MegaProcessor - ComputerphileYouTube↗  IA↗(long shot)
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English Jeff Martin
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This is a certificate from the Guinness World Records.
Este es un certificado de los Records Mundiales Guinness.
It's for the largest functional microprocessor model
Es por el modelo funcional más grande de microprocesador.
which has 42,370 transistors and built by James Newman in the UK in Cambridge.
Tiene 42.370 transistores. Fue construido por James Newman en Cambridge, Reino Unido
And this is the mega processor.
Y esto... es el Megaprocesador.
It's basically a micro processor
Es básicamente un microprocesador
made purely from transistors.
hecho completamente con transistores.
And we're talking discrete transistors, the ones the ones that you can handle,
Hablamos de transistores _discretos_, de los que se pueden tomar en la mano.
not sort of the ones that are
No como los que forman parte de los chips de silicio que conocemos.
in the silicon chips we know. So it's a fully functional machine.
Entoces... ¡Es completamente funcional!
It's made of these panels as you see
Está compuesta de estos paneles que se ven...
around the room here.
en toda esta sala
Each panel has its own specific function within the processor.
Cada panel tiene su función específica en el procesador.
So the memory is made of all these
La memoria está compuesta de todos estos pequeños...
little transistors here, as the rest is,
transistores, al igual que todo el resto...
but each one has an LED on it as well.
pero además cada uno tiene encima un pequeño LED
So the important thing about the mega processor is every single part of the machine,
La parte importante del Megaprocesador es que cada parte de la máquina...
every single gate has an LED on its input and output,
cada compuerta tiene un LED en cada entrada y salida
so you can see all the data everywhere in the machine,
Se puede ver toda la información en todos lados en la máquina.
and actually how it's working as well.
E incluso cómo está trabajando.
The memory actually kind of then functions a little bit more as a screen.
La memoria... en realidad también funciona como la pantalla
So we have here a game of Tetris
Aquí tenemos un juego de Tetris
that's playing on there at the moment,
Está corriendo en este momento, en seguida vmos a mostrar esp.
we'll show you that in a minute. So we have the state machine,
Aquí tenemos la "máquina de estado", todas las computadoras tienen una...
all computers have a state machine so it knows what it's doing at any one given time.
para saber qué está haciendo en todo momento.
All of the instruction decoding and the branch calculations, all that kind of thing,
Toda la decodificación de instrucciones, todos los saltos condicionales...
are done on these ones here.
todo ese tipo de cosas se hacen en estos de acá.
This panel is the special purpose registers.
Este panel son los registros de propósito especial
Arithmetic and logic control, the ALU,
La Unidad Lógico-Aritmética (ALU)
again the ALU part of all processors.
De nuevo, la ALU es parte de todo procesador
So it has two "adders" in this machine
Esta máquina tiene dos sumadores...
adder 1, adder 2 there.
sumador 1, sumador 2
And then the ALU control down the bottom.
Y el control de la ALU, ahí abajo
General purpose registers, so as you make a move
Registros de propósito general... que permiten hacer traslados
you would move it to register one, and then out to maybe a special purpose register
Se movería al registro 1 y después a un registro de propósito especial... o a la memoria.
or memory depending on what operations you're doing.
Dependiendo de qué operaciones se estén realizando
So all of this together
Todo esto junto...
forms effectively a microprocessor.
en efecto un microprocesador.
So we have a number of LEDs okay, and you can see these LEDs are on.
Tenemos un grupo de LEDs. Pueden ver que estos LEDs están encendidos...
But if we focus in on just one little bit here,
Pero si nos enfocamos en una partecita de aquí...
those five transistors make it an AND gate.
Esos cinco transistores hacen una compuerta AND
So all of that lot is just one AND gate.
Todo ese bloque es sólo una compuerta AND
And we can see on the two inputs to the AND
Y podemos ver que en las dos entradas abajo...
we have one is on, one is off, the output is off.
...hay una encendida y una apagada.
So for an AND gate the logic says:
La salida está apagada Para una puerta AND, la lógica dice
both inputs 1 and 2 have to be on.
Ambas entradas, 1 y 2, deben estar encendidas.
Okay, so that's the function, so we haven't, we've only got one of them on
Para que funcione. Y no tenemos una de las dos encedidas, así que la salida está apagada.
therefore the output is off. And this is just multiplied up. The whole system is using this kind of function.
¡Y esto multiplicado! Todo el sistema usa este tipo de funciones.
AND gates, OR gates, and XORs and various then combination of those.
Puertas AND, puertas OR... y XORs y en varias combinaciones
You can use, turn an AND gate into an inverter
Se puede usar una puerta NAND en un inversor
which some of them are done down there.
Hay algunas por allí abajo
And a microprocessor is just that.
¡Y vemos cómo un microprocesador es solo eso!
What we've got here is a machine that looks like it's not doing very much,
Lo que tenemos parece una máquina que no está haciendo gran cosa...
it's kind of fairly static.
parece bastante estática.
But we have a special control over here,
¡Pero tenemos un control especial por acá!
a huge rheostat out of some kind of 40's science film.
Un reóstato gigante... como una película de ciencia ficción de los 40
What we can do, it's actually running at about 19 kilohertz at the minute.
Lo que podemos... está corriendo alrededor de 19 KHz...
But we can slow it down.
pero podemos bajar la velocidad
13 ... 10 ... 7 kilohertz.
13.. 10... 7 KHz
And as we slow it down we start to see
A medida que la desaceleramos, empezamos a ver los LEDs...
the LEDs flickering a little bit.
parpadeando. Empieza a verse algo de parpadeo
There's a little bit of flicker. So now we're at about 100 hertz
Ahora estamos cerca de 100 Hz
and as we come down further ...
Y a medida que seguimos bajando...
10 Hertz ... Right. And now we're down at about roughly 2 hertz.
10 Hz... Y ahora estamos cerca de... más o menos 2 Hz
So now we can start to see
Y ahora empezamos a ver
the individual instructions being operated.
las instrucciones que realiza individualmente.
So again,
Entonces! Está corriendo Tetris en este momento...
it's running Tetris at the moment. It's actually in it's "Game Over" state.
Está en el estado de juego terminado.
So at first the machine looked like
Al principio parecía que la máquina no hacía nada.
it wasn't doing anything. But when we slow it down we see actually it is doing something.
Cuando la desaceleramos, vemos que sí está haciendo algo.
And one of our special purpose registers
Uno de nuestros registros de propósito general...
is the "Program Counter".
Es el Contador de Programa (Program Counter)
So this is the part of the machine
Esta es la parte de la máquina que toma nota...
that keeps track of what instruction is being executed.
de qué instrucción se está ejecutando.
[Sean] That's the PC there yeah? [Jason] Yeah, "Program Counter".
-Sean "Ese es el PC, cierto?" Sí, el Contador de Programa.
What we've got, we've got the binary: this is what's going on to the computer itself.
Lo que tenemos... tenemos el binario. Esto es lo que pasa para la propia computadora...
But for us we've got a little display here that allows us to interpret that a little bit easier.
Pero para nosotros hay una pantalla que nos ayuda a verlo más fácil
So we can see that the instructions at memory locations 131 to 137
Podemos ver... las intrucciones en dirección de memoria 131 a 137
are just going round and round in a loop.
se repiten una y otra vez en un bucle
So even though the machine
Así que aunque parecía que la computadora no hacía nada...
looked like it was doing nothing, it's running this little program
está corriendo este pequeño programa entre 131 y 137
between 131 and 137. And what that's saying
Y lo que eso hace... es...
is ...
revisar...
check out the peripheral input,
la entrada de periféricos, estas entradas de acá...
the inputs here. So between 131 and 137 it's just basically saying,
Entonces, entre 131 y 137 básicamente está diciendo: "¿Ese botón está apretado?"
"Is that button pressed?" So it just sits there in that loop.
Y se queda en ese bucle
If I speed up a little bit and I now press that button,
La aceleramos un poco... Ahora aprieto ese botón
our program counter now shoots off.
Y nuestro PC se dispara. Bajo de nuevo la velocidad...
Let's slow it down again. So now we're in a different part of memory
Ahora estamos en una parte diferente de la memoria...
doing another operation. And you can see on the screen,
realizando otra operación. Y podemos ver en la pantalla...
so if I speed up the operations now,
Si acelero las operaciones...
You can see that it's basically very very slowly clearing the screen.
Podemos ver que básicamente está borrando la pantalla, muy muy despacio.
So the part of the program that is operating at the moment
La parte del programa que está corriendo es una operación para limpiar la pantalla.
is just the "clear screen" operation. And I could speed that up,
Lo puedo acelerar...
take it up to ...
Digamos hasta...
[Sean] And now it's playing the game again.
-Sean "Ahora está corriendo el juego de nuevo..."
[Jason] And now it's playing the game again.
¡Ahora está corriendo el juego de nuevo!
But again slowing it down, you can see just how long it takes to draw
Y desacelerando de nuevo podemos ver cuánto toma dibujar...
and calculate those pieces.
y calcular esas piezas.
So to update the screen there is a whole load of code that's being operated
Para actualizar la pantalla hay un montón de código corriendo,
just to move that piece down the screen.
solo para mover esa pieza en la pantalla.
And then we can speed it up, and now
Podemos acelerar...
we have a kind of a functional game.
Y tenemos un juego funcional.
It is going to slow obviously it's not very playable.
¡Si va muy despacio obviamente no es muy jugable!
And it can look at the inputs.
Puede mirar las entradas...
And you can see how the controller here,
Y podemos ver cómo el control este, cuando lo movemos...
as we move it, changes the LEDs.
cambia estos LEDs. Tenemos dos entradas...
You've got the two inputs there. The button presses cause other
las pulsaciones de los botones causan otras entradas.
inputs, and it is watching those all the time.
Y está controlándolas todo el tiempo
James Newman, the madman that created it,
James Newman, el chiflado que lo creó...
really wanted to be able to
en realidad quería poder encoger a la gente...
shrink people down put them inside a computer
y meterla dentro de la computadora, para poder ver cómo funciona.
just to be able to see how it works.
¡Eso es difícil!
That's really hard
...parece.
apparently. So he scaled up the processor, so allowed us to get inside, it as it were.
¡Así que agrandó el procesador! Para que nos podamos meter dentro, digamos...
So the idea is here,
La idea... Esto es algo educativo...
that this is an educational thing. This is the best way for anybody
¡Es la mejor manera para que cualquiera entienda las cosas!
to understand things, simple stuff like the "fetch and execute cycle" of a computer.
Cosas simples, el ciclo de ejecución de una computadora... cómo funcionan esas cosas.
How this stuff works. So this is fantastic because what it allows us to do,
Así que esto es fantástico. Lo que nos permite...
if we halt the machine, we can now
Si detenemos la máquina... ¡Podemos detener el procesador!
stop the processor and we can single step through every
Y podemos ir paso a paso a través de cada instrucción.
instruction. So every time we press the step button,
Cada vez que aprieto el botón de paso...
we can now see the operations and the data moving around the system.
podemos ver las operaciones y datos moviéndose por el sistema.
[Sean] I'm just going to darken the camera so we can see the LEDs now but we might not see you.
-Sean "Oscurezco la cámara para ver bien los LEDs, así que no te vas a ver bien..."
[Jason] And it's not necessarily one press per instruction.
No es necesariamente una instrucción cada vez que aprieto
Some of these instructions take a number of clock cycles to operate.
Algunas de estas instrucciones llevan cierto número de ciclos de reloj.
So a "divide" could take 16 clock cycles
Una división puede tomar 16 ciclos de reloj.
other instructions take less time.
Otras instrucciones toman menos tiempo
But we can see how that instruction is broken up.
Y podemos ver cómo se descompone esa operación.
Step it through just to see how that data moves around the processor.
Vamos paso a paso para ver cómo se mueve la información dentro del procesador.
You can't do that in any other way. There is no way to get inside a processor
¡No se puede hacer eso de ninguna otra manera! No hay forma de entrar a un procesador y ver lo que pasa.
and see this stuff happen. I programmed in assembly language on 8031 processors and things like that,
Yo programo procesadores 8031 en ensamblador, cosas como esas.
and I thought I was fairly low level, you know "programming at the metal" as they say.
Pensaba que era bien de bajo nivel, "progamar sobre el metal" como dicen.
But actually when you see these things being executed you realize how much extra stuff is going on
Pero al ver estas cosas ejecutando, te das cuenta cuántas cosas extra pasan...
that even you as a sort of a low-level coder
de las que, incluso uno, como programador de bajo nivel, no está consciente.
don't even, you're not even aware of it. And it's ... these things work so hard
Y estos aparatos trabajan tan duro...
to do the,
para hacer lo que parece simple.
what seems simple stuff. [Sean] I'm imagining this is a processor in some smartphone somewhere. How big do you think the screen would be?
-Sean: "Me imaginaba que este fuera el procesador de un smartphone... ¿Cuán grande sería la pantalla?" (laughs)
[Jason] um ... ah ... that's ... okay, so that's an interesting question.
¡Ah, que pregunta interesante!
If this was the memory that you had in your mobile phone today,
Si esta fuera la memoria de un teléfono móvil...
the average mobile phone with
un teléfono promedio con, digamos...
say, I don't know, a gig of RAM,
no sé, un giga de RAM.
this panel as the RAM
Este panel, como la memoria RAM, tendría el doble de tamaño que el Reino Unido.
would be twice the size of the United Kingdom. So it's fairly low density
¡Así que es de bastante baja densidad! Y bastante poco práctico...
and fairly impractical. But, you know, you can't see what's going on in your mobile phone.
¡Pero no se puede ver qué pasa dentro de tu teléfono móvil!
So ... But
En realidad...
actually, what we should say
Deberíamos aclarar...
that a lot of people just assume this is something like a model of a 6502 or a Z80 processor from the 80's.
Muchos asumen que esto es como un modelo de un 6502, o un procesador Z80 de los '80s...
It's not actually necessarily based on any one processor.
No se basa necesariamente en ningún procesador.
it kind of uses good ideas from a number of different processors.
Usa buenas ideas de distintos procesadores.
So for a start it has "hardware divide" built in.
Para empezar, tiene división por hardware incorporada.
It's actually a 16-bit machine as well.
¡Además es una máquina de 16 bits!
So, really it's kind of a ... I don't know, it's hard to equate it.
En verdad... Es medio... es difícil de definir.
But it's kind of a mid 90's-ish, or early 90's maybe,
Es estilo mediados de los 90... o más bien principios de los 90.
kind of equivalent processor.
Un tipo de procesador equivalente
So it's really quite a quite a beast when you consider this thing is all just transistors. [ ambient music fades in ... ]
Así que es realmente una bestia considerando que son solo transistores.
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