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"¿Qué causa diabetes?"
Hasta los 20 años de edad, tenemos la mayor cantidad de células beta pancreáticas
after about age 20 we may have all the insulin producing beta cells we're ever
que posiblemente vayamos a tener nunca,
going to have in our pancreas and so if
por lo que si las perdemos, las perdemos para siempre.
we lose them we may lose them for good
Las autopsias muestran que para cuando la diabetes tipo 2 es diagnosticada
autopsy studies show that by the time type 2 diabetes is diagnosed
puede que hayamos perdido la mitad de nuestras células beta pancreáticas.
we may have already killed off half of our beta cells
Se puede hacer en una placa de Petri. Si exponemos las células beta pancreáticas a grasa,
you can do it right in a petri dish expose human beta cells to fat they suck
la absorben y comienzan a morir.
it up and then start dying off
Un aumento crónico de los niveles de grasa en la sangre es dañino,
a chronic increase in blood fat levels
como muestra el importante efecto en lipotoxicidad en células beta pancreáticas.
is harmful as shown by the important effects in pancreatic beta cell lipotoxicity
Los productos resultantes de la metabolización de la grasa pueden interferir con la función de estas células
fat breakdown products can interfere
y finalmente conducirlas hasta la muerte. Y no es cualquier grasa, sino grasa saturada.
with the function of these cells and ultimately lead to their death and not just any fat
saturated fat the predominant fat in
La grasa predominante en aceitunas, frutos secos y aguacates
olives nuts and avocados gives you a
te aporta un pequeño aumento en la muerte de la proteína 5,
tiny bump in death protein 5 but
pero la grasa saturada es la que verdaderamente, contribuye a la muerte de las células beta.
saturated fat really ramps up this contributor to beta cell death saturated
Las grasas saturadas son dañinas para las células beta, dañinas para las células productoras de insulina
fats are harmful to beta cells harmful
de nuestro páncreas. Y el colesterol también.
to the insulin producing cells in our pancreas cholesterol too
La ingesta del “colesterol malo”, LDL, puede casuar la muerte de las células beta
the uptake of bad cholesterol ldl can cause beta cell death as a result of
como resultado de la formación de radicales libres.
free radical formation
Por lo que dietas ricas en grasas saturadas no sólo causan obesidad y resistencia a la insulina,
so diets rich in saturated fats not only cause obesity and insulin resistance but
el aumento de los niveles de grasa libre en sangre,
the increased levels of circulating free
llamadas ácidos grasos no esterificados o NEFA
fats in the blood called nephas non-esterified non-esterified fatty acids causes beta
causan la muerte de las células beta y pueden por tanto contribuir
cell death and may thus contribute to progressive
a la progresiva pérdida de células beta en la diabetes tipo 2.
beta cell loss and type 2 diabetes
Y esto no sólo ocurre en estudios de tubos de ensayo.
this isn't just based on test tube
Si introducimos grasa en el torrente sanguíneo de una persona
studies if you infuse fat into people's
podemos perjudicar directamente el correcto funcionamiento de las células beta pancreáticas,
bloodstream you can directly impair pancreatic beta cell function and the
y lo mismo ocurre cuando la ingerimos.
same when we ingest it type 2 diabetes
La diabetes tipo 2 está caracterizada por defectos
is characterized by defects in both
en la secreción y la sensibilidad a la insulina,
insulin secretion and insulin action and
y las grasas saturadas parecen tener efectos adversos sobre ambas.
saturated fat appears to impair both
Investigadores mostraron que la ingesta de grasas saturadas
researchers showed saturated fat
reduce la sensibilidad a la insulina en cuestión de horas,
ingestion reduces insulin sensitivity within hours
y esto era en personas no diabéticas, por lo que sus páncreas debería ser capaces
but these were non-diabetic so their
de aumentar la secreción de insulina,
pancreas should have been able to boost insulin secretion to match but insulin
Pero la secreción de insulina falló en compensar
secretion failed to compensate for
la resistencia a la insulina en los sujetos que ingirieron grasa saturada.
insulin resistance in subjects who ingested the saturated fat and this
Esto implica que las grasas saturadas perjudican también la función de las células beta pancreáticas,
implies the saturated fat impaired beta cell function as well
de nuevon en tan solo horas tras entrar a nuestra boca. Por lo que el aumento del consumo de grasas saturadas
again just within hours after going into our mouth so increased consumption of
tiene un poderoso efecto a corto y largo plazo sobre la acción de la insulina,
saturated fats has a powerful short and long-term effect on insulin action
contribuyendo a la disfunción y muerte
contributing to the dysfunction and
de las células beta pancreáticas en la diabetes.
death of pancreatic beta cells in diabetes
Y las grasas saturadas no es sólo son tóxicas para el páncreas.
and saturated fat isn't just toxic to
Las grasas saturadas, encontradas predominantemente en la carne y los lácteos - el pollo y el queso
the pancreas the fats found predominantly meat and dairy
son las dos fuentes principales en la dieta americana -
chicken and cheese are the two main
son casi universalmente tóxicas, mientras que las grasas encontradas en las aceitunas,
sources of the american diet are almost universally toxic whereas the fats found
frutos secos y aguacates, no lo son.
in off nuts and avocados are not
Las grasas saturadas son particularmente tóxicas
saturated fat has been found to be
para las células del hígado en la formación de la enfermedad del hígado graso.
particularly toxic to liver cells in the formation of fatty liver disease
Si exponemos las células de un hígado humano a la grasa de las plantas, no sucede nada de eso.
you expose human liver cells to plant fat and nothing happens expose liver
Pero si las exponemos a la grasa animal, un tercio de ellas muere.
cells to animal fat and a third of them die
Esto puede explicar por qué una mayor ingesta de grasa saturada y colesterol
this may explain why higher intakes of
está asociada con la enfermedad del hígado graso no alcohólica.
saturated fat and cholesterol associated with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
Al reducir el consumo de grasas saturadas
by cutting down on saturated fat
podremos ser capaces de interrumpir este proceso.
consumption we may be able to help interrupt this process decreasing
Disminuir la ingesta de grasas saturadas puede ayudar
saturated fat intake may help bring down
a disminuir la necesidad de todo ese exceso de insulina.
the need for all that excess insulin so
Ya sea por el exceso de peso o comer grasas saturadas
either being fat or eating saturated fat
ambas situaciones causan exceso de insulina en la sangre.
can both cause that excess insulin in
El efecto de reducir la ingesta de grasas saturadas
the blood the effect of reducing dietary saturated
sobre los niveles de insulina, es considerable,
fat intake on insulin levels is substantial
independientemente de cuánta grasa abdominal tengamos.
regardless of how much belly fat we have
No es sólo que al comer más grasa somos más propensos a almacenarla como grasa.
and it's not just that by eating fat we may be more likely to store it as fat
La grasa saturada, independientemente del rol que tenga en hacernos engordar,
saturated fats independently of any role they have of
puede contribuir al desarrollo
making us fat may contribute to the
de la resistencia a la insulina y sus consecuencias clínicas.
development of insulin resistance and all its clinical consequences
Tras controlar el peso,
after controlling for weight and alcohol
ingesta de alcohol y tabaco, ejercicio e historial familiar,
and smoking and exercise and family
la incidencia de diabetes fue significativamente
history diabetes incidence was
asociada a la proporción de grasa saturada en nuestra sangre.
significantly associated with the proportion of saturated fat in our blood
Entonces, ¿qué causa la diabetes?
so what causes diabetes
El consumo de demasiadas calorías ricas en grasas saturadas.
the consumption of too many calories rich in saturated fats
Así como no todo el que fuma desarrolla cáncer de pulmón;
now just like everyone who smokes doesn't develop lung cancer everyone
todo aquel que come mucha grasa saturada no tiene que desarrollar diabetes.
that eats a lot of saturated fat doesn't
También hay un componente genético,
develop diabetes there's a genetic
pero así como decimos que fumar puede causar cáncer de pulmón,
component but just like smoking can be said to cause lung cancer high calorie
una dieta hipercalórica y rica en grasas saturadas
diets rich in saturated fats is
puede actualmente considerarse causante de la diabetes tipo 2.
currently considered the cause of type 2 diabetes you
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