner Report, et de plus les centaines de millions de dollars que la Rockefeller
Rockefeller and Carnegie Foundations were to shower on medical research in the coming Rockefeller and Carnegie Foundations were to shower on medical research in the coming Rockefeller and Carnegie Foundations were to shower on medical research in the coming
et la Carnegie Foundation allaient déversaient en recherche médicale les années suivantes,
years, resulted in a sweeping overhaul of the American medical system. Naturopathic years, resulted in a sweeping overhaul of the American medical system. Naturopathic years, resulted in a sweeping overhaul of the American medical system. Naturopathic
conduisirent à une refonte complète du système médical américain. La naturopathie et l'homéopathie,
and homeopathic medicine, medical care focused on un-patentable, uncontrollable natural remedies and homeopathic medicine, medical care focused on un-patentable, uncontrollable natural remedies and homeopathic medicine, medical care focused on un-patentable, uncontrollable natural remedies
les soins médicaux reposant sur les remèdes et traitements naturels non brevetés et non étudiés
and cures was now dismissed as quackery; only drug-based allopathic medicine requiring expensive and cures was now dismissed as quackery; only drug-based allopathic medicine requiring expensive and cures was now dismissed as quackery; only drug-based allopathic medicine requiring expensive
furent mis au rang de charlatanisme ; seule la médecine allopathique reposant sur les médicaments
medical procedures and lengthy hospital stays was to be taken seriously. medical procedures and lengthy hospital stays was to be taken seriously. medical procedures and lengthy hospital stays was to be taken seriously.
qui nécessite des procédures médicales coûteuses et des séjours à l'hôpital longs devait être prise au sérieux.
Narrator: The fortunes of Carnegie, Morgan and Rockefeller financed surgery, radiation Narrator: The fortunes of Carnegie, Morgan and Rockefeller financed surgery, radiation Narrator: The fortunes of Carnegie, Morgan and Rockefeller financed surgery, radiation
Les fortunes de Carnegie, Morgan et Rockefeller financèrent la chirurgie, la radiothérapie
and synthetic drugs. They were to become the economic foundations of the new medical economy. and synthetic drugs. They were to become the economic foundations of the new medical economy. and synthetic drugs. They were to become the economic foundations of the new medical economy.
et les médicaments synthétiques. Ils deviendraient les fondations de la nouvelle économie médicale.
G. Edward Griffin: The takeover of the medical industry was accomplished by the takeover G. Edward Griffin: The takeover of the medical industry was accomplished by the takeover G. Edward Griffin: The takeover of the medical industry was accomplished by the takeover
La prise de contrôle de l'industrie médicale fut réalisée par celle des écoles de médecine.
of the medical schools. Well, the people that we’re talking about, Rockefeller and Carnegie of the medical schools. Well, the people that we’re talking about, Rockefeller and Carnegie of the medical schools. Well, the people that we’re talking about, Rockefeller and Carnegie in particular, came to the picture and said ‘We will put up money.’ They offered tremendous
Les gens dont nous parlons, Rockefeller et Carnegie en particulier, se sont mis en avant et ont dit :
in particular, came to the picture and said ‘We will put up money.’ They offered tremendous in particular, came to the picture and said ‘We will put up money.’ They offered tremendous amounts of money to the schools that would agree to cooperate with them. The donors said amounts of money to the schools that would agree to cooperate with them. The donors said
"Nous apporterons de l'argent". Ils offrirent des sommes d'argent considérables aux écoles qui voudraient
amounts of money to the schools that would agree to cooperate with them. The donors said to the schools: ‘We’re giving you all this money, now would it be too much to ask to the schools: ‘We’re giving you all this money, now would it be too much to ask to the schools: ‘We’re giving you all this money, now would it be too much to ask
coopérer avec eux. Les donateurs dirent : "Nous vous donnons tout cet argent, serait-il maintenant trop de demander à ce que quelques personnes de notre équipe aient une place dans votre
if we could put some of our people on your Board of Directors to see that our money is if we could put some of our people on your Board of Directors to see that our money is if we could put some of our people on your Board of Directors to see that our money is being spent wisely?’ Almost overnight all of the major universities received large grants
conseil d'administration pour veiller à ce que notre monnaie soit bien dépensée?
being spent wisely?’ Almost overnight all of the major universities received large grants being spent wisely?’ Almost overnight all of the major universities received large grants
Presqu'en un jour toutes les plus grandes universités reçurent une aide de la part de ces donateurs
from these sources and also accepted one, two or three of these people that I mentioned from these sources and also accepted one, two or three of these people that I mentioned from these sources and also accepted one, two or three of these people that I mentioned
et ils acceptèrent un, deux ou trois de ces personnes que je viens de mentionner dans leur conseil
on their Board of Directors and the schools literally were taken over by the financial on their Board of Directors and the schools literally were taken over by the financial on their Board of Directors and the schools literally were taken over by the financial
d'administration et les écoles furent complètement dominées par les intérêts financiers qui leur avaient
interests that put up the money. interests that put up the money. interests that put up the money.
apporté de l'argent.
Now what happened as a result of that is the schools did receive an infusion of money, Now what happened as a result of that is the schools did receive an infusion of money, Now what happened as a result of that is the schools did receive an infusion of money,
Ce qui arriva à l'issu de cela est que les écoles reçurent bien un surplus d'argent, ils purent construire des
they were able to build new buildings, they were able to add expensive equipment to their they were able to build new buildings, they were able to add expensive equipment to their they were able to build new buildings, they were able to add expensive equipment to their laboratories, they were able to hire top-notch teachers, but at the same time as doing that
bâtiments, acquérir de l'équiement cher pour leurs laboratoires, embaucher d'excellents professeurs,
laboratories, they were able to hire top-notch teachers, but at the same time as doing that laboratories, they were able to hire top-notch teachers, but at the same time as doing that they schewed the whole thing in the direction of pharmaceutical drugs. That was the efficiency they schewed the whole thing in the direction of pharmaceutical drugs. That was the efficiency
mais en même temps ils se tournèrent complètement vers les produits pharmaceutiques.
they schewed the whole thing in the direction of pharmaceutical drugs. That was the efficiency
Voilà ce qui est une philantropie efficace.
in philanthropy. in philanthropy. in philanthropy.
The doctors from that point forward in history would be taught pharmaceutical drugs. All The doctors from that point forward in history would be taught pharmaceutical drugs. All The doctors from that point forward in history would be taught pharmaceutical drugs. All
Les docteurs à partir de là apprendraient les médicaments pharmaceutiques. Toutes les grandes
of the great teaching institutions in America were captured by the pharmaceutical interests of the great teaching institutions in America were captured by the pharmaceutical interests of the great teaching institutions in America were captured by the pharmaceutical interests
institutions d'enseignement en Amérique furent conquis par les intérêts pharmaceutiques de la même manière,
in this fashion, and it’s amazing how little money it really took to do it. in this fashion, and it’s amazing how little money it really took to do it. in this fashion, and it’s amazing how little money it really took to do it.
et c'est surprenant de voir le peu d'argent qu'il fallut pour le faire.
SOURCE: The Money Takeover Of Medicine SOURCE: The Money Takeover Of Medicine SOURCE: The Money Takeover Of Medicine
The oiligarchy birthed entire medical industries from their own research centers and then sold The oiligarchy birthed entire medical industries from their own research centers and then sold The oiligarchy birthed entire medical industries from their own research centers and then sold
L' oiligarchie développa des entreprises médicales à partir de ses propres centres de recherches
their own products from their own petrochemical companies as the “cure.” It was Frank their own products from their own petrochemical companies as the “cure.” It was Frank their own products from their own petrochemical companies as the “cure.” It was Frank
et vendit alors comme remède les produits créés à partir de leurs propres entreprises pétrochimiques.
Howard, a Standard Oil of New Jersey executive, who would go on to persuade Alfred Sloan and Howard, a Standard Oil of New Jersey executive, who would go on to persuade Alfred Sloan and Howard, a Standard Oil of New Jersey executive, who would go on to persuade Alfred Sloan and
Ce fut Frank Howard, un directeur de la Standard Oil du New Jersey, qui irait persuader Alfred Sloan et Charles
Charles Kettering to donate their fortunes to the cancer center that would then bear Charles Kettering to donate their fortunes to the cancer center that would then bear Charles Kettering to donate their fortunes to the cancer center that would then bear
Kettering de faire don de leur fortunes au centre de cancérologie qui porterait alors leur nom.
their name. As director of research at Sloan-Kettering, Howard appointed Cornelius Rhoads, a Rockefeller their name. As director of research at Sloan-Kettering, Howard appointed Cornelius Rhoads, a Rockefeller their name. As director of research at Sloan-Kettering, Howard appointed Cornelius Rhoads, a Rockefeller
Comme directeur de recherche au Sloan-Kettering, Howard recruta Cornelius hoads , un pathologiste
Institute pathologist, to develop his wartime research on mustard gas for the US Army into Institute pathologist, to develop his wartime research on mustard gas for the US Army into Institute pathologist, to develop his wartime research on mustard gas for the US Army into
du Rockefeller Institute, pour développer à partir de ses recherches sur le gaz moutarde pour l'US Army
a new cancer therapy. Under Rhoads’ leadership, nearly the entire program and staff of the a new cancer therapy. Under Rhoads’ leadership, nearly the entire program and staff of the a new cancer therapy. Under Rhoads’ leadership, nearly the entire program and staff of the
une nouvelle thérapie contre le cancer. Sous les directives de Rhoads, presque le programme entier
Chemical Warfare Service were reformed into the SKI drug development program, where they Chemical Warfare Service were reformed into the SKI drug development program, where they Chemical Warfare Service were reformed into the SKI drug development program, where they
et l'équipe du service d'armes chimiques furent réformés en tant que programme de développement du
worked on converting mustard gas into chemotherapy. And once again, the Rockefeller’s own snake worked on converting mustard gas into chemotherapy. And once again, the Rockefeller’s own snake worked on converting mustard gas into chemotherapy. And once again, the Rockefeller’s own snake
médicament SKI, où ils cherchèrent à transformer le gaz moutarde en chimiothérapie. Et encore, le remède de
oil was being sold as a cancer cure-all. oil was being sold as a cancer cure-all. oil was being sold as a cancer cure-all.
Rockefeller fut vendu comme une panacée contre le cancer.
The oiligarchs’ interest in the burgeoning pharmaceutical industry converged in companies The oiligarchs’ interest in the burgeoning pharmaceutical industry converged in companies The oiligarchs’ interest in the burgeoning pharmaceutical industry converged in companies
L'intérêt des oligarques dans l'industrie florissante aboutit à la formation d'entreprises comme I.G.
like I.G. Farben, a drug and chemical cartel formed in Germany in the early 20th century. like I.G. Farben, a drug and chemical cartel formed in Germany in the early 20th century. like I.G. Farben, a drug and chemical cartel formed in Germany in the early 20th century.
Farben, un cartel de la chimie et du médicament créé en Allemagne au début du XXème siècle.
Royal Dutch’s Prince Bernhard served on an I.G. Farben subsidiary’s board in the Royal Dutch’s Prince Bernhard served on an I.G. Farben subsidiary’s board in the Royal Dutch’s Prince Bernhard served on an I.G. Farben subsidiary’s board in the
Le prince Bernhard de la Royal Dutch fut de service au conseil d'une filiale de I.G. Farben dans les années 30
1930s and the cartel’s American operation, set up in cooperation with Standard Oil, included 1930s and the cartel’s American operation, set up in cooperation with Standard Oil, included 1930s and the cartel’s American operation, set up in cooperation with Standard Oil, included
et l'industrie américaine du cartel, mis en place avec la coopération de la Standard Oil, comprenait
on its board Standard Oil president Walter Teagle as well as Paul Warburg of Kuhn, Loeb on its board Standard Oil president Walter Teagle as well as Paul Warburg of Kuhn, Loeb on its board Standard Oil president Walter Teagle as well as Paul Warburg of Kuhn, Loeb
en son conseil le président Walter Teagle de la Standard Oil ainsi que Paul Warburg de Kuhn, Loeb & Co.,
& Co., itself headed by Jacob Schiff of the Rothschild broker family. At its height, I.G. & Co., itself headed by Jacob Schiff of the Rothschild broker family. At its height, I.G. & Co., itself headed by Jacob Schiff of the Rothschild broker family. At its height, I.G.
elle-même dirigée par Jacob Schiff de la famille de négociants des Rothschild. A son apogée, I.G.
Farben was the largest chemical company in the world and the fourth largest industrial Farben was the largest chemical company in the world and the fourth largest industrial Farben was the largest chemical company in the world and the fourth largest industrial
Farben était la plus grande entreprise chimique du monde et le quatrième grand groupe industriel,
concern in the world, right behind Standard Oil of New Jersey. concern in the world, right behind Standard Oil of New Jersey. concern in the world, right behind Standard Oil of New Jersey.
juste derrière la Standard Oil du New Jersey.
The company was broken up after World War II, but like Standard Oil, its various pieces The company was broken up after World War II, but like Standard Oil, its various pieces The company was broken up after World War II, but like Standard Oil, its various pieces
L'entreprise fut dissoute après la Deuxième Guerre mondiale, mais comme la Standard Oil,
remained intact and today BASF, one of its chemical offshoots, remains the largest chemical remained intact and today BASF, one of its chemical offshoots, remains the largest chemical remained intact and today BASF, one of its chemical offshoots, remains the largest chemical
différents éléments restent intactes et aujourd'hui BASF, l'une de ses branches du secteur chimique, est
company in the world, while Bayer and Sanofi, two of its pharmaceutical offshoots are among company in the world, while Bayer and Sanofi, two of its pharmaceutical offshoots are among company in the world, while Bayer and Sanofi, two of its pharmaceutical offshoots are among
l'entreprise chimique la plus grande au monde, alors que Bayer et Sanofi, deux branches du secteur pharmaceutiques,
the largest pharmaceutical companies in the world. the largest pharmaceutical companies in the world. the largest pharmaceutical companies in the world.
font partie des plus grandes entreprises dans ce secteur.
Not content merely to monopolize the fields of education and medicine, the same oiligarchical Not content merely to monopolize the fields of education and medicine, the same oiligarchical Not content merely to monopolize the fields of education and medicine, the same oiligarchical
Ne se contentant pas seulement de monopoliser les domaines de l'éducation et de la médecine, les mêmes
interests banded together to take control of America’s finances. In 1910 John D. Rockefeller interests banded together to take control of America’s finances. In 1910 John D. Rockefeller interests banded together to take control of America’s finances. In 1910 John D. Rockefeller
intérêts oligarchiques se regroupèrent pour prendre contrôle de la finance américaine. En 1910, le beau père
Jr.’s own father-in-law, Senator Nelson Aldrich, Frank Vanderlip of the National City Jr.’s own father-in-law, Senator Nelson Aldrich, Frank Vanderlip of the National City Jr.’s own father-in-law, Senator Nelson Aldrich, Frank Vanderlip of the National City
de John D.Rockefeller Jr., le sénateur Nelson Aldrich , Frank Vanderlip de la National City Bank,
Bank, and Paul Warburg, as well as various agents of J.P. Morgan, met in complete secrecy Bank, and Paul Warburg, as well as various agents of J.P. Morgan, met in complete secrecy Bank, and Paul Warburg, as well as various agents of J.P. Morgan, met in complete secrecy
et Paul Warburg, ainsi que de nombreux agents de J.P. Morgan se donnèrent rendez-vous
on Jekyll Island to hammer out the details of what would go on to become the Federal on Jekyll Island to hammer out the details of what would go on to become the Federal on Jekyll Island to hammer out the details of what would go on to become the Federal
dans le plus grand secret à Jekyll Island pour définir ce qui deviendrait la Réserve Fédérale, la banque centrale
Reserve, America’s central bank. The Fed, established in 1913, would be run by hand-picked Reserve, America’s central bank. The Fed, established in 1913, would be run by hand-picked Reserve, America’s central bank. The Fed, established in 1913, would be run by hand-picked
américaine. La Fed, établie en 1913, serait dirigée par des personnes sélectionnées par l'oiligarchie
appointees of the oiligarchy and their banking associates, including, perhaps inevitably, appointees of the oiligarchy and their banking associates, including, perhaps inevitably, appointees of the oiligarchy and their banking associates, including, perhaps inevitably,
et leurs partenaires de la banque, comprenant inévitablement le président de la Standard Oil
Standard Oil president and American I.G. director Walter Teagle. Standard Oil president and American I.G. director Walter Teagle. Standard Oil president and American I.G. director Walter Teagle.
et le directeur de la I.G américaine Walter Teagle.
The Rockefeller family would go on to formally enter the banking field in the 1950s when The Rockefeller family would go on to formally enter the banking field in the 1950s when The Rockefeller family would go on to formally enter the banking field in the 1950s when
La famille Rockefeller allait entrer définitivement dans le secteur bancaire dans les années 50 lorsque
James Stillman Rockefeller, the grandson of John D.’s brother, was appointed director James Stillman Rockefeller, the grandson of John D.’s brother, was appointed director James Stillman Rockefeller, the grandson of John D.’s brother, was appointed director
James Stillman Rockefeller, fut nommé directeur de la National City Bank.
of National City Bank. Meanwhile John D.’s own grandson, David Rockefeller, would go of National City Bank. Meanwhile John D.’s own grandson, David Rockefeller, would go of National City Bank. Meanwhile John D.’s own grandson, David Rockefeller, would go
Pendant ce temps, le petit fils de John D. lui-même, David Rockefeller, allait prendre le contrôle de la Chase
on to take over Chase Manhattan Bank, the long-time banking partner of the Standard on to take over Chase Manhattan Bank, the long-time banking partner of the Standard on to take over Chase Manhattan Bank, the long-time banking partner of the Standard
Manhattan Bank, le partenaire bancaire de longue date de l'empire de la Standard Oil
Oil empire. Oil empire. Oil empire.
In this move the Rockefellers’ story perfectly mirrored that of their fellow oiligarchs the In this move the Rockefellers’ story perfectly mirrored that of their fellow oiligarchs the In this move the Rockefellers’ story perfectly mirrored that of their fellow oiligarchs the
De cette manière l'histoire des Rockefeller imite parfaitement celle de leurs pairs de l'oligarchie les Rothschild.
Rothschilds. Whereas the Rothschilds had supplemented their banking fortune with their oil interests, Rothschilds. Whereas the Rothschilds had supplemented their banking fortune with their oil interests, Rothschilds. Whereas the Rothschilds had supplemented their banking fortune with their oil interests,
Alors que les Rothschild avait accru leur fortune du secteur bancaire par les revenus pétroliers,
the Rockefellers supplemented their oil fortune with banking interests. the Rockefellers supplemented their oil fortune with banking interests. the Rockefellers supplemented their oil fortune with banking interests.
les Rockefeller accrurent leur fortune du secteur pétrolier par les revenus de la banque.
Springboarding from success to success as they consolidated monopolies across every Springboarding from success to success as they consolidated monopolies across every Springboarding from success to success as they consolidated monopolies across every
Allant de succès en succès en consolidant leurs monopoles à travers tous les domaines de l'activité
field of human activity, the oiligarchs’ ambitions became even larger. This time, their field of human activity, the oiligarchs’ ambitions became even larger. This time, their field of human activity, the oiligarchs’ ambitions became even larger. This time, their
humaine, les ambitions des oiligarques devinrent encore plus grande. Cette fois, leur but
goal was to consolidate control over the very food supply of the world itself, and once goal was to consolidate control over the very food supply of the world itself, and once goal was to consolidate control over the very food supply of the world itself, and once
était de renforcer le contrôle sur la production alimentaire mondiale, et une fois de plus
again they would use philanthropy as the cover for their business takeover. again they would use philanthropy as the cover for their business takeover. again they would use philanthropy as the cover for their business takeover.
ils allaient utiliser la philanthropie pour masquer leur volonté de dominer ce marché.
Narrator: The Green Revolution began in 1943 when plant geneticist Norman Borlaug and a Narrator: The Green Revolution began in 1943 when plant geneticist Norman Borlaug and a Narrator: The Green Revolution began in 1943 when plant geneticist Norman Borlaug and a
La Révolution Verte commença en 1943 lorsque le généticien des plantes Norman Borlaug et une équipe de
team of researchers arrived on Mexican soil. His goal was to improve agricultural techniques team of researchers arrived on Mexican soil. His goal was to improve agricultural techniques team of researchers arrived on Mexican soil. His goal was to improve agricultural techniques
chercheurs arrivèrent sur les plantations mexicaines. Son but était d'améliorer les techniques agricoles et
and biotechnological methodologies which in turn would help alleviate starvation and improve and biotechnological methodologies which in turn would help alleviate starvation and improve and biotechnological methodologies which in turn would help alleviate starvation and improve
biotechnologiques qui à leur tour pourrait réduire la famine et améliorer la qualité de vie des pays
the living quality of developing nations. Creating new genetically modified strains the living quality of developing nations. Creating new genetically modified strains the living quality of developing nations. Creating new genetically modified strains of wheat, rich, maize and other crops, Borlaug planned to win the battle against world hunger.
en développement. En créant de nouvelles souches génétiquement modifiées de blé, maïs et autres cultures,
of wheat, rich, maize and other crops, Borlaug planned to win the battle against world hunger. of wheat, rich, maize and other crops, Borlaug planned to win the battle against world hunger.
Borlaug projetait de gagner la guerre contre la faim dans le monde.
The hope was that these new crops and farming techniques would rescue third world countries The hope was that these new crops and farming techniques would rescue third world countries The hope was that these new crops and farming techniques would rescue third world countries
On espérait que ces nouvelles cultures et techniques agricoles viendraient en aide aux pays du tiers monde,
from the brink of starvation. from the brink of starvation. from the brink of starvation.
souffrant de la famine.
That’s exactly what happened. The agricultural innovations brought to the poverty-stricken That’s exactly what happened. The agricultural innovations brought to the poverty-stricken That’s exactly what happened. The agricultural innovations brought to the poverty-stricken
C'est exactement ce qui arriva. Les innovations agricoles apportées aux pays frappés par la pauvreté offrirent
countries gave the farmers the skills and resources necessary to sustain themselves. countries gave the farmers the skills and resources necessary to sustain themselves. countries gave the farmers the skills and resources necessary to sustain themselves.
aux agricultueurs les compétences et les ressources nécessaires à leur subsistance.
This triggered a chain of events that would allow these once-struggling nations to survive. This triggered a chain of events that would allow these once-struggling nations to survive. This triggered a chain of events that would allow these once-struggling nations to survive.
C'est ce qui déclencha une série d'événements qui permettraient à ces pays en difficulté de survivre.
Agricultural exports soared in quantity and diversity and allowed the countries to become Agricultural exports soared in quantity and diversity and allowed the countries to become Agricultural exports soared in quantity and diversity and allowed the countries to become
Les exportations agricoles explosèrent en quantité et en diversité et permirent aux pays de devenir
self-sufficient. self-sufficient. self-sufficient.
autonomes.
As the genetically modified crops thrived, farmers were able to use their increased income As the genetically modified crops thrived, farmers were able to use their increased income As the genetically modified crops thrived, farmers were able to use their increased income
Comme les cultures génétiquement modifiées se portaient bien, les agriculteurs pouvaient utiliser
to purchase newer and superior farming machinery. This increase in revenue made farming easier, to purchase newer and superior farming machinery. This increase in revenue made farming easier, to purchase newer and superior farming machinery. This increase in revenue made farming easier,
leur surplus de revenu pour acheter des machines nouvelles et plus performantes. L' augmentation du
more reliable and more efficient. The Green Revolution led to the modernization of agriculture more reliable and more efficient. The Green Revolution led to the modernization of agriculture more reliable and more efficient. The Green Revolution led to the modernization of agriculture
revenu rendait la récolte plus simple, fiable et rapide. La Révolution Verte conduit à la modernisation de
and has had a profound social, economic and political impact on the world. and has had a profound social, economic and political impact on the world. and has had a profound social, economic and political impact on the world.
l'agriculture et eut un impact social, économique et politique profond sur le monde.
The Mexican government turned to the Rockefeller Foundation in their endeavour to nourish Mexico The Mexican government turned to the Rockefeller Foundation in their endeavour to nourish Mexico The Mexican government turned to the Rockefeller Foundation in their endeavour to nourish Mexico
Le gouvernement mexicain se tourna vers la Rockefeller Foundation avec l'espoir de nourrir le Mexique
through agriculture.
par l'agriculture.
through agriculture. through agriculture. SOURCE: Green Revolution Waging War Against Hunger SOURCE: Green Revolution Waging War Against Hunger
SOURCE: Green Revolution Waging War Against Hunger
Norman Borlaug, needless to say, was a researcher for the Rockefeller Foundation, and the Green Norman Borlaug, needless to say, was a researcher for the Rockefeller Foundation, and the Green Norman Borlaug, needless to say, was a researcher for the Rockefeller Foundation, and the Green
Norman Borlaug, inutile de le dire, était chercheur à la Rockefeller Foundation, et la Révolution Verte,
Revolution, for whatever increase in yields it brought about, also created markets for Revolution, for whatever increase in yields it brought about, also created markets for Revolution, for whatever increase in yields it brought about, also created markets for
même si elle permit l'amélioration des rendements, elle créa aussi des marchés pour les oiligarques,
the oiligarchs’ own interest in the petrochemical fertilizer industry and gave rise to the “ABCD” the oiligarchs’ own interest in the petrochemical fertilizer industry and gave rise to the “ABCD” the oiligarchs’ own interest in the petrochemical fertilizer industry and gave rise to the “ABCD”
intéressés par le commerce de fertilisants pétrochimiques, et engendra le cartel de graines "ABCD"
seed cartel of Archer Daniels Midand, Bunge, Cargill and Louis Dreyfus. These companies, seed cartel of Archer Daniels Midand, Bunge, Cargill and Louis Dreyfus. These companies, seed cartel of Archer Daniels Midand, Bunge, Cargill and Louis Dreyfus. These companies,
regroupant Archer Daniels Midand, Bunge, Cargill et Louis Dreyfus. Ces entreprises et leurs intérêts communs
along with their associated interests in the food packaging and processing industry, formed along with their associated interests in the food packaging and processing industry, formed along with their associated interests in the food packaging and processing industry, formed the core of American “agribusiness,” a concept developed at Harvard Business School
pour le conditionnement alimentaire et l'industrie alimentaire, constitua le noyau de l' "agribusiness"
the core of American “agribusiness,” a concept developed at Harvard Business School the core of American “agribusiness,” a concept developed at Harvard Business School in the 1950s with the help of research conducted by Wassily Leontief for the Rockefeller Foundation. in the 1950s with the help of research conducted by Wassily Leontief for the Rockefeller Foundation.
américain, un concept développé à la Harvard Business School dans les années 50 en s'appuyant sur
in the 1950s with the help of research conducted by Wassily Leontief for the Rockefeller Foundation.
la recherche mené par Wassily Leontief de la Rockefeller Foundation.
The American agribusiness giants shared a common goal: the transformation of third world The American agribusiness giants shared a common goal: the transformation of third world The American agribusiness giants shared a common goal: the transformation of third world
Les géants américains de l'agribusiness partageait un même but : faire de l'agriculture
agriculture into a captive market for their goods. From this perspective, the project agriculture into a captive market for their goods. From this perspective, the project agriculture into a captive market for their goods. From this perspective, the project
du Tiers monde un marché captif pour leurs biens. De ce point de vue, le projet était un succès éclatant.
was a runaway success. By the 1970s the Rockefeller Standard Oil network and its cronies in the was a runaway success. By the 1970s the Rockefeller Standard Oil network and its cronies in the was a runaway success. By the 1970s the Rockefeller Standard Oil network and its cronies in the
Dans les années 1970, le réseau de la Rockefeller Standard Oil et ses partenaires dans le commerce
nitrogen fertilizer industry (including DuPont, Dow Chemical, and Hercules Powder) had broken nitrogen fertilizer industry (including DuPont, Dow Chemical, and Hercules Powder) had broken nitrogen fertilizer industry (including DuPont, Dow Chemical, and Hercules Powder) had broken
d'engrais azotés (comprenant DuPont, Dow Chemical, et Hercules Powder) s'étaient éparpillés
into markets around the world, markets conveniently forced open for them by the US government into markets around the world, markets conveniently forced open for them by the US government into markets around the world, markets conveniently forced open for them by the US government
dans plusieurs marchés dans le monde entier ; des marchés qui allaient être ouverts par le gouvernement des USA lors
itself under President Johnson’s “Food for Peace” program, which mandated the use itself under President Johnson’s “Food for Peace” program, which mandated the use itself under President Johnson’s “Food for Peace” program, which mandated the use
du programme "Food for Peace" du Président Johnson, qui prévoyait que des techniques agricoles se basant
of petrochemical-dependent agricultural technologies (fertilizers, tractors, irrigation, etc.) of petrochemical-dependent agricultural technologies (fertilizers, tractors, irrigation, etc.) of petrochemical-dependent agricultural technologies (fertilizers, tractors, irrigation, etc.)
sur la pétrochimie (fertilisants, tracteurs, irrigation) soient accordés aux bénéficiaires
by aid recipients.
de l'aide.
by aid recipients. by aid recipients. Unable to afford these new technologies themselves, the impoverished third-world “beneficiaries” Unable to afford these new technologies themselves, the impoverished third-world “beneficiaries”
Incapables d'obtenir ces nouvelles techniques par eux-même, les pays pauvres du tiers monde qui bénéficiaient
Unable to afford these new technologies themselves, the impoverished third-world “beneficiaries”
of this “revolution” relied on loans from the International Monetary Fund and the World of this “revolution” relied on loans from the International Monetary Fund and the World of this “revolution” relied on loans from the International Monetary Fund and the World
de la révolution durent emprunter auprès du Fond Monétaire International et de la Banque mondiale
Bank handled by Rockefeller’s own Chase Manhattan Bank and guaranteed by the US government. Bank handled by Rockefeller’s own Chase Manhattan Bank and guaranteed by the US government. Bank handled by Rockefeller’s own Chase Manhattan Bank and guaranteed by the US government.
dirigés par la Chase Manhattan Bank de Rockefeller et garantis par le governement des USA.
The real costs of the Green Revolution, economic, agricultural and environmental are seldom The real costs of the Green Revolution, economic, agricultural and environmental are seldom The real costs of the Green Revolution, economic, agricultural and environmental are seldom
Les véritables coûts de la Révolution Verte, pour l'économie, l'agriculture et l'environnement, sont rarement évalués.
tallied. Access to these debt-financed petrochemical-dependent technologies exacerbated the difference between tallied. Access to these debt-financed petrochemical-dependent technologies exacerbated the difference between tallied. Access to these debt-financed petrochemical-dependent technologies exacerbated the difference between
L'accès à ces technologies pétrochimiques financées en s'endettant, creusa l'écart entre la classe riche des
the rich landowning class and the landless peasants in countries like India, where land the rich landowning class and the landless peasants in countries like India, where land the rich landowning class and the landless peasants in countries like India, where land
propriétaires terriens et les paysans sans domaine dans des pays comme l'Inde, où
reform and abolition of usury were dropped from the political agenda after the Green reform and abolition of usury were dropped from the political agenda after the Green reform and abolition of usury were dropped from the political agenda after the Green
les réformes foncières et l'abolition de l'usure furent écartées de l'agenda politique suite à
Revolution took over. Revolution took over. Revolution took over.
la Révolution Verte.
Even then, the revolution’s main success, its increase in agricultural yields, has been Even then, the revolution’s main success, its increase in agricultural yields, has been Even then, the revolution’s main success, its increase in agricultural yields, has been
Là encore, le bénéfice de la révolution, l'augmentation des récoltes, fut exagérée.
oversold. Yield growth across India actually slowed after the introduction of agribusiness. oversold. Yield growth across India actually slowed after the introduction of agribusiness. oversold. Yield growth across India actually slowed after the introduction of agribusiness.
La production à travers l'Inde fut en fait ralentie après la mise en place de l'agribusiness.
The environmental destruction is even more devastating. An overview in the December 2000 The environmental destruction is even more devastating. An overview in the December 2000 The environmental destruction is even more devastating. An overview in the December 2000
La destruction environnementale est encore plus dramatique. En survolant le numéro de Décembre 2000
edition of Current Science notes: “The gree n revolution has not only increased productivity, edition of Current Science notes: “The gree n revolution has not only increased productivity, edition of Current Science notes: “The gree n revolution has not only increased productivity,
de Current Science, on note : "La révolution verte n'a pas seulement amélioré la productivité, mais elle a aussi
but it has also [produced] several negative ecological consequences such as depletion but it has also [produced] several negative ecological consequences such as depletion but it has also [produced] several negative ecological consequences such as depletion
eut plusieurs impacts écologiques négatifs, tels que l'appauvrissement des terres, de la fertilisation du sol,
of lands, decline in soil fertility, soil salinization, soil erosion, deterioration of lands, decline in soil fertility, soil salinization, soil erosion, deterioration of lands, decline in soil fertility, soil salinization, soil erosion, deterioration
la salinisation des sols, l'érosion, la détérioration de l'environnement, des dangers pour la santé,
of environment, health hazards, poor sustainability of agricultural lands and degradation of biodiversity. of environment, health hazards, poor sustainability of agricultural lands and degradation of biodiversity. of environment, health hazards, poor sustainability of agricultural lands and degradation of biodiversity.
et la dégradation de la biodiversité.
Indiscriminate use of pesticides, irrigation and imbalanced fertilization has threatened Indiscriminate use of pesticides, irrigation and imbalanced fertilization has threatened Indiscriminate use of pesticides, irrigation and imbalanced fertilization has threatened sustainability.”
L'utilisation irraisonnée de pesticides, l'irrigation et la fertilisation excessive, ont menacé la durabilité des sols.
sustainability.” sustainability.”
The Rockefeller Foundation even acknowledges the critiques of the Green Revolution it funded
The Rockefeller Foundation even acknowledges the critiques of the Green Revolution it funded The Rockefeller Foundation even acknowledges the critiques of the Green Revolution it funded
La Rockefeller Foundation approuve elle-même les critiques de la Révolution Verte qu'elle a soutenue,
into existence, insisting that “current initiatives take into account lessons learned.” into existence, insisting that “current initiatives take into account lessons learned.” into existence, insisting that “current initiatives take into account lessons learned.”
en expliquant que "les initiatives présentes prennent en compte les leçons du passé".
Even so, the Foundation continues to fund research and write reports on how to improve Even so, the Foundation continues to fund research and write reports on how to improve Even so, the Foundation continues to fund research and write reports on how to improve
Ceci dit, la fondation continue à financer la recherche et à rédiger des études sur la manière d'améliorer
prospects for agribusiness investment in its target markets. prospects for agribusiness investment in its target markets. prospects for agribusiness investment in its target markets.
les perspectives de l'agro-industrie dans ses marchés de choix.
As egregious as the Green Revolution was and continues to be, however, in many ways it As egregious as the Green Revolution was and continues to be, however, in many ways it As egregious as the Green Revolution was and continues to be, however, in many ways it
Aussi terrible que soit la révolution verte, elle ne sert en fait que de prélude à un projet encore plus ambitieux :
was just the prelude to an even more ambitious project: the Gene Revolution. Now the project was just the prelude to an even more ambitious project: the Gene Revolution. Now the project was just the prelude to an even more ambitious project: the Gene Revolution. Now the project
la révolution génétique. Dès lors le projet n'est plus seulement de monopoliser les technologies
is not merely to monopolize the technologies, supplies and chemical inputs for agriculture is not merely to monopolize the technologies, supplies and chemical inputs for agriculture is not merely to monopolize the technologies, supplies and chemical inputs for agriculture
et les produits chimiques pour l'agriculture mondiale, mais de monopoliser
worldwide, but to monopolize the food supply itself through the replacement of the world’s worldwide, but to monopolize the food supply itself through the replacement of the world’s worldwide, but to monopolize the food supply itself through the replacement of the world’s
l'approvisionnement alimentaire lui-même en remplaçant les graines naturels par des
natural seeds with patentable genetically modified crops. natural seeds with patentable genetically modified crops. natural seeds with patentable genetically modified crops.
cultures génétiquement modifiées brevetables.
The players involved in this “Gene Revolution” are almost identical to the players in the The players involved in this “Gene Revolution” are almost identical to the players in the The players involved in this “Gene Revolution” are almost identical to the players in the
Les acteurs impliqués dans la révolution génétique sont presque les mêmes que ceux de la révolution verte ;
Green Revolution, with I.G. Farben offshoots Bayer CropScience and BASF PlantScience mingling Green Revolution, with I.G. Farben offshoots Bayer CropScience and BASF PlantScience mingling Green Revolution, with I.G. Farben offshoots Bayer CropScience and BASF PlantScience mingling
les branches de I.G. Farben Bayer CropScience et BASF PlantSicence de pair avec les sociétés associées
with traditional oiligarch associate companies like Dow AgroScience, DuPont Biotechnology, with traditional oiligarch associate companies like Dow AgroScience, DuPont Biotechnology, with traditional oiligarch associate companies like Dow AgroScience, DuPont Biotechnology,
des oligarques traditionnels comme Dow AgroScience, DuPont Biotechnology, et bien sûr, Monsanto,
and, of course, Monsanto, all funded by the Rockefeller Foundation and fellow “philanthropists” and, of course, Monsanto, all funded by the Rockefeller Foundation and fellow “philanthropists” and, of course, Monsanto, all funded by the Rockefeller Foundation and fellow “philanthropists”
toutes fondées par la Rockefeller Foundation et des "philanthropes" partenaires de la
at the Ford Foundation, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and like-minded organizations. at the Ford Foundation, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and like-minded organizations. at the Ford Foundation, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and like-minded organizations.
Ford Foundation, la Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation et des organisations du même type.
The convergence of corporate, “philanthropic,” governmental and inter-governmental interests The convergence of corporate, “philanthropic,” governmental and inter-governmental interests The convergence of corporate, “philanthropic,” governmental and inter-governmental interests
La convergence des intérêts d'entreprise, philanthropiques, gouvernementaux et inter-gouvernementaux
in promoting GM crops around the world can be seen in the bewildering array of research in promoting GM crops around the world can be seen in the bewildering array of research in promoting GM crops around the world can be seen in the bewildering array of research
pour promouvoir les cultures OGM dans le monde se manifeste par l'étendue déconcertante d'instituts
institutes, industry associations, and “consultative groups” devoted to the case. The Rockefeller-funded institutes, industry associations, and “consultative groups” devoted to the case. The Rockefeller-funded institutes, industry associations, and “consultative groups” devoted to the case. The Rockefeller-funded
de recherche, associations du secteur privé, et groupes consultatifs qui s'y engagent. L'International Rice
International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), the Rockefeller/Monsanto/USAID brainchild International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), the Rockefeller/Monsanto/USAID brainchild International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), the Rockefeller/Monsanto/USAID brainchild International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications (ISAAA), the
Reseach Institute (IRRI), financé par Rockefeller, l'International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech
International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications (ISAAA), the International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications (ISAAA), the Rockefeller/Ford/World Bank created Consultative Group of International Agricultural Research Rockefeller/Ford/World Bank created Consultative Group of International Agricultural Research
Applications (ISAAA) créé par Rockefeller /Monsanto /USAID, Le Consultative Group of International Agricultural Research
Rockefeller/Ford/World Bank created Consultative Group of International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) and dozens of other bland, benign-sounding organizations research and promote GM crops (CGIAR) and dozens of other bland, benign-sounding organizations research and promote GM crops (CGIAR) and dozens of other bland, benign-sounding organizations research and promote GM crops
Agricultural Research (CGIAR) créé par Rockefeller /Ford/ World Bank et des dizaines d'autres organisations au nom anodin recherchent et défendent les cultures OGM dans des marchés cibles à travers le monde ;
in target markets around the globe, with the profits ending up in the oiligarchs’ coffers. in target markets around the globe, with the profits ending up in the oiligarchs’ coffers. in target markets around the globe, with the profits ending up in the oiligarchs’ coffers.
et les profits vont directement dans le portefeuille des olligarques.
A representative example of this story is the agribusiness neocolonization of Argentina, A representative example of this story is the agribusiness neocolonization of Argentina, A representative example of this story is the agribusiness neocolonization of Argentina,
Un exemple pertinent de ce qui se passe est la néo-colonisation agroalimentaire de l'Argentine, où
where Monsanto ran an elaborate “bait-and-switch” to get the country hooked on its genetically where Monsanto ran an elaborate “bait-and-switch” to get the country hooked on its genetically where Monsanto ran an elaborate “bait-and-switch” to get the country hooked on its genetically
Monsanto vendit un leurre pour rendre le pays dépendant de ses graines de soja "Roundup Ready"
modified Roundup Ready soybeans before demanding royalties on the crops that were by then already modified Roundup Ready soybeans before demanding royalties on the crops that were by then already modified Roundup Ready soybeans before demanding royalties on the crops that were by then already
génétiquement modifiées avant de demander des redevances sur les cultures qui étaient déjà en train
growing. DuPont then took over, magnanimously beginning a “Protein for Life” programme growing. DuPont then took over, magnanimously beginning a “Protein for Life” programme growing. DuPont then took over, magnanimously beginning a “Protein for Life” programme
de se développer. DuPont prit alors la relève, en commençant de façon charitable un programme
to foist their own GM soybeans on the country’s poor. to foist their own GM soybeans on the country’s poor. to foist their own GM soybeans on the country’s poor.
"Protein for Life" pour obliger les pauvres du pays à consommer ses graines de soja OGM.
The same scene has played itself out in country after country, where cartel-developed GM crops The same scene has played itself out in country after country, where cartel-developed GM crops The same scene has played itself out in country after country, where cartel-developed GM crops
Le même scénario s'est reproduit dans chaque pays, où les cultures OGM developpées par le cartel
are foisted on emerging economies through “food aid,” usually during times of famine are foisted on emerging economies through “food aid,” usually during times of famine are foisted on emerging economies through “food aid,” usually during times of famine
sont refilés aux pays émergents à travers l' "aide alimentaire", souvent en temps de famine
when those countries are especially vulnerable. Only a handful of countries like Zambia or when those countries are especially vulnerable. Only a handful of countries like Zambia or when those countries are especially vulnerable. Only a handful of countries like Zambia or
quand ces pays sont les plus vulnérables. Seuls une poignée de pays, comme la Zambie ou l' Angola
Angola have outright rejected this GMO takeover of their food supply, generously subsidized Angola have outright rejected this GMO takeover of their food supply, generously subsidized Angola have outright rejected this GMO takeover of their food supply, generously subsidized
ont rejeté catégoriquement le prise en main de leur production alimentaire par les OGM, grandement
by the US government to the benefit of the agribusiness cartel. by the US government to the benefit of the agribusiness cartel. by the US government to the benefit of the agribusiness cartel.
subventionnés par le governement des USA au profit du cartel agroalimentaire.
Conclusion: Monopolizing Life Conclusion: Monopolizing Life Conclusion: Monopolizing Life
Conclusion : Le monopole de la vie
From cutthroat pioneers of the early oil industry to Machiavellian social engineers and geopolitics From cutthroat pioneers of the early oil industry to Machiavellian social engineers and geopolitics From cutthroat pioneers of the early oil industry to Machiavellian social engineers and geopolitics
De cruels pionniers de l'industrie pétrolière, ils sont devenus des ingénieurs sociaux et géopoliticiens
schemers, the oiligarchs have come a long way since the days of Devil Bill’s snake schemers, the oiligarchs have come a long way since the days of Devil Bill’s snake schemers, the oiligarchs have come a long way since the days of Devil Bill’s snake
machiavéliques ; les oiligarques ont bien changé depuis l'ère de Devil Bill et son remède miracle.
oil cure-alls. But his use of every form of deception and trickery to swindle the public oil cure-alls. But his use of every form of deception and trickery to swindle the public oil cure-alls. But his use of every form of deception and trickery to swindle the public
Mais par l'usage de toute forme de ruse et de stratagèmes pour tromper la population,
informed how John D. and the rest of the oiligarchs built up their business interests. informed how John D. and the rest of the oiligarchs built up their business interests. informed how John D. and the rest of the oiligarchs built up their business interests.
on comprend comment John D. et le reste des oiligarques ont bâti leurs entreprises.
As the 20th century drew to a close, it was obvious that for the powerful cartel that As the 20th century drew to a close, it was obvious that for the powerful cartel that As the 20th century drew to a close, it was obvious that for the powerful cartel that
Vers la fin du XXème siècle, il était évident que pour le puissant cartel qui avait fondé l'industrie pétrolière
built the oil industry–the Rockefellers, the Rothschilds, the British and Dutch royal built the oil industry–the Rockefellers, the Rothschilds, the British and Dutch royal built the oil industry–the Rockefellers, the Rothschilds, the British and Dutch royal
-- les Rockefeller, les Rothschild, les familles royales britanniques et néerlandaises --- il ne s'agissait plus
families–it was no longer about oil, if it ever really was. The takeover of education, families–it was no longer about oil, if it ever really was. The takeover of education, families–it was no longer about oil, if it ever really was. The takeover of education,
du pétrole, si tel avait été le but. La prise de contrôle de l'éducation, de la médecine, du système monétaire,
of medicine, of the monetary system, of the food supply itself, showed that the aim was of medicine, of the monetary system, of the food supply itself, showed that the aim was of medicine, of the monetary system, of the food supply itself, showed that the aim was much greater than a mere oil monopoly: it was the quest to monopolize all aspects of
de la production alimentaire, montrent que le but était bien plus grand qu'un simple monopole pétrolier :
much greater than a mere oil monopoly: it was the quest to monopolize all aspects of much greater than a mere oil monopoly: it was the quest to monopolize all aspects of life. To erect the perfect system of control over every aspect of society, every sector life. To erect the perfect system of control over every aspect of society, every sector
il s'agissait d'avoir le monopole sur tous les plans. Etablir le système de contrôle parfait sur chaque
life. To erect the perfect system of control over every aspect of society, every sector from which any threat of competition to their power could emerge. from which any threat of competition to their power could emerge. from which any threat of competition to their power could emerge.
domaine de la société, sur chaque secteur sur lesquels on pouvait menacer de concurrencer leur pouvoir.
They had been remarkably, almost unbelievably, successful. From oil well to gas pump, farm
They had been remarkably, almost unbelievably, successful. From oil well to gas pump, farm They had been remarkably, almost unbelievably, successful. From oil well to gas pump, farm
Ce qu'ils réussirent remarquablement, de façon stupéfiante même. Du puits de pétrole à la pompe à essence,
to fork, hospital to pharmaceutical, drill rig to dollar bill, there was almost no aspect to fork, hospital to pharmaceutical, drill rig to dollar bill, there was almost no aspect to fork, hospital to pharmaceutical, drill rig to dollar bill, there was almost no aspect
du champ à l'assiette, de l'hôpital aux médicaments, de la foreuse au billet de dollar, presque aucun aspect
of society that was not under control. of society that was not under control. of society that was not under control.
de la société échappait à leur contrôle.
But the oiligarchs are not done yet. Their next project, launched in the late 20th century, But the oiligarchs are not done yet. Their next project, launched in the late 20th century, But the oiligarchs are not done yet. Their next project, launched in the late 20th century,
Mais les oiligarques n'en ont pas fini. Leur prochain projet, qui a débuté à la fin du XXème siècle,
is almost too ambitious to be comprehended. It is not about oil. It is not about money. is almost too ambitious to be comprehended. It is not about oil. It is not about money. is almost too ambitious to be comprehended. It is not about oil. It is not about money.
est presque trop ambitieux pour être compris. Ce n'est pas le pétrole. Ce n'est pas l'argent.
It is about the monopolization of life itself. They have spent decades preparing the path It is about the monopolization of life itself. They have spent decades preparing the path It is about the monopolization of life itself. They have spent decades preparing the path
Ils cherchent à monopoliser la vie elle-même. Ils ont passé des années à préparer cette prise de pouvoir
for this takeover and marshaled their mind-boggling resources in service of the task. for this takeover and marshaled their mind-boggling resources in service of the task. for this takeover and marshaled their mind-boggling resources in service of the task.
et ont rassemblé des ressources faramineuses à cette fin.
And the vast majority of the world’s population, still playing the shell game that the oiligarchs And the vast majority of the world’s population, still playing the shell game that the oiligarchs And the vast majority of the world’s population, still playing the shell game that the oiligarchs
Et la grande majorité de la population mondiale, qui joue toujours le jeu que les oiligarques ont établi et qu'ils
perfected and abandoned long ago, are about to fall right into their hands yet again. perfected and abandoned long ago, are about to fall right into their hands yet again. perfected and abandoned long ago, are about to fall right into their hands yet again.
ont abandonné depuis longtemps, est en passe de tomber sous leur emprise une fois de plus.
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